Published by Uneven Growth: Tactical Urbanisms The Museum of Modern Art for Expanding Megacities is edited by 11 West 53 Street Pedro Gadanho, Curator, with New York, New York 10019-5497 Phoebe Springstubb, Curatorial www.moma.org Assistant, Department of Architecture and Design, The Distributed in the Museum of Modern Art. United States and Canada by ARTBOOK | D.A.P., New York With essays by Pedro Gadanho, David Harvey, Ricky Burdett, 155 Sixth Avenue, 2nd floor, Saskia Sassen, Teddy Cruz, and New York, New York 10013 Nader Tehrani. www.artbook.com With design scenarios by Distributed outside the international collaboratives United States and Canada by especially brought together for Thames & Hudson Ltd the project:
181A High Holborn, Hong Kong: MAP Office, Hong Kong, London WC1V 7QX and Network Architecture Lab, www.thamesandhudson.com Columbia University, New York How can we address the rising social and spatial inequality produced by Istanbul: Superpool, Istanbul, an ever-growing planetary urban- and Atelier d’Architecture ization? On the occasion of a major Autogérée, Paris exhibition at The Museum of Modern Art, this publication brings together Lagos: NLÉ, Lagos and Amsterdam, three approaches to this crucial and Zoohaus/Inteligencias issue: critical essays by key authors Colectivas, Madrid in urban thinking today, including David Harvey, Saskia Sassen, and Mumbai: URBZ: user-generated Ricky Burdett; highlights from cities, Mumbai, and Ensamble Studio/ an ongoing participatory survey on MIT-POPlab, Madrid and Cambridge tactical urbanisms around the globe; and new design scenarios for the New York: SITU Studio, New York, future of six world megacities—Hong and Cohabitation Strategies Kong, Istanbul, Lagos, Mumbai, (CohStra), Rotterdam and New York New York, and Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: RUA Arquitetos, Uneven Growth: Tactical Urbanisms Rio de Janeiro, and MAS Urban for Expanding Megacities is the Design, ETH Zurich third project in MoMA’s Issues in Contemporary Architecture series, following Rising Currents: Projects 168 pp.; 291 color reproductions for New York’s Waterfront (2010) and Foreclosed: Rehousing the American Dream (2012). UNEVEN GROWTH Tactical Urbanisms for Expanding Megacities
Pedro Gadanho
The Museum of Modern Art, New York Published in conjunction with the exhibition Published by 7 Foreword DESIGN SCENARIOS AND Uneven Growth: Tactical Urbanisms for Expanding The Museum of Modern Art Glenn D. Lowry TACTICAL URBANISMS Megacities, at The Museum of Modern Art, 11 West 53 Street, New York, New York, November 22, 2014–May 10, 2015, New York 10019 organized by Pedro Gadanho, Curator, www.moma.org 9 Foreword 66 Hong Kong with Phoebe Springstubb, Curatorial Assistant, Christoph Thun-Hohenstein MAP Office, Hong Kong Department of Architecture and Design. Distributed in the Network Architecture Lab, United States and Canada Uneven Growth: Tactical Urbanisms by ARTBOOK | D.A.P., New York 11 Preface Columbia University, New York for Expanding Megacities is organized by Barry Bergdoll The Museum of Modern Art, New York, in 155 Sixth Avenue, 2nd floor, 80 TACTICAL URBANISMS: collaboration with MAK – Austrian Museum New York, New York 10013 14 Mirroring Uneven Growth: EAST ASIA of Applied Arts / Contemporary Art, Vienna. www.artbook.com A Speculation on Tomorrow’s This is the third exhibition in the series Issues Distributed outside the Cities Today 82 Istanbul in Contemporary Architecture, supported by United States and Canada Pedro Gadanho Superpool, Istanbul Andre Singer. by Thames & Hudson Ltd Atelier d’Architecture Autogérée, Paris The exhibition and accompanying workshop 181A High Holborn, 26 The Crisis of Planetary Urbanization at MoMA PS1 were made possible by MoMA’s London WC1V 7QX David Harvey 96 TACTICAL URBANISMS: Wallis Annenberg Fund for Innovation in www.thamesandhudson.com EUROPE Contemporary Art through the Annenberg 32 Accretion and Rupture in Foundation. Cover and back cover: Tuca Vieira. the Global City 98 Lagos Major support is provided by The International Paraisópolis favela bordering Ricky Burdett NLÉ, Lagos and Amsterdam Council of The Museum of Modern Art. the affluent district of Morumbi, Zoohaus/Inteligencias Colectivas, Madrid São Paulo. 2008 40 Additional funding is provided by the Complex and Incomplete: MoMA Annual Exhibition Fund. Printed in Turkey Spaces for Tactical Urbanism 112 TACTICAL URBANISMS: Saskia Sassen AFRICA Support for this publication is provided by the Dale S. and Norman Mills Leff Publication Fund. 48 Rethinking Uneven Growth: It’s About 114 Mumbai Inequality, Stupid URBZ: user-generated cities, Mumbai Produced by the Department of Publications, Teddy Cruz Ensamble Studio/MIT-POPlab, Madrid and The Museum of Modern Art, New York Cambridge
Edited by Ron Broadhurst 56 Urban Challenges: Specifications Designed by Project Projects of Form and the Indeterminacy of 128 TACTICAL URBANISMS: Production by Hannah Kim Public Reception SOUTH ASIA Printed and bound by Nader Tehrani Ofset Yapimevi, Istanbul 130 New York This book is typeset in Marr Sans and SITU Studio, New York Besley 2-line Grotesque Outline. Cohabitation Strategies (CohStra), Rotterdam and The paper is 120 gsm Alkim uncoated. New York
© 2014 The Museum of Modern Art, 144 TACTICAL URBANISMS: New York NORTH AMERICA
Copyright credits for certain illustrations and texts are cited on p. 165. 146 Rio de Janeiro All rights reserved RUA Arquitetos, Rio de Janeiro MAS Urban Design, ETH Zurich
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014949058 160 TACTICAL URBANISMS: ISBN: 978-0-87070-914-2 LATIN AMERICA
162 Project Credits 166 Acknowledgments 168 Trustees of The Museum of Modern Art Preface
The Museum of Modern Art is a most pressing issues facing society was the result of a three-month-long laboratory: in its experiments the today. The goal is to make manifest workshop held at a studio space at public is invited to participate. that the design professions have MoMA PS1, in which teams assem- —Alfred H. Barr, Jr., in Art in Our Time, much to offer at the first stages of bled for interdisciplinary collabo- 19391 framing issues rather than only late rations alternating long hours of in the game once other modes of teamwork with critiques by invited From its founding, the Department thinking and planning have worked experts in a range of disciplines from of Architecture and Design has been through a set of problems. In contrast hydraulics to public transportation. associated not only with recording with the more normative demeanor Two years later, in Foreclosed: the changing face of architecture of exhibiting architectural practice, Rehousing the American Dream and the expanded capacity of the this is an activist curatorial mode, (2012), the same approach was architectural profession, but also one that complements what I have staged to address the challenges advocating for change. In the inau- elsewhere labeled the reactive mode of the urban fringe of five American gural show, which coined the term of exhibition.2 In such a mode, rather cities hard hit by the subprime “International Style,” Henry-Russell than waiting for others to take the mortgage crisis and the tsunami Hitchcock and Philip Johnson, along lead, the museum instigates and of foreclosures that came in its with Alfred Barr, set out to direct takes risks, setting problems that the wake. Again interdisciplinary teams American architecture, not the least status quo or the marketplace do not were tasked with thinking about an in a section developed by Lewis formulate, committing to showing urbanization of older suburbs that Mumford on the housing crisis of the experimental results that do not yet might ameliorate specific places and early years of the Great Depression. exist. Rising Currents: Projects for reopen the debate on the place of In the late 1960s and 1970s again the New York’s Waterfront was the first housing and transportation in the pri- museum experimented overtly with workshop/exhibition in that laborato- vatized development economy of the the laboratory metaphor, notably in rial series, of which Uneven Growth, United States. Borrowing a line from 1967 inviting a set of university-led presented here, is now the third Chicago mayor Rahm Emmanuel, teams of architects to consider urban iteration.3 then White House chief of staff, it solutions that could be alternatives With Rising Currents, the museum was important for the design culture to the then reigning doctrine of urban served in an all but unprecedented of the museum never to let a good renewal. Four areas of Manhattan way as the incubator rather than the crisis go to waste.4 and the nearby Bronx were chosen as mirror of new ideas. These ideas were For the third edition in the series, test cases for working with existing intended not only for instigating a Pedro Gadanho has turned to a crisis fabric rather than wholesale bulldoz- debate on New York City’s relation- every bit as global, threatening, and ing to provide a new way of looking, ship to the sea level rise—something daunting as rising sea levels, namely making, and thinking about the city, made potently evident almost two accelerated income discrepancy, the results displayed in 1967 as The years to the day after the show’s a polarization of wealth and poverty New City. closing when Superstorm Sandy that can be read in various ways in Initiated in 2009, the Issues in struck the region—but also to provide our rapidly urbanizing planet. By now Contemporary Architecture series ideas and images that might help acti- everyone knows that a threshold was aims to revive that lapsed legacy, and vate the debate for the millions and reached a few years ago when the to find again innovative ways for a millions of people worldwide living UN reported than for the first time in museum to engage with some of the in floodable zones. Rising Currents recorded history more than half the
