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Physical Activity and Adolescent Sexual Maturity: a Systematic Review

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Physical Activity and Adolescent Sexual Maturity: a Systematic Review DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021265.17622019 1823 R Atividade física na adolescência e maturidade sexual: EVISÃO uma revisão sistemática R Physical activity and adolescent sexual maturity: EVIEW a systematic review Cezenário Gonçalves Campos (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5650-0096) 1 Fabiangelo de Moura Carlos (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1392-2875) 2 Luciene Aparecida Muniz (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2185-1595) 2 Wendell Costa Bila (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3048-5953) 1 Vinícius de Oliveira Damasceno (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0577-9204) 3 Márcia Christina Caetano Romano (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1819-4689) 2 Joel Alves Lamounier (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8386-4140) 4 Abstract The objective was to ve rify the asso- Resumo O objetivo é verificar a associação entre ciation between sexual maturation and physical maturação sexual e atividade física na adolescên- activity during adolescence. A systematic review cia. Trata-se de um estudo de revisão sistemáti- of articles published between 2008 and 2018 ca elaborado a partir de artigos publicados entre was conducted using the following databases: 2008 a 2018 nas bases de dados Medline-PubMed, PubMed/Medline, SciELO, Web of Science, Sco- SciELO, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs e Adolec pus, Lilacs, and BVS Adolec Brasil. The following BVS. Utilizou-se os descritores e palavras-chave descriptors and keywords were used in English adolescente, maturação sexual, inquérito, ques- and Portuguese: adolescent, sexual maturation, tionário e atividade física, no idioma português e survey, questionnaire, and physical activity. The sua equivalência na língua inglesa e foram identi- literature search retrieved 806 articles. Twelve ficados 806 artigos. Após aplicação dos critérios de articles were included after applying the selec- seleção foram incluídos 12 artigos. Maior nível da tion criteria. Level of physical activity was high- prática de atividade física foi observado em ado- est in the initial stage of sexual maturation. Lev- lescentes em fase de maturação sexual inicial. A 1 Programa de Pós- els of physical activity appear to decrease with evolução do desenvolvimento maturacional sexual Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal advancing sexual maturation status. There is no parece estar correlacionado à redução dos níveis de de São João del-Rei. Rua consensus about the association between sexual atividade física. Os achados não evidenciam um Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho maturation and physical activity levels among consenso sobre associação entre maturação sexual 400, Chanadour. 35501-296 Divinópolis MG Brasil. adolescents within the literature reviewed by this e nível de atividade física quanto à predisposição [email protected] study. Further research is needed to investigate direta ou inversa da maturação sexual em relação 2 Programa de Pós- whether this relationship exists and profession- ao nível de atividade física entre adolescentes. São Graduação em Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São als involved in healthcare for adolescents should necessárias mais pesquisas para compreender essa João del-Rei. Divinópolis take effective steps to combat physical inactivity. relação e possibilitar aos profissionais envolvidos MG Brasil. Key words Adolescent, Sexual maturation, com a saúde do adolescente agir efetivamente no 3 Departamento de Educação Física, Survey, Questionnaire, Physical activity combate à inatividade física. Universidade Federal de Palavras-chave Adolescente, Maturação sexual, Pernambuco. Recife PE Inquérito, Questionário, Atividade física Brasil. 4 Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte MG Brasil. 1824 et al. física distintos, podendo-se provavelmente con- Campos CG Campos Introdução siderar a maturação sexual como um fator essen- Atualmente, diversos estudos epidemiológicos cial na mensuração da prática de atividade física buscam mensurar o nível de atividade física po- no período da adolescência20,23,24. No entanto, ob- pulacional e os principais fenômenos associados servam-se também estudos inconclusivos sobre a não adesão à prática de atividade física1-6. Es- esta associação25,26. pecialmente com relação aos adolescentes, a Or- Considerando-se que ainda não está claro ganização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) recomenda o entendimento da associação entre maturação que pratiquem o mínimo de 300 minutos de sexual e nível de atividade física, o objetivo do atividade física semanal com intensidade de mo- presente trabalho consiste em investigar e avaliar, derada a vigorosa, especificamente por meio de na