Anteater Demonstration Guidelines
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Xenarthrans: 'Aliens'
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk XENARTHRANS: ‘ALIENS’ ON EARTH Author : JONATHAN CRACKNELL Categories : Vets Date : August 4, 2008 JONATHAN CRACKNELL finds that hanging around with sloths and their fellow Xenarthrans offers up exciting challenges XENARTHRANS: the name sounds like a race from a low-budget science fiction film. This is actually a super-order of mammals that get their name from their “alien” joint, which is exhibited in the vertebral joints. The Xenarthrans include 31 living species: six species of sloth, four anteaters and 21 species of armadillos – all of which originated in South America. Historically, these animals were classified within the order Edentata (meaning “without teeth”), which included pangolins and aardvarks. It was realised that this was a polyphyletic group, containing unrelated families. Therefore, the Xenarthra order was created. The Xenarthrans are a well-represented order in captivity, with banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) becoming one of the new “exotic” exotics to be presented to clinicians. In zoological collections, giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), southern tamanduas (Tamandua tetradactyla), and sloths (typically the southern two-toed sloth – Choloepus didactylus – although others are present) are among the more common species housed in captivity. Every species has its own needs and oddities. With this brief review of each species, the author will look at basic anatomy and physiology, along with a quick review of some of the more commonly reported complaints for this group of animals. 1 / 14 Giant anteater The giant anteater’s most obvious feature is its long tongue and bushy tail. They are approximately 1.5 to two metres long and weigh in the region of 18kg to 45kg. -
(Dasypus) in North America Based on Ancient Mitochondrial DNA
bs_bs_banner A revised evolutionary history of armadillos (Dasypus) in North America based on ancient mitochondrial DNA BETH SHAPIRO, RUSSELL W. GRAHAM AND BRANDON LETTS Shapiro, B. Graham, R. W. & Letts, B.: A revised evolutionary history of armadillos (Dasypus) in North America based on ancient mitochondrial DNA. Boreas. 10.1111/bor.12094. ISSN 0300-9483. The large, beautiful armadillo, Dasypus bellus, first appeared in North America about 2.5 million years ago, and was extinct across its southeastern US range by 11 thousand years ago (ka). Within the last 150 years, the much smaller nine-banded armadillo, D. novemcinctus, has expanded rapidly out of Mexico and colonized much of the former range of the beautiful armadillo. The high degree of morphological similarity between these two species has led to speculation that they might be a single, highly adaptable species with phenotypical responses and geographical range fluctuations resulting from environmental changes. If this is correct, then the biology and tolerance limits for D. novemcinctus could be directly applied to the Pleistocene species, D. bellus. To investigate this, we isolated ancient mitochondrial DNA from late Pleistocene-age specimens of Dasypus from Missouri and Florida. We identified two genetically distinct mitochondrial lineages, which most likely correspond to D. bellus (Missouri) and D. novemcinctus (Florida). Surprisingly, both lineages were isolated from large specimens that were identified previously as D. bellus. Our results suggest that D. novemcinctus, which is currently classified as an invasive species, was already present in central Florida around 10 ka, significantly earlier than previously believed. Beth Shapiro ([email protected]), Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; Russell W. -
IUCN SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group
IUCN SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group 2019 Report Mariella Superina Chair Mission statement Plan Mariella Superina (1) The mission of the IUCN SSC Anteater, Sloth and Planning: plan for protection of Brazilian Three- Armadillo Specialist Group is to promote the banded Armadillo and Pygmy Three-toed Sloth. Red List Authority Coordinator long-term conservation of the extant species of Act Agustín M. Abba (2) xenarthrans (anteaters, sloths and armadillos) Conservation actions: effective protection of and their habitats. Brazilian Three-banded Armadillo and Pygmy Location/Affiliation Three-toed Sloth. (1) IMBECU - CCT CONICET Mendoza, Mendoza, Projected impact for the 2017-2020 Network