11 world’s population lives in cities. By of Rio de Janeiro—are here to stay might be combined. The novelty more every month—can aggregate the mid-twenty-first century, a more and require selective intervention of the workshop framed by Pedro into an ever-larger impact. However, recent UN report suggests, the urban rather than wholesale demolition Gadanho resides precisely in this with Uneven Growth’s invitation to population will swell to 67 percent so as to achieve better daily living notion. As in previous iterations of deploy such mode of operation in of the world’s population. As a recent and enhanced community ties. With the series, the results are brimming some of the most rapidly growing report in The Economist notes, that their actions they have attempted with fresh ideas, striking imaging and urban situations across the planet, means that “for the next 36 years to redress the results—if not the imagining, and approaches that are a rich array of ideas, images, and the world’s cities will expand by the causes—of the ever-widening chasm at once specific and adaptable. The new thinking and hopefulness has equivalent of six São Paulos every in the distribution of wealth and enterprise, like tactical urbanism already been reaped. year.”5 The last forty years too have access to services. in general, is not free of paradoxes. seen a dramatic increase in what Tactical urbanism, a term that It seems, for instance, hard to rec- —Barry Bergdoll have come to be called the “informal covers many of these practices, is oncile the gap between the modest Curator, Department of Architecture city,” a term intended to replace a highly pragmatic movement that scale of some interventions and the and Design, The Museum of Modern Art the negative connotations both of abandons all holistic and compre- dimensions of the worldwide urban slums and of a centralized govern- hensive planning as either failed in its and economic crisis that so urgently ment-sponsored urban renewal often historical record or doomed by the needs to be addressed. But even as known as “slum clearance,” with a worldwide ascent of neo-liberal econ- faith in systems, in blueprints, and in valorizing frame of reference. In the omy and politics. It is, however, an master plans has completely col- 1 Barr, MoMA’s founding director, was face of this, inaction is not an option. elastic movement in that it applies to lapsed, the optimism of the projects writing in the catalogue of the Museum’s tenth anniversary exhibition. With estimates that by 2030 some a spectrum of designers, from those developed here is best embodied in two billion people, or nearly a quarter who perform guerrilla intervention those that want to create paradigms, 2 Barry Bergdoll, “The Art of Advocacy: The of humanity, will be living in illegal of short-term change, often equiva- exemplars, open-ended interventions, Museum as Design Laboratory,” Design Observer, dwellings,6 the tactics for confronting lent to the illegal settlements that are and other actions that have at their September 16, 2011. The reactive mode, adapted from the practice of art curation, is one where the rising tide of the informal city is at the birth of many urban favelas, heart the hopes of a multiplier effect. the architecture curator culls from contemporary one of the most pressing and perplex- to those who seek to prod, provoke, Strikingly many of the projects take to or recent production what he or she admires ing issues facing the planet. or stimulate the political process the roofscape to develop new spaces, and thinks deserves contextualization and Uneven Growth is a laboratory toward incremental realization of new interactions, and new realms for publicity. Such exhibitions have had enormous impact, from MoMA’s inaugural show of 1932, experiment devoted to the pressing fragments of what might be larger a public zone in situations of dense with its promulgation of the International Style, issue not only of ameliorating life in networks. Such, for instance, are the family occupation. Alternative models to Deconstructivist Architecture of 1988. the expanding informal city but—as in infrastructure projects of a group like not only of building but of ownership Foreclosed—to defining an effective Urban-Think Tank, whose fragment and cooperation among citizens 3 See Barry Bergdoll, Rising Currents: Projects for New York’s Waterfront (New York: Museum of and activist role for architects in the of a cable car extension to Caracas’s are proposed as an invitation to think Modern Art, 2010). wake of two generations of disinvest- public transportation system to alternatively rather than as a set of ment in public projects from housing weave dense informal quarters into blueprints; some can be realized 4 See Barry Bergdoll and Reinhold Martin, to urban infrastructure. In recent the larger network of the Venezuelan ad hoc, others presuppose alterations Foreclosed: Rehousing the American Dream (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2012). years, a growing number of younger capital was featured in MoMA’s to existing systems at a larger level architects and designers have begun 2010 exhibition Small Scale, Big of the financial, municipal administra- 5 “Urbanisation: Roads of Redemption,” The to act on the commitment to the Change: New Architectures of Social tive, or legal regimes. Economist, June 21, 2014, 59. idea that the informal settlement, or Engagement. It remains to be seen if the individ- 6 Cited in Justin McGuirk, Radical Cities: Across favela—borrowing the word coined This is a growing trend, in which ual achievements of tactical urban- Latin America in Search of a New Architecture many decades ago for the slums local knowledge and global expertise ism’s incarnations—of which there are (London and New York: Verso, 2014), 109.
12 Preface 13 As large cities can no longer be seen as isolated, self-sufficient entities, MIRRORING their current and oncoming problems may be anticipated to bear massive impact at a global level. With the planet facing dwindling UNEVEN GROWTH resources, climate change, and other instabilities, the potential for human catastrophe contained in current A Speculation on urban development has been a regu- lar subject of scholarly research. For sure, city authorities, urban thinkers, Tomorrow’s Cities Today economists, and other world pro- tagonists are already joining forces to understand and tackle this issue, having to ensure that over the next decades a constantly expanding Pedro Gadanho urban realm will remain habitable, sustainable, and resilient. Despite the urgency of these matters, despite the many initiatives that over the last years have sought
Sze Tsung Leong. Nan Shi, Huangpu District, Shanghai. 2004. Chromogenic color print, to bring these problems to light, still 31 7/8 � 40 1/16" (81 � 101.8 cm). The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Fund for the Twenty-First Century the imbalanced growth of the con- temporary urban realm is failing to As urbanization continues to expand governance, civil rights, and social trigger a broader public debate. This across the globe, the distribution protest. Urban dwellers’ claims alone would make it reason enough of spatial and economic resources for spatial justice and the right to for The Museum of Modern Art to join in cities is increasingly lopsided. As the city appear in multiple forms the ongoing efforts to address these evidenced by numerous academic of appropriation—from the Occupy problems in academia, in coalitions studies, inequality is growing. In movement to the Arab Spring, of cities, and in other international The design scenarios in Uneven spite of the promise of amelioration but also in the guise of do-it-your- forums. Global museums no longer that urban migration once repre- self urbanism, bottom-up attempts being exclusively seen as reposito- sented, life conditions deteriorate for at community self-management, ries of art, they may take advantage Growth presuppose that the large segments of expanding urban and other tactical forms of urban of their public visibility to assume a populations. Simultaneously, tradi- intervention. specific role in promoting awareness, anticipation of impending, tional, centralized urban planning Despite the technological opti- cultural activism, and intellectual seems to fail when faced with the ris- mism that surrounds some recent discussion at a wider scale. ing presence of informal settlements, urban developments—with its prom- Assuming the need to expand plausible urban visions may gentrification processes, and other ises of smart management systems, the responsibility of leading art urban phenomena of our days. Driven utter social connectivity, and apps institutions to new understandings by ideology or economic incapacity, for every possible need—large cities of culture, it was decided that the prompt a critical understanding the ability of the national state to around the world are also hotbeds third iteration of MoMA’s Issues In intervene in the contemporary city of conceivable catastrophe. Within Contemporary Architecture series seems to recede everywhere. a gradually globalized order, mega should adhere to the international of present problems—thus As problematic urban conditions cities, megalopolises, and other large debate on the future of major progressively become a subject of urban networks are crucial nodes cities, in collaboration with the contributing to fuel the public concern for specialists in various for flows of information and people. MAK - Museum of Applied Arts / fields, cities also continue to be the Accordingly, they also contain the Contemporary Art, in Vienna. most important sites for everyday potential to rapidly propagate any Following previous initiatives by debate on the same issues. struggles at the levels of political crisis or collapse to the whole system. MoMA’s Architecture and Design
15 Gadanho Department that the dawn of connected across the globe. resulting urban slums develop their forums,5 as well as the latest tech- urban condition, much attention had engaged the twentieth Contrary to popular belief and own productive structures, but their nological leaps, so as to provide has been dedicated to large urban interdisciplinary century. The as experts have demonstrated, urban populations are nonetheless trapped empowerment to urban dwellers who structures in the form of books, design teams to twenty-first imbalances have been on the rise in a state of chronic poverty: they have been dispossessed of practically exhibitions, and academic research. tackle the effects century, how- over the last three decades. Income are blighted by inadequate shelter every resource and right? Concerns over the current city— of rising sea ever, presents disparity, socioeconomic divisions, and health conditions, divested of This is the challenge that Uneven and, in many cases, over the emer- levels in New us with new and and spatial inequalities have sharply adequate means to improve their cir- Growth presented to architects and gence of informal, so-called “shadow 6 York, or the 26’10 south Architects. Taxi Rank No. 2, overwhelming increased in the most advanced cumstances, and also often deprived urban designers practicing in local cities” —became widely shared in impact of the Diepsloot, South Africa. 2008–11 challenges in world cities and in emergent mega- of any political and civic rights. and international contexts. Teaming experts’ circles, and have prompted foreclosure crisis the urban realm. lopolises alike. As sociologist Saskia The explosive urban condition up with their respective research and cultural institutions, professional in the United As such, it is Sassen has pointed out, the time sketched here reveals slight varia- design skills, they were prompted bodies, governments, and gurus alike States, Uneven Growth: Tactical urgent that, after much data has is long gone when manufacturing tions around the globe. While it may to contribute with critical reflection to discuss an increasingly daunting Urbanisms for Expanding Megacities been collected on the uneven urban in and around cities “created the differ according to diverse states and a robust vision for how these urban condition.7 brings together six “collaboratives” developments of the last years, archi- conditions for the expansion of a vast of development, it leads to the same problems are to be faced in different To name only a few of the cultural of local practitioners and interna- tects and designers again attempt middle class.” 