INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (IJESE) Vol. 7: 85- 93 (2016) http://www.pvamu.edu/research/activeresearch/researchcenters/texged/ international-journal Prairie View A&M University, Texas, USA

Using GIS and Remote Sensing Approaches to Delineate Potential Areas for Runoff Management Applications in Egypt.

Hala M. Ebaid1 ; Hanan A. Farag2 and Asia A. El Falaky1 1-Survey Research Institute, National Water Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. 2-National Water Research Centre, Egypt.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History This study was carried out to delineate the potential areas of runoff in El Received:Sept.17, 2016 Beheira governorate in Egypt, with the purpose of detecting locations where Accepted: Dec. 7, 2016 water is accumulated after heavy rainfall. A large rainstorm hit El Beheira in Available online: Feb.,2017 4/11/2015, with precipitation ranged from 8 to 385 mm /day. The most ______Keywords: important factors that influence the water runoff are: precipitation, land cover Satellite images, types, soil map types, and slope. Raster data describing these factors were: GIS weighted, Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measure overlay analysis, (IMERG) in mm/hr units; Landsat Image for delineation of different land runoff water, cover types; Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for delineation of slope raster Management, data, in addition to the soil type map. All these raster layers were analyzed Egypt using Weighted Overlay Analysis tool under ArcGIS environment after sequential pre-processing steps. The delineated flood potential area was classified into four land cover types using K Mean algorithm, and from which water volume for each land cover type was calculated. The obtained values of water volume in million m3/day for the most flooded areas in different land cover types were: 100.646 for 2270 km2 of vegetation, and 129, 240 for 2823km2 of bare soil, and 66.889 for 653.5 km2 of a residential area. It can be concluded that potential regions of water runoff can be remotely delineated in effective and fast manner using approaches of GIS and remote sensing. This research study will help decision maker to put plan action for harvesting runoff water in delineated areas.

1. INTRODUCTION Egypt is located in an arid- to semi-arid zone. The inhabited area of the country constitutes only 4% of the total area of the country (1 million km2), and the rest is desert. The main source of water, the River Nile, which provides more than 95% of all water available to the country (Abdel-Shafy and Aly, 2002). At present, the major challenge that Egypt has got to face is how to meet the increased future demands for water from all sectors with almost fixed amounts of water resources. The main (almost exclusive) source of water in Egypt is the Nile River which allocates 55.5 BCM/year. Rainfall in Egypt occurs only in winter in the form of scattered showers which is estimated to be 1.3 BCM/year. ______E-mail: [email protected] & E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] ISSN 2156-7530 2156-7530 © 2011 TEXGED Prairie View A&M University All rights reserved 86 Hala M. Ebaid et al.: Using GIS and Remote Sensing approaches for water runoff management

Groundwater exists in Western Desert topographic suitability, land cover and and Sinai in aquifers that are mostly deep precipitation. Most studies have focused on and non-renewable. The most promising the selection of sites for rainwater harvesting measures by MWRI are developing in rural or urban areas such as the study additional resources, making better use of the conducted by Inamdar et al. (2013) to existing resources, and protecting health and develop a robust GIS based screening environment (Water for the future, National methodology for identifying potentially Water resources plan 2017, 2005). suitable storm water harvesting sites in urban The Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) areas. Some study were carried out in Egypt reported that there has been a very likely about flash flood in general using GIS and increase (probability 90–99%) in remote sensing in different techniques, for precipitation during the 20th century in the specific areas (Fla FloM, 2009;Mohammed mid-to-high latitudes of the Northern ,B.; Kevin w.; Ayman ,N., 2009). Hemisphere (Groisman et al., 2001). Much This study aims to delineate the of the increase in precipitation that has been potential areas for rainwater harvesting observed worldwide has been in the form of system by analyzing the effective factors heavy precipitation events (IPCC Working which cause runoff using weighted overlay Group I, 2001; Easterling et al., 2000a, b, c). analysis tool under Arc GIS environment, Climate models are predicting a and to calculate water volume for these continued increase in intense precipitation different types of land cover. st events during the 21 century (IPCCWorking 2. Study area Group II, 2001). According to the El-Beheira governorate lies in the West Meteorological Society, a rain intensity of < of the Nile Delta region in Egypt. It is -1 2.5 mm hr is called light rain, while a rain bordered in the North by the Mediterranean -1 intensity of > 7.5 mm hr is referred to as Sea, in the East by Rosetta branch, in the heavy rain. Rain intensity between 2.5 and west by Alexandria and Matrouh, and in the -1 7.5 mm hr represents a moderate rainfall south by Giza and El-Menofia, with a total (Hussein A., Martin,R.,2010). The search for area of about 9826 km2.The Beheira study feasible solutions to sustain water resources area is located between latitude is, therefore, gaining considerable 29°54'25.281"N to 31°25'2.86"N and momentum in Egypt and elsewhere (e.g. longitude 29°37'15.556"E to 30°49'9.164" E Adamowski et al. 2012; Haidary et al. 2013). .The values of annual mean temperature, Yet catastrophic flash flooding has recently relative humidity, wind speed for Beheira become very common in some areas. More governorate are: 21 °C, 57%, and 350 in recently, Alexandria and Behiera (km/day) respectively. Rainfall (in mm Governorates areas in Egypt were hit by /month) is between 9.6 and 24.8 for the severe flash floods in November and period from November to February. Beheira December 2015,which led to loss of lives is by far the largest governorate regarding and damage to properties and cultivated the area of agricultural lands which are crops, and left behind destruction in estimated as 1623.59 thousand feddans urbanized areas. Such run off areas should be (including the Nubaria lands) (Fig. 1). identified to help decision maker to put plan 3. Methodologies action for harvesting runoff water in 3.1 Precipitation delineated areas. The precipitation raster data is Remote sensing, GIS has been widely Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for used to determine the sites for the flood Global Precipitation Measure (IMERG) in vulnerability areas, and best water harvesting mm/hr units. The products provide global sites. The site selection criteria in most of high spatial resolution precipitation data, at these references are based on soil types and 0.1-degree resolution (10 km). The data are Hala M. Ebaid et al.: Using GIS and Remote Sensing approaches for water runoff management 87