quadrennium Argentina Capacity building: (1) teach five training courses; (2) CEPAVE, La Plata, Argentina By the end of 2020, we envision the Anteater, (2) train Argentinean mammalogists in Red List Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group (ASASG) assessments. Number of members will have achieved increased protection for Proposal development and funding: secure 26 our priority species, the Critically Endangered funding to replenish the Xenarthra Conserva- Pygmy Three-toed Sloth (Bradypus pygmaeus) tion Fund. Social networks and the Vulnerable Brazilian Three-banded Synergy: enter into partnership with zoological Armadillo (Tolypeutes tricinctus). We aim to Facebook: institutions. IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo reach this goal by increasing scientific knowl- Communicate Specialist Group edge, raising awareness, developing and imple- Communication: (1) publish four issues of the Website: www.xenarthrans.org menting comprehensive action plans and securing protection of their habitat. Capacity ASASG Newsletter; (2) increase awareness building through training courses will allow us to through campaigns at zoos and other institu- increase the number of researchers dedicated tions; (3) increase awareness for Xenarthra. -
Informes Individuales IUCN 2018.Indd
IUCN SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group 2018 Report Mariella Superina Chair Mission statement Three-banded Armadillo and the Pygmy Mariella Superina (1) The mission of the IUCN SSC Anteater, Sloth and Three-toed Sloth. Armadillo Specialist Group is to promote the Act Red List Authority Coordinator long-term conservation of the extant species of Conservation actions: effective protection for Agustín M. Abba (2) xenarthrans (anteaters, sloths and armadillos) the Brazilian Three-banded Armadillo and the and their habitats. Pygmy Three-toed Sloth. Location/Affiliation Network Projected impact for the 2017-2020 (1) IMBECU - CCT CONICET Mendoza, Mendoza, Capacity building: (1) five training courses quadrennium Argentina taught; (2) train Argentinean mammalogists in (2) CEPAVE, La Plata, Argentina By the end of 2020, we envision the Anteater, Sloth Red List assessments. and Armadillo Specialist Group (ASASG) will have Proposal development and funding: secure Number of members achieved increased protection for our priority funding to replenish the Xenarthra Conserva- 25 species, the Critically Endangered Pygmy Three- tion Fund. toed Sloth (Bradypus pygmaeus) and the Vulner- Synergy: enter into partnership with zoological able Brazilian Three-banded Armadillo (Tolypeutes Social networks institutions. tricinctus). We aim to reach this goal by increasing Facebook: Communicate IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Special- scientific knowledge, raising awareness, devel- Communication: (1) four issues of the ASASG ist Group oping and implementing comprehensive action Newsletter published; (2) increase awareness. Website: plans and securing protection of their habitat. www.xenarthrans.org Capacity building through training courses will allow us to increase the number of researchers Activities and results 2018 dedicated to conservation-relevant research on Assess armadillos, sloths and anteaters. -
Memoir on the Megatherium, Or Giant Ground-Sloth of America
':-., .i>m;'-. •.,!:::;:•. " ••'"•' -v- Mi .;..;...: EffiWnfis K '•'•;. "".ll . Bill tdflKHfci .V ..:'•',; mmM (<W ' '&5?'}f!'LjijnF» ' * f . c«*Rl«(l — ® MEMOIR ON THE MEGATHERIUM, OR GIANT GROUND-SLOTH OF AMERICA (Megatherium umericanum, Cuvier). by RICHARD OWEN, F.R.S., D.C.L., SUPERINTENDENT OF THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENTS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM ; . FULLERIAN PBOFB8SOB OF PHYSIOLOGY IN THE ROTAL INSTITUTION OF GREAT BRITAIN ; FOREIGN ASSOCIATE OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE, ETC. WILLIAMS AND NORGATE, 14. HENEIETTA STEEET, COVENT GAEDEN, LONDON; AND 20, SOUTH FEEDEEICK STEEET, EDINBUEGH. 