1 Today, the escalation question: How can these forms yet not completely dissimilar urban endeavors dedicated to urban phe- tional researchers to examine new to address the urban problem with of the financial services industry of social and spatial segregation be contexts. In the face of a chosen nomena in the last fifteen years, the design possibilities for six global responsible, if tentative, proposi- in major cities has instead driven up addressed? As specialists, bene- urban study case, each “collabora- exhibition Century City was mounted metropolises: Hong Kong, Istanbul, tions. In contrast to other forms the incomes of the top percentiles factors, and institutions such as the tive” was asked to turn the potential in 2001 at the Tate Modern in London; Lagos, Mumbai, New York, and of urban speculation, it is imperative of urban populations while it has World Bank struggle to define the for catastrophe on its head and Mutations was presented during the Rio de Janeiro. that designers’ visions for the reduced the “real earnings of workers policies and economical mechanisms explore how the state of urban emer- same year at the Arc en Rêve Centre As in previous instances, the future are deployed as a critical with the least education.” that may contribute to any kind of gency suggested here is to fuel new d’Architecture in Bordeaux; and, curatorial process relied on the tool to reflect upon the problems And while rural populations are improvement, is it even conceivable modes of design creativity. under the direction of Ricky Burdett, creation of unprecedented design of today. still migrating to urban conglomera- that such afflictions can be addressed With the majority of the planet’s the Architecture Biennale in Venice proposals through the articulation tions and contributing to the growth from a design point of view? Can population transitioning to urban was entirely dedicated to the subject of public workshops, an exhibition, of megalopolises around the globe, design thinking engage with policy environments, and with the problems in 2006. These were large exhibitions and this publication. Given the trans- 1. State of the City their drive no longer lies in the mirage makers and participative community that arise from a diffuse, uneven presenting overwhelming analyses national nature of the design teams of equal employment opportunities. invited to participate in the project, In 2008, the world reaches an As Mike Davis has noted in Planet workshops were held in different ven- invisible but momentous milestone: of Slums, rural dwellers are rather ues around the globe, in New York, for the first time in history, more pushed to cities—and more precisely in Shenzhen, and in Vienna, over the than half its human population, to their expanding informal districts— course of one year of brainstorming 3.3 billion people, will be living because of a global deterioration of and discussion. As part of their brief, in urban areas. By 2030, this rural conditions.2 As a consequence participants were asked to come is expected to swell to almost of rural-urban migration, urban pov- up with design scenarios, i.e., design five billion. Many of the new urban- erty is on the rise. Due to decreasing solutions for future developments, ites will be poor. Their future, the upward social mobility and degra- which would simultaneously raise future of cities in developing coun- dation of the lower middle classes, awareness of the prevailing inequal- tries, the future of humanity itself, poorer populations in the bigger ities in specific urban contexts and all depend very much on decisions cities are progressively marginalized confront the changing roles of archi- made now in preparation for this into “poverty regimes” that seem tects and urban designers vis-à-vis growth. more and more to be inescapable.3 the evolution of cities. —City Mayors Society Even if contemporary cities rely At the heart of the project lies heavily on the services of low-wage the optimistic belief that current In 2030, the world’s population workers to sustain their economies, design thinking can effectively con- will be a staggering eight billion they lack the capacity to absorb the tribute to the current urban debate. people. Of these, two-thirds will live fast-growing numbers of new urban Early modern architects and urban in cities. Most will be poor. With dwellers into their existing formal designers were recognized for the limited resources this profoundly structure. Thus, informal urbanization sense of social responsibility to which unbalanced growth will be one expands and, in more or less visible they adhered in their the efforts of of the greatest challenges to be fashion, furthers existing spatial modernization and urbanization at faced by societies ever more and social segregations.4 Often, the “A cidade é nossa, ocupe-a” (The city is ours, occupy it). Avenida conde da Boa Vista in Recife, Brazil. 2013
16 Mirroring Uneven Growth 17 Gadanho natural resources.9 Yet, as we have competitive international panorama, authorities were the instigators of intent did not, however, reside in the briefly analyzed, social conditions in urban inequities still flourish and referential case studies of tactical emulation of current forms of tactical megacities deteriorate, inequality discontent eventually reaches the urbanism—such as the unexpected urbanism. Rather, it proposed to grows, and top-down urban planning streets. As a reaction, if not anticipa- installation of cable cars in the slums understand how such practices are fails when confronted with rising tion to some of these developments, of Caracas—still these responded in effectively altering the perception informality. tactical forms of urbanism carried innovative tactical fashion to pressing of the roles of architects, artists, and Contrary to state initiatives out by varied urban actors have bottom-up needs. other urban practitioners in the face that during most of the twentieth emerged as an attempt to take urban Against this background, a mul- of a changing urban reality. century provided Western nations matters into their own hands. tifaceted, hybrid notion of “tactical Most of the teams invited to with heavy investment in mass As a counterpart to a classic, urbanisms” is seen here as draw- participate in Uneven Growth had dwelling and urban infrastructures, strategic notion of top-down plan- ing on the ideas of the late French already previously revealed a chang- in developing countries today city ning, tactical modes of urbanism have anthropologist Michel de Certeau, ing notion of architectural practice, and state authorities remain unable arisen in the form of everyday, bot- who suggested that urban dwellers vis-à-vis the urban contexts in which to confront the pace and extension tom-up approaches to local problems engage in tactical actions when they choose to act. Rather than of informal conglomeration in and within unevenly managed contempo- they appropriate urban space on a serving the wealthier percentile of around major cities. rary metropolises. With a pure notion daily basis.13 This offers a direct if available private or public clients—in In a not too distant past, indus- of “tactical urbanism” made difficult sometimes unrevealed response to which much of traditional architec- trialization and social motivations by the complexities of any conse- the strategies imposed on them by ture takes refuge—their work often Urban-Think Tank. Metro Cable, San Agustín, Caracas. 2007–10 allowed the nation-state to tackle quent urban project, a plurality of city planners and decision makers. As discloses how, when faced with economic disparities within European interpretations and embodiments de Certeau puts it, the “rationalized, radical city transformation, the urban and data on current problems in and discourse. Simultaneously, it seeks to and North American metropolises. of this idea have emerged to respond expansionist and at the same time designer must become an activist.15 cultural production out of global present design proposals that reflect Today, however, slum eradication to the failures of an urban planning centralized, clamorous and spectacu- Further to their participation in the urban agglomerations. the urban conditions of different in megacities with a global presence exclusively imposed from above. lar production” of the formal city Uneven Growth project, they were Other urban researchers, as well world regions, but also to disclose takes place only where market forces Tactical urbanisms may impul- is thus counteracted by “another invited to reflect on how tactical atti- as architects such as Rem Koolhaas, changing design attitudes toward drive social displacement in the sively arise from the streets, but production.” 14 This “other production” tudes could inform design visions for have undertaken countless studies unequal urban contexts. name of land value and gentrification. they also emerge from given cre- is precisely what emerges in today’s the outcomes of contemporary urban on the nature and phenomena Similarly, as much as architects and ative practices and given domains of “tactical urbanisms”: a creative inequality. Ultimately, this would of exploding urban areas, namely in urban planners have played a crucial specialization. Spontaneous takes on and resourceful appropriation of the constitute the essential drive for the China, Latin America, and Africa. 2. Tactical Urbanisms and Changing role in addressing the need for the spatial reinvention and appropri- contemporary city’s conflictual condi- creation of the exhibition’s content. And more recently, while numerous Architectural Practices affordable housing and an operative ation of existing urban environments tions, expressed in terms of informal Uneven Growth’s curatorial agencies and organizations turned city, today they too seem impotent have thus come to combine top-down urban objects, adaptive habitat, project relies on the idea that tactical to urban issues, museums and A practice of the order constructed considering the speed at which radi- initiatives with bottom-up ingenuity, alternative forms of infrastructure, urbanisms provide inspiration universities joined efforts with global by others redistributes its space; cal urban inequalities settle in place. with different degrees of mutual temporary and illegal uses of public for design tools that effectively mix corporations to investigate specific it creates at least a certain play in Although attempts are still being contamination. In the form of do-it- space, and vehement claims to the top-down and bottom-up impulses.16 urban transformations. Such was that order, a space for maneuvers made at municipal and regional yourself actions, hands-on-urbanism “right to the city.” Such an idea echoes what has the case of the BMW Guggenheim of unequal forces and for utopian planning, top-down action, particu- and participative urban interven- While contributing to map these been increasingly described as an Lab, launched in 2011, and the points of reference. [Innumerable larly in developing megacities, tions,11 artists, architects, designers, emergent modes of tactical urbanism open-source urbanism. While pro- Audi Urban Future Initiative, hosted ways of playing with] the space is mostly entangled in inefficient city authorities, community leaders, around the globe, the Uneven Growth posals for future “intelligent cities” by Columbia University in 2013, to instituted by others characterize politics, corrupt bureaucracy, and and even policy makers have progres- project asks precisely how current raise eyebrows,17 Saskia Sassen mention just two New York–based the subtle, stubborn resistant economic insufficiency.10 Moreover, sively allied with communities and practices of architecture and urban suggests that “multiple small inter- initiatives dedicated to the theme activity of groups which, since they with a general turn to neo-liberal local populations to produce acu- design can learn from such devel- ventions may not look like much, but of future urban mobility. lack their own space, have to get policies around the globe—coincident punctural interventions in difficult, opments. While compiling some together they give added meaning Vis-à-vis such intense production along in a network of already estab- with cyclic financial crises, slowing often unattended urban contexts. examples—pre- to the notion of of knowledge on urban development, lished forms and representations. economic growth, and the constantly Rather than large-scale transforma- sented within the incomplete- Uneven Growth was always intended —Michel de Certeau, The Practice impending collapse of any kind tions unable to effectively cope these pages ness of cities.” 