literatura contemporânea, a associação entre exercícios aeróbicos, fortalecimento muscular e maturação sexual e nível de atividade física na flexibilidade7,8. Tais recomendações contribuem adolescência, sendo pertinente o conhecimento para o crescimento e desenvolvimento saudáveis dessa associação na busca de novos indicado- do jovem, assim como favorece e estimula bons res de pressuposições para orientar as práticas hábitos de vida na idade adulta, o que potencia- e intervenções de saúde no público adolescente, liza a prevenção das doenças crônico degenera- assim como despertar políticas públicas dire- tivas9. cionadas à promoção da saúde nesta população. A inatividade física correlaciona-se ao aumen- Diante disso, o presente estudo pretende respon- to de gordura corporal e, consequentemente, às der à questão: Há associação entre a maturação doenças cardíacas na fase adulta, bem como outras sexual e o nível de atividade física em adolescentes? afecções, tais como diabetes mellitus, hipertensão arterial, osteoporose e alguns tipos de câncer10,11. A obesidade, especificamente, é uma doença mul- Métodos tifatorial considerada epidêmica mun dialmente e atinge indivíduos de todas as faixas etárias10-14. Trata-se de revisão sistemática da literatura reali- Elevadas taxas de sobrepeso e obesidade são evi- zada em bases de dados eletrônicas com a finali- denciadas em adolescentes e o aumento excessivo dade de identificar publicações que especifiquem dos níveis de gordura corporal prejudica e inter- a associação entre maturidade sexual e o nível de fere na qualidade de vida dessa população12-15. atividade física entre adolescentes. Foram inclu- Neto e colaboradores acentuam que o ganho de ídos nesta revisão artigos internacionais e nacio- massa gordurosa intensifica a resistência insulí- nais, independente do sexo contido nas amostras nica, provoca disfunção e rigidez dos vasos san- dos estudos, desde que respondessem à pergunta guíneos e prejudicando os níveis pressóricos14. da revisão. O período de busca das publicações Neste contexto, o principal risco para doenças foi de 2008 a 2018, realizada por três pesquisado- cardiovasculares na adolescência é o excesso de res independentes. gordura corporal13. O trabalho está vinculado ao Programa de É importante chamar atenção para os altos Pós Graduação Mestrado Acadêmico em Ciên- índices de inatividade física em adolescentes nas cias da Saúde da Universidade Federal de São práticas clínica e científica4-16, pois a prevalência João del-Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, da prática de atividade física nos adolescentes é Divinópolis, Minas Gerais. bastante variável e discrepante em algumas pes- Foram consultadas as bases de periódicos quisas5,6,17. Estudos buscam associar elementos eletrônicos da Medical Literature Analysis and ambientais, sociais, econômicos, nutricionais, Retrieval System Online, US National Library of psicológicos e maturacionais, no intuito de en- Medicine National Institutes of Health, Medli- tender os fatores determinantes dos baixos níveis ne, Pubmed, Scientific Electronic Library Online de atividade física em jovens4-18. Assim, algumas (SciELO), Web of Science, Scopus, Literatura La- investigações se propuseram a analisar a associa- tino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde ção entre maturação biológica e nível de prática (Lilacs) e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde do Adoles- de atividade física19-22. cente (BVS Adolec Brasil). Utilizaram-se como Neste cenário, vários estudos sugerem que a descritores e palavras-chave adolescente, matu- prática de atividade física está mais relacionada à ração sexual, inquérito, questionário e atividade idade biológica do que cronológica. Jovens com física, no idioma português e sua equivalência na faixas etárias iguais podem apresentar estágios língua inglesa, respeitando-se a estratégia PECO, de desenvolvimento puberal e níveis de atividade que caracteriza um acrônimo para participan- 1825 Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 26(5):1823-1832, 2021 26(5):1823-1832, Coletiva, & Saúde Ciência tes, exposição, comparação e outcomes (resulta- Resultados dos/desfecho)27. Em analogia ao termo atividade física utilizou-se a expressão exercício físico. Os Inicialmente, ao utilizar a busca pelos descrito- operadores booleanos usados foram or e and. res foram detectados 806 artigos. Em seguida Para esta investigação sistemática, foram se- foram aplicados os filtros e limites, critérios de lecionados estudos com os seguintes critérios inclusão e exclusão, leitura dos títulos e resumos, de inclusão: epidemiológicos - transversais, ca- discussão entre os pesquisadores, eliminação dos sos-controle, coortes e ensaios clínicos -, que artigos identificados como repetidos em bases de analisaram a relação entre maturação e nível dados diferentes, o que resultou num total de 51 de atividade física em adolescentes de ambos os artigos selecionados. sexos, publicados entre 2008 e 2018. Estudos de A leitura integral foi realizada
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