1861. TO THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, This Work, which owes its origin to the Society's favourable reception of the Authors commwiications on the Megatherium, and allied fossils, in the years 1851 and 1855, and the drawings for its illustration chiefly to the liberal application thereto of part of the 'Government Grant,' is, by permission of the President and Council, most gratefully and respectfully dedicated, by THE AUTHOR. CONTENTS. Pafte 3 § 1. Historical Introduction 12 § 2. Of the Spinal Column § 3. Comparison of the Spinal Column 25 § 4. Of the Skull 28 § 5. Of the Teeth 36 § 6. Comparison of the Skull and Dentition 41 § 7. Of the Bones of the Anterior Extremity 45 § 8. Of the Bones of the Posterior Extremity 62 § 9. Comparison of the Bones of the Hind-foot 74 §10. Physiological Summary 77 §11. Geological Summary ^2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SKELETON OF THE MEGATHERIUM. ^ 1. Historical Introduction. JjEFORE commencing the description of the skeleton of the Megatherium, now in London, Plate I., which is the most complete that has yet reached Europe, a brief statement may be premised of the chief steps which have led to the restoration of the species (Megatherium Americanum, Cuvier and Blumenbach) to which it belongs. -
Evolution of Body Size in Anteaters and Sloths (Xenarthra, Pilosa): Phylogeny, Metabolism, Diet and Substrate Preferences N
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 106, 289–301, 2017 Evolution of body size in anteaters and sloths (Xenarthra, Pilosa): phylogeny, metabolism, diet and substrate preferences N. Toledo1,2, M.S. Bargo2,3, S.F. Vizcaı´no1,2, G. De Iuliis4 and F. Pujos5 1 CONICET – La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. Email: [email protected] 2 Divisio´n Paleontologı´a Vertebrados, Unidades de Investigacio´n Anexo Museo FCNyM-UNLP, Av. 60 y 122, 1900, La Plata, Argentina. 3 Comisio´n de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 4 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto M5S 3G5, Ontario, Canada; Section of Palaeobiology, Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s Park Crescent, Toronto M5S 2C6, Ontario, Canada. 5 IANIGLA,CCT-CONICET-Mendoza,Av.RuizLeals/n,ParqueGral.SanMartı´n, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina. ABSTRACT: Pilosa include anteaters (Vermilingua) and sloths (Folivora). Modern tree sloths are represented by two genera, Bradypus and Choloepus (both around 4–6 kg), whereas the fossil record is very diverse, with approximately 90 genera ranging in age from the Oligocene to the early Holocene. Fossil sloths include four main clades, Megalonychidae, Megatheriidae, Nothrotheriidae, and Mylo- dontidae, ranging in size from tens of kilograms to several tons. Modern Vermilingua are represented by three genera, Cyclopes, Tamandua and Myrmecophaga, with a size range from 0.25 kg to about 30 kg, and their fossil record is scarce and fragmentary. The dependence of the body size on phylo- genetic pattern of Pilosa is analysed here, according to current cladistic hypotheses. -
FOOD PREFERENCE of GIANT ANTEATER and COLLARED ANTEATER (Pilosa, Myrmecophagidae) REGARDING the TERMITE DEFENSE STRATEGIES
234 Original Article FOOD PREFERENCE OF GIANT ANTEATER AND COLLARED ANTEATER (Pilosa, Myrmecophagidae) REGARDING THE TERMITE DEFENSE STRATEGIES PREFERÊNCIA ALIMENTAR DE TAMANDUÁ BANDEIRA E DE TAMANDUÁ MIRIM (Pilosa, Mirmecophagidae) EM RELAÇÃO À ESTRATÉGIA DE DEFESA DOS CUPINS Hélida Ferreira da CUNHA1; Tiago Fernandes CARRIJO2,3; Anna Carolina PRESTES4; 5 6 7 7 Lucas Souza ARRUDA ; Pollyane B. REZENDE ; Thiago SANTOS ; Divino BRANDÃO 1. Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis, GO, Brazil. [email protected]; 2. Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; 3. Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; 4. Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; 5. Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; 6. Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente, Anápolis, GO, Brazil; 7 Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil. ABSTRACT: Giant (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) and collared anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla) are common mammals in the Cerrado biome. They are specialized in eating termites (Isoptera, Blattaria) and ants (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). This study tested the preference of the giant anteater for termites with different defense strategies: 1) soldier with chemical defense and a soft nest (Nasutitermes), and 2) soldier with mixed defenses - chemical and mechanical - and a hard nest (Cornitermes). Pieces of nests of both genera of termites were provided to captive giant anteaters, their behaviors were observed, and the time spent feeding in each termite nests was recorded. The anteaters exploited both termite species, although no significance difference was found, they spent more time feeding on Cornitermes than on Nasutitermes. The stomach contents of one road-killed giant anteater and one collared anteater were analyzed. -