18 as a next step. Taking advantage of of Everyday Life 8 of welfare system—top-down urban with the dynamics of current urban as a sample Responding a museum platform with global reach, management recedes even in the developments, smaller, but still of a broader tactically to this the project is intended to bring these Urban agglomeration continues to most advanced and stable urban impactful, “urban catalysts” have online charting incompleteness— topics to a wider and more mixed be seen as a sustainable form of centers. While mayors and municipal pervasively become a preferred, if open to public or, as others have international audience, fostering human settlement, especially when authorities have taken the lead in crossbred, mode of city interven- participation— suggested, to the a public debate beyond specialized faced with an inevitable dwindling of raising the profile of their cities in a tion.12 Even if architects and city the curatorial city’s untapped
18 Mirroring Uneven Growth 19 Gadanho Atelier OPA. Cardboard Shelter 1, Tokyo. 2011 participants should have an intimate knowledge of local circumstances, and should be already imbedded in their object of study. Their previous practices should be somehow be entangled with their city’s realities while revealing changing stances toward the potential role of archi- tects as urban catalysts and activ- ists. From the participative work of Mumbai-based Urbz with Dharavi’s slum dwellers to NLÈ’s self-initiated, semi-illegal school project in the floating shantytowns of Lagos, from MAP Office’s long-standing research into the tactical nature of Hong Kong’s everyday uses to Superpool, Rua Arquitetos, and SITU Studio’s reflections on how new Iwan Baan. Makoko, Lagos. 2013. Digital photograph. Collection the artist design approaches may interfere with the changing urban contexts given cosmopolitanism and emergent connectors in the increasingly of Istanbul, Rio, or New York, these modes of informal appropriation. important global fluxes between East were all teams that combined Still, there was a clear intention to and West.23 Together with Moscow, political positions with audacious circumvent megacities that had Istanbul is the only European megac- design capabilities. been overexposed in research proj- ity that is still developing at a furious Rather than only commissioning ects produced during recent years. pace, and it was recently one of two these teams to come up with propos- In this circumstance, cities such as major epicenters of violent urban als for their respective cities, though, Michael Wolf. Architecture of Density #12. 2003. C-print, 40 � 58" (101.6 � 147.3 cm). Collection the artist São Paulo or Mexico City were side- protests worldwide—the other being it was also considered that their stepped to the advantage of another Rio de Janeiro.24 And while Hong Kong privileged viewpoints could benefit resources 19— an open-source, “hand- needs to engage in concrete situa- While each city generally represents Latin American city, one that has is also known for its protest culture, from confrontation with other exter- made urbanism” 20 may precisely tions. If one wants to offer the level of development of a given brought the clash between planned as a borderline island between China nal perspectives. Given the global mean that, as Sassen has it, cities will consequent, though perhaps region, similar situations were city and informal settlement to the and the rest of the world it is also dimension of the contemporary urban continue to enjoy “their long life.” site-specific, design visions for the avoided. MoMA’s home city, for very core of the urban ensemble. representative of a unique, futuristic issues explored here, collabora- future of the city, one needs to con- example, stands as a case that bears Currently undergoing profound trans- condition of urban density.25 tions of a transgeographical nature template the diversity of the current comparison to relevant but absent formations due to global events such Finally, Mumbai and Lagos are seemed to be adequate for the 3. Six Cities, Six Collaboratives urban condition. This implies that, metropolises such as London, Paris, as the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 notoriously relevant when it comes project’s goals. As I had proposed in contrary to previous editions in the Tokyo, or Los Angeles. While to some Olympics, Rio de Janeiro presented to exemplify the most extreme urban previous stances, in dealing with such You put together two things Issues in Contemporary Architecture New York came as an unexpected itself not only at the crucial inter- disparities in developing megaci- new realities one should overcome that have not been put together exhibition series, Uneven Growth example of inequity, research—not section of future change and deeply ties around the world. With both postcolonial dichotomies and indeed before. And the world is changed. should bear a global ambition. The to mention the subsequent political imbedded spatial conflicts, but experiencing a relatively recent but promote the crossbreeding of mul- People may not notice at the juxtaposition of distinctive, yet debate of “two cities”—would soon also at the forefront of practices of explosive population growth,26 they tiple knowledges and differentiated time, but that doesn’t matter. comparable global megacities was reveal that the financial capital slum regeneration.22 are paradigmatic of situations in standpoints.28 The world has been changed essential to the curatorial endeavor. of North America represented only The existence of urban conflicts which urban slums assume alarming As such, teams involved in urban nonetheless. Six megacities in six diverse the most advanced stages of a in more or less apparent form, along proportions,27 alongside immense studies at an international level, —Julian Barnes, Levels of Life 21 world regions were selected as case common, if sometimes less visible, with a tendency to display borders mobility issues, public health crises, even if in very different contexts, studies. The choice of these urban story in urban unevenness. and contrasts between two worlds, and general infrastructural needs. were also challenged to unite their If one wants to conceive design conglomerations was essentially The cities in Uneven Growth were also important criteria to chose Faced with the scope of prob- specific research approaches to scenarios in which tactical modes of determined by the ways in which they were selected on the basis of their the cities that would be the focus of lems presented by each of these the skill sets of the designated local urbanism come together to react on display different degrees, stages, considerable size and their potential research. Istanbul and Hong Kong specific urban conditions, it soon architectural practices. The Network contemporary urban contexts, one and conditions of urban inequality. to generate encounters between a are, in their own ways, essential became evident that Uneven Growth Architecture Lab, at Columbia
20 Mirroring Uneven Growth 21 Gadanho the upcoming city. In fact, it may be to remain stubbornly concealed. By the case that such a cohesive fore- way of design scenario tools, Uneven sight is now impossible. We may Growth participants were also invited be destined to ascertain only a frag- to extrapolate from contemporary mentary, kaleidoscopic collection practices, current technological of cautionary scenarios. In response advances, and their own design and to this condition, curating architec- research experience. Their design ture is nowadays conceivable as a efforts, however, were to be directed practice of establishing unforeseen at devising situations in which juxtapositions, if not instigating tactical thinking was seen to provide creative combinations of ideas that social justice in the conception are destined to arouse a critical and appropriation of urban space. awareness of current issues. The design scenarios presented It has not always been like this, in Uneven Growth counteract the of course. A more traditional dystopian outcomes that can be Peter Cook (Archigram). Plug-In City: Maximum Pressure Area. Project, 1962–64. Section, 1964. Ink and gouache on photomechanical print, 32 7/8 � 57 11/16" (83.5 � 146.5 cm). The Museum of view of curating implies only a rather expected of the progression of Modern Art, New York. Gift of The Howard Gilman Foundation conservative take on the preservation current urban trends, both in terms and display of collectible objects. of spatial segregation and of socio- University, Ensamble Studio’s POPlab, 4. Curating Design Scenarios However, with the notion that curat- economic inequality. Even if they at the Massachusetts Institute of ing can itself be a critical practice, Superstudio. Twelve Ideal Cities: The First City. Project, 1971. Aerial Perspective. Photolithograph, offer only acupunctural outlooks on Technology, and the master’s pro- It’s all over the place, just termite this activity may have a more palpa- 27 3/4 � 39 5/16" (70.2 � 100.6 cm). The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Given Anonymously how change for the better could be gram for Advanced Studies in Urban mounds of poorly organized and ble impact in the public perception induced in diverse urban contexts, Design, at ETH Zurich, all represented extremely potent knowledge, quan- of budding collective concerns. in architectural and design thinking,31 architectural scenarios are resurfac- they aspire to solutions that could current university-based units dedi- tifiable, interchangeable data with Through new connections that are the use of design scenarios in a ing in much less avant-garde sectors. be replicated in different contexts. cated to urban inquiry, either looking newly networked relations. We produced out of a collection, for curatorial context such as that of These are generally technological Moreover, they carry the belief at future applications of architectural cannot get rid of this stuff. It is our example, or through the association Uneven Growth presupposes that prophecies that may be regarded as that architects may indeed address thinking, or, in the latter case, insti- new burden, it is there as a fact on of themes and experiences that have the anticipation of impending, optimistic utopias, or, otherwise, as urban inequalities and espouse a gating design collaborations with the the ground, it is a fait accompli. not been yet considered together, plausible urban visions may prompt perverse confirmations of a dystopian more conscious, if provisional, developing world. On the other hand, There are new asynchronous com- juxtaposition allows for new insights. a critical understanding of present dérive in which the ultimate “sustain- posture toward the future of cities. Atelier d’Architecture Autogérée, munication forms that are global- It allows for new critical perspectives problems—thus also contributing able” building becomes a fortified As science fiction writer William in Paris, Inteligencias Colectivas, in ized and offshored, and there is the to emerge. to fuel the public debate on those enclave for a wealthy minority.32 Gibson put it, the speed of current Madrid, and Cohabitation Strategies, loss of a canon and a record. There In the case of Uneven Growth, same issues. Most importantly, however, multina- transformations makes it increasingly operating from Rotterdam and is no single authoritative voice the pairing of local practices to Over recent years, we have been tional companies such as Arup now difficult to retain a “place to stand New York, embodied independent of history . . . This really changes international research teams was presented with architectural spec- claim these design visions to be a from which to imagine a very elabo- practices that have adopted radical the narrative, and the organized deemed essential to produce unfore- ulations sprouting from the most direct reaction to processes of an rate future.” 34 We no longer benefit new approaches to tactical urbanism presentations of history in a way seen perspectives on urban inequal- respectable, if improbable, sources. unstoppable urbanization “faced with from the “luxury of stability,” which and bottom-up urban prototyping that history cannot recover from. ity in contemporary global cities. In the 1960s and 1970s radical urban climate change, resource scarcity, we enjoyed not so long ago. The as well as a political understanding —Bruce Sterling, Atemporality for Additionally, the adoption of the proposals from the likes of British rising energy costs, and the possi- future no longer being “what it used of the urban habitat. the Creative Artist 29 nascent idea of “design scenarios” architects Archigram, or the more bility of future natural or man-made to be,” the proposals in this catalogue By matching these diverse was also deemed essential to tackle critically minded Superstudio, in Italy, disasters.” 33 and exhibition do at least offer design approaches into new “collabo- Making sense of the complexities this urban problem. responded to alarming developments The proposals included in this partial glimpses of a desirable alter- ratives,” the curatorial aim of Uneven involved in today’s uneven urban Following a method of scenario of the so-called consumer society. curatorial project are not that distant native universe: an urban prospect in Growth resided in the possibility developments is, in itself, a highly planning developed by military intel- Now, as exempli- from such which architects, artists, and other that, besides the eventual “produc- problematic task. In the wake ligence in the 1950s,30 the concept fied by recent pro- design visions, urban practitioners again meld tive conflict” of any imposed collab- of proliferating tactical urbanisms, of design scenarios was conceived jections around except in the social ethics into their much-needed oration, a design chemistry could the loss of “canon” and of “a single here as combining both a technique the skyscraper point of view aesthetic endeavors. emerge that responded adequately authoritative voice” in urban planning to describe a potential future and the of the future by a they adopt to the complexities of the themes may well be embraced as a positive design approach that can be imag- most important vis-à-vis a described here. aspect. Nonetheless, this leaves ined in response to such depiction. global engineer- fundamental us with an added difficulty when it Acknowledging the role that fictional ing and planning social imbal- comes to construct a clear vision for techniques are increasingly playing consultancy, ance that tends
22 Mirroring Uneven Growth 23 Gadanho Assemble. Folly for a Flyover, London. 2013 8 See Michel de Certeau, The Practice of 16 This idea echoes British sociologist Raymond Architectures of Social most crowded urban Everyday Life (Berkeley: University of California Williams’s claims that high culture should embrace Engagement, organized enclave in sub-Saharan Press, 1984), 18. low culture in order to survive. We seem to be at MoMA from October Africa, a region in at a moment in which this type of conflation is 3, 2010, to January 3, which, according 9 See, for example, Vishaan Chakrabarti, again relevant. See Raymand Williams, Keywords: 2011. to UN-Habitat, A Country of Cities: A Manifesto for an A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (London: almost 3/4 of the Urban America (New York: Metropolis Books, Croom Helm, 1976). 23 As Saskia Sassen urban population 2013). notes, “in a global live in slums. See 17 As Michael van Iersel has voiced it, age whose key axis UN-Habitat, Slums 10 With the African context offering the most “technological innovation is rapidly changing is becoming the 246 Common Cafe. Food carts and of the World: The Face extreme of examples, Mabogunje refers to the architecture and urban planning.” Yet, “in spite East-West rather than farmers’ market, Tokyo. 2013 of Urban Poverty in disempowerment and economical lack of local of the promise of more cost-efficiency, increased the North-South one the New Millenium and metropolitan authorities themselves as one of sustainability and improved esthetic quality, that has dominated (Nairobi: UN-Habitat, the reasons for the inability “to respond effectively these new technologies can just as easily lead an older international 2003). and innovatively to the challenges posed by to the same kind of dull and dehumanizing spaces colonial history,” Istanbul’s strategic location is urban poverty and poor urban environment of that emerged from the previous technological “ascendant.” Similarly, Hong Kong is presented 28 See Pedro Gadanho, “Emergency s. slums and shanty settlement.” See Mabogunje, revolution called Modernism.” See Michael as the “financial leader in China,” due to “its Emergency, or How Knowledge Must Follow “Global Urban Poverty Research Agenda.” van Iersel, “The City in Your Hands,” Domus open economy and its historical connection to Fashion,” in Tickle Your Catastrophe, ed. Frederik (August 2013). international trade.” See Sassen, Cities in a World Le Roy, Nele Wynants, Dominiek Hoens, and 11 The literature being already vast, see, Economy, 199–200, 203–4. Robrecht Vanderbeeken (Ghent: Academia Press, for example, the catalogues of three recent 18 The author critiques the current models of 2011). exhibitions on these subjects: Giovanna Borasi and “intelligent cities” as missing the “opportunity 24 Shortly after Rio de Janeiro and Istanbul Mirko Zardini, eds., Actions: What You Can Do with to urbanize the technologies they mobilize.” On had been chosen as case studies for this project, 29 Bruce Sterling, “Atemporality for the Creative the City (Comment s’Approprier la Ville) (Montreal: the other hand, she proposes that “technologists, violent mass protests erupted in both cities, Artist,” Wired (February 2010). Canadian Centre for Architecture; Amsterdam: urbanists and artists are beginning to ‘urbanize’ triggered by government initiatives related SUN, 2008); Elke Krasny, ed., Hands-on-Urbanism technology” and this should be directed to to urban mobility and gentrification processes. 30 The introduction of the term “scenario” into 1850–2012 (Vienna: Architekturzemtrum “strengthen horizontal practices and initiatives.” In Istanbul, in particular, before protests assumed planning and decision-making is attributed to Mahatma Gandhi Road in Dharavi, Mumbai. 2009 Wien/Verlag Turia + Kant, 2012); Cathy Lang See Saskia Sassen, “Open-Source Urbanism,” wider political implications, the population American military strategist and systems theorist Ho, Ned Cramer, and David van der Leer, eds., Domus (June 2011). claimed their “right to the city” by contesting Herman Kahn, in connection with work done 1 See Saskia Sassen, Cities in a World Economy, Landscape,” Análise Social (Instituto de Ciências Spontaneous Interventions: Design Actions a plan to substitute a central urban park for a at the RAND Corporation think tank in the 1950s. 4th ed. (Los Angeles/London/New Delhi/ Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon) 48, for the Common Good (New York: Architect 19 Urban strategist Scott Burnham proposes shopping mall. Singapore/Washington, D.C.: Sage Publications, no. 206 (2013): 153–80. Magazine, 2012). that, like computer games, cities “have their 31 See Pedro Gadanho and Susana Oliveira, 2012). This and following quotes pp. 241–66. own unlock codes.” As such, “resourceful 25 Recently, an inflamed Internet debate on eds., Once Upon a Place: Architecture & Fiction 5 As Mabogunje reports, some of the most 12 Although this concept has been introduced by planners and designers have begun discovering “slum-exoticism” and “favela-porn” was triggered (Lisbon: Caleidoscópio, 2013). 2 As Davis underlines, cities “have absorbed successful attempts to deal with urban poverty American urbanists Wayne Attoe and Donn Logan them” in the form of billboards repurposed by the fact that Hong Kong’s infamous and now the majority of the rural labor-power made have depended on the mobilization of local as a blueprint for interventions that as humidity collection systems, pavements demolished Kowloon district remains a subject 32 For such a reading, see the first of the redundant by post-1979 market reforms,” populations through participatory strategies, take sizeable architectural structures as the wired for Wi-Fi, and other “increased capabilities.” of research and utter curiosity about what was micro-essays contained in my “Taken to Extremes,” sometimes because the urban agglomeration as happened in the case of the Advanced Locality catalysts for an urban renaissance—as can later See Scott Burnham, “Design with Cities, Not once the densest city neighborhood on the planet. in Beyond #01, Scenarios and Speculations, itself grew to absorb previous rural areas. Management Scheme, in Mumbai, India. As the be typically exemplified by the “effect” of the For Them,” in Architizer.com, accessed May 9 See Guy Horton, “The Indicator: The Slum Exotic ed. Pedron Gadanho (Amsterdam: Sun Publishers, See Mike Davis, Planet of Slums (London and author notes, “such mobilization, especially when Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao—the notion of 2014,
24 Mirroring Uneven Growth 25 Gadanho DESIGN SCENARIOS and Tactical Urbanisms HONG KONG MAP Office, Hong Kong Network Architecture Lab, Columbia University, New York
Hong Kong’s natural setting is composed of 60 percent water. From a historical perspective, Hong Kong waters have continuously attracted fisherman, pirates, and shipping activities and continue to do so.