First Fossil Skull of an Anteater (Vermilingua, Myrmecophagidae) From
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/793307; this version posted October 7, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 First fossil skull of an anteater (Vermilingua, Myrmecophagidae) from 2 northern South America, a taxonomic reassessment of Neotamandua and 3 a discussion of the myrmecophagid diversification 4 5 Kevin Jiménez-Laraa,b*, Jhon González 6 a División de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias 7 Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, B1900FWA 8 La Plata, Argentina. 9 b CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina. 10 *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] 11 12 The evolutionary history of the South American anteaters, Vermilingua, is incompletely 13 known as consequence of the fragmentary and geographically biased nature of the fossil 14 record of this group. The only record of a nominal extinct species for northern South 15 America is Neotamandua borealis, from the Middle Miocene of La Venta area, 16 southwestern Colombia (Hirschfeld 1976). A new genus and species of myrmecophagid for 17 La Venta is described here from a new partial skull. Additionally, the taxonomic status of 18 the genus to which was referred the co-occurrent species of Gen. et sp. nov., i.e. 19 Neotamandua, is revised. The morphological and taxonomic analyses of these taxa indicate 20 that Gen. -
The Evolution of Armadillos, Anteaters and Sloths Depicted by Nuclear and Mitochondrial Phylogenies: Implications for the Status of the Enigmatic Fossil Eurotamandua
The evolution of armadillos, anteaters and sloths depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies: implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil Eurotamandua. Frédéric Delsuc, François Catzeflis, Michael Stanhope, Emmanuel Douzery To cite this version: Frédéric Delsuc, François Catzeflis, Michael Stanhope, Emmanuel Douzery. The evolution of armadil- los, anteaters and sloths depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies: implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil Eurotamandua.. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Royal Society, The, 2001, 268 (1476), pp.1605-15. 10.1098/rspb.2001.1702. halsde-00192975 HAL Id: halsde-00192975 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00192975 Submitted on 30 Nov 2007 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Final version accepted for publication in The Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B [20.04.2001] Main text = 4753 words ______________________________________________________________________ The evolution of armadillos, anteaters, and sloths depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies: implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil Eurotamandua . Frédéric DELSUC 1* , François M. CATZEFLIS 1, Michael J. STANHOPE 2 and Emmanuel J. P. DOUZERY 1 1 Laboratoire de Paléontologie, Paléobiologie et Phylogénie, Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France 2 Biology and Biochemistry, Queens University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK. -
Convergence of Gut Microbiomes in Myrmecophagous Mammals
Molecular Ecology (2013) doi: 10.1111/mec.12501 Convergence of gut microbiomes in myrmecophagous mammals FREDERIC DELSUC,*†‡ JESSICA L. METCALF,‡ LAURA WEGENER PARFREY,‡ SE JIN SONG,‡§ ANTONIO GONZALEZ‡ and ROB KNIGHT†‡¶** *Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, UMR 5554-CNRS-IRD, Universite Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France, †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, ‡Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, §Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, ¶Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, **Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA Abstract Mammals have diversified into many dietary niches. Specialized myrmecophagous (ant- and termite-eating) placental mammals represent a textbook example of evolu- tionary convergence driven by extreme diet specialization. Armadillos, anteaters, aard- varks, pangolins and aardwolves thus provide a model system for understanding the potential role of gut microbiota in the convergent adaptation to myrmecophagy. Here, we expand upon previous mammalian gut microbiome studies by using high-through- put barcoded Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to characterize the composi- tion of gut microbiota in 15 species representing all placental myrmecophagous lineages and their close relatives from zoo- and field-collected samples. We confirm that both diet and phylogeny drive the evolution of mammalian gut microbiota, with cases of convergence in global composition, but also examples of phylogenetic inertia. Our results reveal specialized placental myrmecophages as a spectacular case of large- scale convergence in gut microbiome composition. Indeed, neighbour-net networks and beta-diversity plots based on UniFrac distances show significant clustering of myr- mecophagous species (anteaters, aardvarks and aardwolves), even though they belong to phylogenetically distant lineages representing different orders. -