Compressed between sea and absorb new waves of urban sprawl in by climate change now provide the mountains, Hong Kong appears as order to accommodate a 50 percent opportunity to redraw the geograph- a chaotic, hybrid, and colorful population increase to the existing ical atlas of the world by altering the urban territory with extreme forms 7.2 million inhabitants. With the coastline and creating new lands. of density. Informed by a complex historical struggle for and stress on Man-made islands are a valuable Swimming, geography, the typical urban idea of land resources, Hong Kong’s geogra- alternative to support a sustainable concentric growth and continuous phy is a narrative that is defined and urban expansion with new modes spread is replaced by a nonlinear redefined, again and again, according of living, working, and entertaining. floating, development of hyper-dense cores to political intentions and social and Islands are paradigms of the living coexisting with a natural landscape economical variations. Contrary to condition and as such can exacerbate accounting for more than 75 percent urbanism, it fluctuates in a conflicting the logic and characteristics of exist- fleeing, of the total land mass. Framed by appropriation of recognized land ing modes of production and con- the city of Shenzhen to the north and and sea. sumption of urban spaces. Artificial the South China Sea on three sides, Following MAP Office's recent islands are territorial fragments, yet sinking, Hong Kong, 60 percent of which project The Invisible Islands (2013), they are constructed and destructed is composed of bodies of water, is Hong Kong’s composite territory may in a cycle that concentrates many how to absorb millions surrounded 360 degrees by China. be understood through a new per- of the forces characterizing human A collection of more than 250 islands, spective: the possibility of populating civilization. This cycle of production mostly inhabited, the city/territory the sea. The Anthropocene dynamic and destruction is a way to escape of climatic refugees? is now under pressure from Beijing to and the rising sea levels induced the present and to project the future.
67 MAP Office & Network Architecture Lab With only 30 kilometers of land border in the northern part of the territory, Hong Kong is surrounded by water representing 85 percent of its territorial boundaries. Surrounding it on all sides, China situates The strategy of reclaiming land over the city/territory as an integrated part of the motherland. water has been the main principle for development and for absorbing various Myths, legends, fictions, stories, his- portions of the territorial water that geography, the eight corresponding waves of migration. This mode of opera- tories—as many narratives as possible are not yet exploited. In this context, scenarios can be interpreted as a tion, shown above, is now very much are required to define the contours Hong Kong could serve as a labora- new language in which to promote under popular criticism. of a new territory. tory for an island scheme that could universal values. At the center of Until 2047, Hong Kong faces be extended to the Pearl River Delta this project, beginning in Hong Kong Since the early 1970s, territorial many questions related to its unique and further along the coastline of territorial waters, there is a global pressure has pushed the authorities condition as a Chinese city outside China. awareness of specific contemporary to develop “new town” scenarios. At the contour of the motherland. The Hong Kong Is Land proposes to issues that aims to reach other parts left, Tung Chung New Town, serving possibility of an exponential pop- add eight new artificial islands to the of the world. Hong Kong International Airport, ulation growth is a main concern existing landscape of 263 islands. emerges from the countryside park of regarding its future stability. Hong In this way it addresses various needs Lantau Island. The new town appears Kong’s limited land restrains possible and features of prevailing contexts as a concrete island to supply the population growth to three options: as well as those of the near future. reclaiming more land on the water, These artificial lands also provide growing demand for housing facilities. urbanizing the protected country distinctive hubs for tourism. Yet they parks—two options that Hong Kong cannot be recognized solely as islands citizens have long fought against— nor generate maritime zones. More and creating artificial islands in than a response to an unbalanced
68 Hong Kong 69 MAP Office & Network Architecture Lab The Pearl River Delta Region, natural The coexistence of rural activities setting of Hong Kong city/territory, is with high-density living imposes a among the most populated conurba- system in which the territory experi- tions in the world. With one of the most ences extreme pressure. Countryside important and productive global econo- communities are in danger of disap- mies, the region remains dominated by pearing. Above, the Lau Fau Chan oys- its liquid geography. ter farm exists in the shadows of The location of the eight proposed Tin Shui Wai New Town. artificial islands across Hong Kong Density of building is one of the territory is based on a process of main characteristics of Hong Kong’s decontextualization and reterritorial- urban context. The verticalization ization of existing life scenarios. Each of living has led authorities to develop island epitomizes one of Hong Kong’s subsidized housing typologies that characteristic values from a territo- are now inhabited by 45 percent of rial, social, economic, and futuristic Hong Kong’s population. perspective.
70 Hong Kong 71 MAP Office & Network Architecture Lab Water is an essential source of life and its access is a basic human right. “The Island of Sea” is a living organism merg- ing an aqua-structure with a fishing community. Made of Asian vernacular architecture layered together, the orga- nization of the floating village is directly inspired by the condition of its liquid environment. Here the water is the source of economic survival. This mode of aquaculture offers the possibility of a new economy and food production. Set directly under the house or to either side, seaweed and fish replace the fields the polluted land has lost.
“The Island of Resources” relies on the strong networking capability of the expatriate Filipino community. Through the collection and distribution of basic resources, the island is an asset to nearby emergency zones in case of natural or human disasters. Inspired by the form of a trading pit, it is an organic geometric structure suggesting a multi faceted relationship between inside and outside, surface and volumes. At the center a crater—a dense place shel- tering the most precious resources— defends its treasure like a giant safe.
72 Hong Kong 73 MAP Office & Network Architecture Lab “The Island of the Self” is a floating territory made of an intricate assem- blage of alleys in the form of a maze. “The Island of Surplus” in Junk Bay is Constructed as a supertanker, it floats an unstable archipelago made of a along the invisible borderline to the complex accumulation and compres- south of Hong Kong, a no man’s zone sion of various types of discarded where illegal consumption is autho- material. Fragments of trash collide in rized. With tanks shaped in the form an entropically generated landscape. of buildings, the island is made of Abandoned detritus shaped by years an infinite network of pipes, wires, of accretion resemble prehistoric ves- and gutters that serve as the main tiges of an ignorant civilization. Yet it organs feeding an intoxicated popula- is also one of the most visited parts of tion. Dark and wet, the labyrinth Victoria Harbor, with its unique silhou- offers a secretive feast of drugs, adven- ettes reminiscent of Ha Long Bay. ture, and sex.
74 Hong Kong 75 MAP Office & Network Architecture Lab Hong Kong Is Land is a map of possible islands comprised within Hong Kong territory. Each island exacerbates a condition through which the city/ territory can be embraced from its past, present, and future; each island focuses on a specific economy, ecology, and community.
76 Hong Kong 77 MAP Office & Network Architecture Lab Uneven growth can only be solved through politics, but politics is broken when left in the hands of poll-driven politicians and screaming extremists. The New City Reader is a tactical newspaper installed in a public space Included for free in the Hong Kong Just as “The Landlord’s Game,” that asks us to slow down, stop looking edition of the New City Reader, patented in 1904 and a precursor to at our electronic devices, and once SYMTACTICS is a board game that Monopoly, taught people about the again read and discuss matters civilly in teaches individuals to explore the problems generated by accumulated public. Based on the Chinese dazibao, relationship between strategic and wealth, SYMTACTICS allows anyone handmade newspapers posted in pub- tactical thinking as players race around to try their hand at lowering inequal- lic during the Cultural Revolution, the a dystopian Hong Kong of the near ity through the completion of tactical New City Reader is intended to be hung future. As in other games, players interventions while fending off throughout the city—it is a tactical are able to explore and work through challenges from outside forces. intervention that anyone can do. the concerns of a given social setting.