Behavioral Repertoire of Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga Tridactyla
Revista de Etologia 2010, Vol.9, N°2,Giant 21-30. anteaters behavior in the wild and in captivity Behavioral repertoire of giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Linnaeus 1758) in nature at Serra da Canastra National Park, MG and in captivity at Curitiba Zoo, PR, Brazil ALESSANDRA BERTASSONI1 E LENY C. MILLÉO COSTA2 ¹Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul ²Instituto de Pesquisas Cananeia Repertório Comportamental de tamanduás-bandeiras (Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Linnaeus 1758) em vida livre no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, MG e em cativeiro no Zoológico de Curitiba, PR, Brasil. O repertório comportamental do tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), mamífero da Ordem Pilosa, foi estudado no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, MG e no Zoológico de Curitiba, PR. Foram determinadas as categorias comportamentais de manutenção, deslocamento, alerta, inter e intraespecífica, totalizando 24 padrões motores na natureza e 27 no cativeiro. A compreensão e a análise do comportamento da espécie são relevantes, uma vez que são poucas as descrições das categorias comportamentais tanto em campo quanto em cativeiro. Ainda, estudos etológicos auxiliam no manejo da vida silvestre e no bem-estar das populações cativas. O comportamento mais frequente, tanto para os animais silvestres como para os cativos, foi o de forrageamento. Os tamanduás-bandeiras cativos demonstraram plasticidade comportamental através de padrões motores intraespecíficos, denotando adaptação para uma espécie considerada como solitária no ambiente natural. Palavras-chave: Tamanduá-bandeira. Comportamento. Cativeiro. Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra. Forrageamento. Behavioral repertoire of giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Linnaeus 1758) in nature at Serra da Canastra National Park, MG and in captivity at Curitiba Zoo, PR, Brazil. -
The Great American Biotic Interchange in Florida
Bull. Fla. Mus. Nat. Hist. (2005) 45(4): 271-311 271 THE GREAT AMERICAN BIOTIC INTERCHANGE IN FLORIDA Gary S. Morgan1 Late Neogene vertebrate faunas from Florida provide the most complete record of South American mammals and birds that arrived in temperate North America during the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI). The first major pulse of the GABI began in the early Hemphillian (late Miocene, ~9 Ma), defined in part on the first appearance of two sloths of South American origin, the megalonychid Pliometanastes and the mylodontid Thinobadistes. The type localities of Pliometanastes protistus (McGehee Farm) and Thinobadistes segnis (Mixson’s Bone Bed) are both earliest Hemphillian (8-9 Ma) sites from northern Florida. Pliometanastes evidently gave rise to Megalonyx in the late Hemphillian. The latest Hemphillian (~5 Ma) Palmetto Fauna documents the earliest occurrence of Megalonyx in Florida. The second major pulse of the GABI occurred during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene, from 2.7 to1.5 Ma. The late Blancan is defined by the first appearance in temperate North America of a diverse assemblage of vertebrates from South America, including ten genera, all of which occur in Florida during the late Blancan: the giant flightless bird Titanis, the glyptodont Glyptotherium, the armadillos Dasypus and Pachyarmatherium, the pampathere Holmesina, the mylodontid Glossotherium, the megatheriid Eremotherium, the porcupine Erethizon, and the capy- baras Hydrochaeris and Neochoerus. During the late Blancan, Titanis, Dasypus, Pachyarmatherium, Holmesina, Eremotherium, and Hydrochaeris are primarily restricted to Florida, whereas Glyptotherium, Glossotherium, Erethizon, and Neochoerus are more widespread, occurring in Florida as well as the western United States.