78 Hong Kong 79 MAP Office & Network Architecture Lab TACTICAL URBANISMS:
EAST ASIA John Lin and Olivier Ottevaere. The Pinch Library and Community Center, Yunnan Province, China. 2012
Shigeru Ban Architects. Hualin Temporary Elementary School, Chengdu, China. 2008
thecaveworkshop. Wave of Growth, Hong Kong. 2012 HK Honey. HK Farm, Ngau Tau Kok, Kowloon East, Hong Kong. 2012 MAD Architects. Hutong Bubble 32, Beijing. 2009
Toshiko Horiuchi MacAdam and Interplay. Wonder Space II at the Hakone Open-Air Museum, Japan. 2009 Didier Faustino. Double Happiness. 2009. The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Architecture & Design Purchase Fund
Dai Haifei/standardarchitecture. Egg West 8. Garden of 10,000 Bridges, Xi’an, House, Beijing. 2010 China. 2011 ENCORE HEUREUX + G.studio. Room-Room for Paris, Beijing, Barcelona, Munich, and Strasbourg. 2008–14
WEAK! Architects (Hsieh Ying-Chun, Roan Ching-Yueh, and Marco Casagrande). Bug Dome, Shenzhen. 2009
Daiken-met Architects/Nawakenji-m. Sugoroku Office, Gifu, Japan. 2011 William Lim of CL3. West Kowloon Bamboo Theater, Hong Kong. 2013 For more information: http://unevengrowth.moma.org
80 Tactical Urbanisms Eltono. 1 / 1 Project, Caochangdi, Beijing. 81 East Asia 80 Tactial Urbanism 2012 81 East Asia and Amsterdam focusing on city Martínez; Lagosians Mr. Ayo Ola, Project Credits development research and strategy Nike, Laura Fortes, and Captain As advisory service; conceptualization Dahiru and all the Air Force Military and creative structuring; architec- base crew; Guillaume Monfort; ture, products, and infrastructure Wiener Pablo Román; Flickr CC design; and arts and cultural urban Warriors Satanoid, Ben Freeman, and interventions. www.nleworks.com Stefan Magdalinski; and professor and friend Izaskun Chinchilla. Uneven Growth Team: Kunlé Adeyemi, Farooq Adenugba, Marco Cestarolli, NLÉ and Zoohaus would like to Hong Kong Director and Editor, New City Reader: Betül Nuhoğlu, in collaboration Berend Strijland, and Olina Terzi thank Pedro Gadanho and the Kazys Varnelis with Memed Erdener, Asbjørn Lund, MoMA and MAK crew; the Shenzhen Workshop, MoMA PS1. October 2013 MAP Office and Fahri Özkaramanlı Collaborators: Tunji Badejo, Olalekan Biennale workshop participants Qing Based in Hong Kong since 1995, MAP Game Design, Symtactics: Jochen Jeyifous, and QCP Television Ye, Wei Han, Nestor San Valentin, Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2013 Office is a multidisciplinary platform Hartmann Vienna MAK Workshop Participants: and Xiaowei Zhuang; and the Vienna as a research laboratory bridging devised by Laurent Gutierrez and Matthieu Floret, Zoe Georgiou, Zoohaus/Inteligencias Colectivas MAK workshop participants Anna the gaps between architecture, Valérie Portefaix that works on physi- Graphic Design, New City Reader: Christiane Hütter, and May Krivanish Inteligencias Colectivas is an open Ohlmeier, Ehsan Bazafkan, Marlene science, urban design, infrastructure, cal and imaginary territories using Neil Donnelly free database of nonstandard Wagner, Leila Bochicchio, and and people. www.ensamble.info; a variety of media to critique spatio- Shenzhen Workshop Participants: architectural and urban solutions Hsiang Max. poplab.mit.edu temporal anomalies. Both teach at Design and Managing Editor, New Chu Hou San and Tiago Guilherme developed by Zoohaus. Zoohaus is an the School of Design, Polytechnic City Reader: Brigette Borders Cheong ever-evolving meta-studio of individ- Ensamble Studio Principals and University. www.map-office.com uals and collectives working together Mumbai Founders of POPlab at MIT: Antón Editor, New City Reader: Robert Atelier d’Architecture Autogérée from different parts of the world. García-Abril, and Débora Mesa Project Directors: Laurent Gutierrez Sumrell Founded by Constantin Petcou and www.inteligenciascolectivas.org URBZ: user-generated cities and Valérie Portefaix Doina Petrescu in 2001, Atelier URBZ, founded by Matias Echanove, Ensamble Studio/POPlab Team: Project Funding and Support: Design d’Architecture Autogérée conducts Uneven Growth Team: David Rahul Srivastava, and Geeta Mehta Antón García-Abril, Débora Mesa, Project Supervisor (Cartography): Trust, Hong Kong Ambassadors actions and research on participative Berkvens, Juan Chacón, Manuel in 2008, learns from its environment Javier Cuesta, Ricardo Sanz, Marie Gilles Vanderstocken of Design; Urban Environments Lab, architecture, developing tools to Domínguez, Maé Durant, Esteban while contributing to its improve- Benaboud, Simone Cavallo, School of Design, The Hong Kong enable collective appropriation of Fuertes, Luis Galán, Elisa de los ment. With offices in Mumbai and José María Lavena, Massimo Loia, Project Manager: Henry Temple Polytechnic University; Graduate temporarily available spaces by city Reyes García, Juanito Jones, Manuel Goa, URBZ organizes participatory Borja Soriano, and Erin Soygenis School of Architecture, Planning, and dwellers and their transformation Pascual, Luis de Prada, and Lys planning and design workshops in Project Assistants (Cartography): Preservation, Columbia University into self-managed urban commons. Villalba, with the contributions of multiple countries. http://urbz.net/ Jenny Choi Hoi Ki, Xavier Chow Wai www.urbantactics.org/ Alfredo Borghi, Miguel Martinez, New York Yin, Hugo Huang Jiawu, Venus Lung Daniel Morcillo, Julia García, Aintzane Founding Partners: Matias Echanove, Yin Fei, Winson Man Ting Fung, Istanbul Constantin Petcou and Doina del Río, and Monk Jones Rahul Srivastava, and Geeta Mehta SITU Studio Tammy Tang Chi Ching, and Vivienne Petrescu, in collaboration with Founded in 2005 in Brooklyn, SITU’s Yang Jiawei Superpool Marguerite Wable, Jeremy Galvan, Zoohaus could not have developed Uneven Growth Team: Matias workspace is split evenly between a Superpool, founded by Selva Beste Kuşçu, Augustin Reynaud, this project without the support Echanove, Rahul Srivastava, Yehuda fabrication shop and a design studio, Network Architecture Lab Gürdoğan and Gregers Tang and Kim Trogal of the AECID (Spanish Agency Safran, Ishan Tankha, Sameep reflecting its commitment to interro- The Network Architecture Lab Thomsen in 2006, critically investi- for International Development Padora, Diane Athaide, Ismini gating design ideas through physical is an experimental unit at the gates Istanbul through exhibitions We would like to thank Andreas Lang Cooperation); the Spanish Embassy Christakopoulou, Jai Bhadgaonkar, and material experimentation at a Columbia University Graduate and temporary projects including (Public Works) and Kathrin Böhm in Abuja; Ministerio de Educación, Bharat Gangurde, Shyam Kanle, wide range of scales. School of Architecture, Planning, Mapping Istanbul (Garanti Gallery/ (myvillages.org) for their advice and Cultura y Deporte—Gobierno de Aki Lee, Itai Margula, Shardul Patil, www.situstudio.com and Preservation, established in SALT, 2009), a two-year project long-term collaboration. España; Acción Cultural Española and Aditi Nair 2006 by Kazys Varnelis. The Netlab examining the city through maps, (AC/E); and Spain Culture New York. SITU Studio Principals: Basar Girit, investigates the impacts of digital comparative research, and essays. Ensamble Studio/MIT-POPlab Aleksey Lukyanov-Cherny, Westley technology, telecommunications, and www.superpool.org Lagos Zoohaus would like to thank the Una Antón García-Abril and Débora Rozen, and Bradley Samuels changing sociocultural conditions on Más Una team; New Yorkers Ana Mesa, principals of the multidisci- architecture, the city, and society. Nikitas Gkavogiannis, Selva NLÉ Peñalba and David Peña, Andrés plinary Ensamble Studio, founded Project Manager: McKenna Cole www.networkarchitecturelab.org Gürdoğan, Gregers Tang Thomsen, NLÉ is an architecture, design, and Jaque and the Urban Enactments POPlab (Prototypes of Prefabrication Zehra Nur Eliaçık, Derya İyikul, and urbanism practice based in Lagos Studio, Michael Sorkin, and Chus Laboratory) at the Massachusetts Team Members: Jennie Bernstein,
162 163 Zoe Demple, Kristine Ericson, CUNY; David Harvey, Distinguished Milivojevic, Heechul Jung, Minami Illustration Credits Onaolapo: 110 (top left); Yuzuri Onoue: 25; © left): NYC DOT; Eymund Diegel; Marcos Zotes; QCPTV: 100, 101 (bottom), 102 (first row middle, Timothy Hursley; Rebar Group/Andrea Scher; Hayrettin Gunc, Derek Lange, Professor of Anthropology and Nagao, Theodora Papamichail, second row right, third row right), 103 (first row San Francisco Planning Department, Pavement Gabriel Munnich, Charles-Antoine Geography at the Graduate Center Georgios Papoulias, Artemis Pefani, In reproducing the images contained in this right, second row left), 108 (top left); Jonathan to Parks Program; Keith Hartwig; photograph © Perrault, Nina Phinouwong, Katie of CUNY; Rachel LaForest, Executive Theodoros Poulakos, Konstantinos publication, the Museum obtained the permission Rashad: 62; REUTERS/Stringer: 30 (top); Pedro Jonathan Traveisa, 2012. Page 160 (clockwise of the rights holders whenever possible. In those Rivera: 147; Julie Roth: 43 (top); RUA Arquitetos from top left): Grupo de Investigación en Arte y Shima, and Xiaowei Wang Director of The Right to the City Stoforos, Henrik Syversten, Maria instances where the Museum could not locate and MAS Urban Design, ETH Zurich: 148–59; SITU Entorno (GIAI AE); Basurama.org CC-BY-NA 3.0; Alliance; and all the people who were Fernanda Tellez Velasco, Alexander the rights holders, notwithstanding good-faith Studio: 135 (left), 137, 140–41, 142 (right), 143; Fundação Joaquim Nabuco (FUNDAJ); PKMN Consultants: Jesse M. Keenan, Center instrumental in our work. Daxböck, Zoi Georgiou, Gianmaria efforts, it requests that any contact information SOM/Nick Merrick © Hedrich Blessing: 49 (bottom (pacman) Architectures; M. Mercedes Sánchez; for Urban Real Estate (CURE.), Socci, Fani Kostourou, Natalia concerning such rights holders be forwarded so left); © Edmund Sumner/VIEWpictures.co.uk: 61 Bárbara Barreda of Ciudad Emergente. Page that they may be contacted for future editions. (top); Superpool: 84 (second row middle), 94–95; 161 (clockwise from top left): Josip Curich; Diego Columbia University; Michael Michailidou, Gerhard Ungersböck Superstudio, © 1971 Archivo Superstudio, photo: Santillan Navarro; Iwan Baan; Fernando Medellin, Amabile, Arup; Sarah Watson, Rio de Janeiro Collaborators: João Salsa, Filipe Ahmed Abd El-Fatah: 49 (bottom right); Department of Imaging Services, The Museum © Héctor Zamora, courtesy the artist and Luciana Citizens Housing Planning Council; Serro, and Tobias Müller Jeyhoun Allebaugh: 135 (right); AP Photo/ of Modern Art: 23 (top); Ishan Tankha: 116, 118 Brito and Labor galleries; Eduardo Eckenfels; Seema Agnani and Drew Goldsman, RUA Arquitetos Felipe Dana: 27 (top); © Archigram 1964, photo: (bottom left and right), 120; Serkan Taycan: 36 Mateus Lira; Rosanna Rüttinger Department of Imaging Services, The Museum (top); Andrew P. Tucker: 163; TYIN tegnestue Chhaya Community Development Rua is the word for “street” in of Modern Art: 22; Architecture and Vision: Architects: 36 (bottom); URBZ: 119, 120 (middle); Corporation; David Giles, Center for Portuguese. Founded by Pedro 30 (bottom); © Yann Arthus-Bertrand: 99; © © URBZOO: 24; © Michael Wolf, courtesy the an Urban Future; Kevin Findlan, NYU Évora and Pedro Rivera in 2008, 2014 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ artist and Bruce Silverstein Gallery, New York: 20 ADAGP, Paris/FLC: 34 (bottom); Atelier Furman Center; Alex Washburn, RUA Arquitetos is interested in d’Architecture Autogérée: 83, 84 (except second Center for Coastal Resilience and how architecture can mediate row middle), 85–93; Atelier OPA Co., Ltd.: 19; Urban Xcellence (CRUX) at Stevens and promote space for social Iwan Baan: 16, 18, 21, 108 (bottom left); © 2014 Illustration Credits, Institute of Technology; John Szot, exchange through projects in the Evan Browning: 42, 43 (bottom); © ChantalS Tactical Urbanisms – Fotolia: 49 (top left); Yasuyoshi Chiba/AFP/ Brooklyn Digital Foundry; Minkwon informal areas of Rio de Janeiro. Getty Images: 17; Ismini Christakopoulou: 120 Center for Community Action; and www.rualab.com (bottom), 121; Dirk Coetser/Architecture for a Page 80 (clockwise from top left): MFY Legal Services Change: 27 (bottom); CohStra: 133–34, 136, thecaveworkshop; The Museum of Modern Art, Coordinators: Pedro Évora and 138–39, 142 (left); Laszlo Csutoras: 31; Rick Darke: New York, © 2014 Didier Faustino; Glenn Eugen 60 (bottom); Photo: Department of Imaging Ellingsen; ENCORE HEUREUX + G.studio; Sierra Cohabitation Strategies (CohStra) Pedro Rivera Services, The Museum of Modern Art: 59 (top), Forest; Shinkenchiku-sha; standardarchitecture. CohStra is a nonprofit cooperative 131 (left); Mark Joel V. Dyoco: 44 (bottom); Matias Page 81 (clockwise from top left): John Lin and for socio-spatial research, design, Collaborators: Aliki Kostopoulou, Echanove: 117; Eko Atlantic: 103 (fourth row Olivier Ottevaere; Fang Zhenning; Voluntary and development founded in the Fabiano Pires, Natalia Winnika, right); Greg Elsner: 53 (top); Ensamble Studio/ Architects’ Network; Masaki Koizumi; Marco MIT-POPlab: 122–27; © Marc Ericson: 57; Estudio Casagrande; CL3 and West Kowloon Cultural wake of the 2008 financial crash Mariana Albuquerque, Mariana Teddy Cruz: 51 (top), 52 (top), 53 (bottom), 54, District Authority; © West 8 urban design & by Lucia Babina, Emiliano Gandolfi, Meneguetti, and Roberto Costa 55; William Farrington/Polaris Images: 131 (right); landscape architecture. Page 96 (clockwise Gabriela Rendón, and Miguel Robles- Pedro Gadanho: 164 (bottom); Jorge Gamboa: from top left): Studio Karl Philips; Maria 63; The Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles Papadimitriou; Aris Kamarotos; Marcos Domingo; Durán and based in New York City, MAS Urban Design, ETH Zurich (P850002 (37)): 38; Christoph Gielen: “Ciphers,” Stefano Mont Girbés; Ragnhild Lübbert Terpling; Rotterdam, and Ibiza. MAS Urban Design, chaired by courtesy Jovis Verlag, Berlin: 50; Alf Gillman NL Architects. Page 97 (clockwise from top www.cohstra.org Professor Marc Angélil, is a research at http://www.flickr.com/photos/alfgillman: 110 left): Photograph © Laurent Garbit/Malka and design laboratory that prepares (bottom left); Adela Goldbard: 51 (bottom); © Architecture 2013; Dosfotos; StiftungFREIZEIT; 2014 David Goldblatt: 34 (top); Julien Gregorio: Recetas Urbanas; Oliver Schau; Ben Pohl/UD; Founding Members: Lucia Babina, participants for an active role within 118 (top right); GUST Photography/courtesy Vittoria Martini, © Thomas Hirschhorn, courtesy Emiliano Gandolfi, Gabriela Rendón, the interdisciplinary agenda of city Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates: 37; Luke James the artist and Gladstone Gallery, New York and and Miguel Robles-Durán planning. Since 2010, classes have Workshop, Shenzhen—Hong Kong Bi-City Biennale Hayes & AFFECT-T: 29; Lewis Jones: 23 (bottom); Brussels. Page 112 (clockwise from top left): of Urbanism and Architecture. December 2013 investigated new models of urban David Jurca: 52 (bottom); Russ Juskalian: 59; © Hamish Appleby; Tomás Munita for the New 2014 Hilary Koob-Sassen: 41 (right), 47; Lagos York Times; Robert Eke; Mauro Pinto; Matteo Uneven Growth Team: Raquel de development for Brazil. www.angelil. Metropolitan Area Transport Authority (LAMATA): Ferroni; Heath Nash. Page 113 (clockwise from top Anda, curator; Guillermo Delgado, arch.ethz.ch 103 (third row left); Aki Lee: 115; © 2014 Sze Tsung left): Moladi; r1; Sumbu Chantraine Temo; Peter urbanist; Juan Junca, urban planner; Leong, photo: Department of Imaging Services, Rich Architects; Nic Bothma; Machiel Erasmus; The Museum of Modern Art: 15; John Locke: 61 Amanda McCaulley. Page 128 (clockwise from Jonathan Lapalme, urban strate- MAS Urban Design Program Chair: (bottom); © 2014 Rut Blees Luxemburg: 44 (top), top left): Akshay Sharma; Abin Chaudhuri; Bakul gist; Phillip Lühl, architect; Juan Marc Angélil 45; Pablo López Luz: 33; © Danny Lyon/Magnum Foundation; Meena Kadri; George Friedman, © Pemberty, design thinker; Santiago Photos: 35; Doug Mahugh: 58; Photograph © Kohler Co. 2014. Page 129 (clockwise from top Giraldo, urban ecologist; and Rajesh Coordinators: Marc Angélil, Rainer MAK/Mika K. Wisskirchen: 164 (top); Oleksandr left): CRIT, Mumbai; Felipe Vera, Urban South Maksymenko: 28; MAP Office: 67–77; The Network Asia Project at Harvard Graduate School of Bhavnani, animation director Hehl, Julian Schubert, Elena Schütz, Architecture Lab: 78–79; Neville Mars: 49 (top Design; SABA; Filipe Balestra & Sara Göransson/ and Leonard Streich right); © Adrian Melis: 60 (top); © 2014 Melissa Urban Nouveau; Cynthia Koenig/Wello; Urfunlab We would like to thank for their Moore: 41 (left), 46; New York City Department Surat. Page 144 (clockwise from top left): Eric advice Tom Angotti, Professor of Students: Yevgeniya Bevz, Andreas of Buildings: 132; NLÉ and Zoohaus/Inteligencias Rosewall, Depave; Anne Hamersky; Antonia Colectivas: 101 (top), 102–3 (except those © Belt; Michael Rakowitz, courtesy the artist and Urban Affairs and Planning at Hunter Boden, Mengxing Cao, Ondrej Chybík, Workshop, MAK—Austrian Museum of Applied QCPTV, below); Cyril Nottelet and Al Borde: Lombard Freid Gallery, New York; Mark Reigelman College and the Graduate Center Andrea de Guio, Marija Gramc Arts / Contemporary Art, Vienna. June 2014 39; Olabode Olaleye: 106 (bottom left); Diekola II; Michael Falco. Page 145 (clockwise from top
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