archived in native HDF5 with Spatial required to obtain the precipitation data all Coverage: (90.0 N to 90.0 S; 180.0 E to over 24 hours of the day. This precipitation 180.0 W) and Temporal Coverage: from 03- data is available for free from site: 12-2014 until current. Temporal resolution is "http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/uui/search/Preci 30 minutes, so 48 raster data sets are pitation".

Fig. 1: The Study area; Beheira Governorate, Egypt.

Precipitation raster data in HDF5 target control points were the information format is need to be preprocessed first before packed in the HDF5 file is not recognized by analyzing ,as precipitation calibrated sub Arc GIS). dataset was added into ArcMap , and the After precipitation raster data was projection information was defined as corrected geometrically; it was resampled to WGS84, after that the image was oriented 90 30 m and subset to the study area. These degree counter clockwise rotation . Defining procedures where done for the 48 images. correct geo-reference longitude and latitude Finally, these 48 precipitation raster data values were carried out, and finally wrap was were added together pixel by pixel values performed using Table 1 with source and using raster calculator (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2: Precipitation in El Beheira Governorate on 4/11/2015.

3.2 Soil types map types can cause very rapid runoff even in dry Soil types and texture are very conditions (National Oceanic and important factors in determining the water Atmospheric Administration, 2010). Soil holding and infiltration characteristics of an association map of Egypt was downloaded area and consequently affect flood from the site http://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/resource- susceptibility (Nyarko, 2002). Some soil type/datasets, and it was geo-referenced to 88 Hala M. Ebaid et al.: Using GIS and Remote Sensing approaches for water runoff management

UTM WGS 84 projection and resampled to images processing were carried out, a sub- 30m (SRTM DEM resolution), and it was image of El Beheira governorate cut after a subset to the study area. Vector layer was mosaic processing, layer stacking, and digitized accordingly to each soil type value geometric correction. The image was and, hence its infiltration rate values relevant classified using (K-means algorithm) into 36 to each soil type were added as attribute classes ,comprises four different land cover column in its table. Infiltration rate was types (built-up, bare soil ,vegetation, and determined according to Black (1982) and water) ,and every land cover was extracted FAO (1976) (Fig. 3). as a single layer to calculate the area of 3.3 Landsat Image was used to delineate each, and hence calculate water runoff different land cover types volumes for all layers ( Fig. 4). Two Landsat 8 images with 3.4 Digital Elevation Model paths/rows: (177/38), (177/39) were acquired The elevation of the study area is in 8/2015 (the images were free downloaded nearly flat and ranges between 0and >26m from: http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov). Initial above mean sea level (Fig. 5).

Fig . 3: Soil type map with relevant infiltration rate Fig. 4:Resulted Landsat image classification values (in mm/ hr) .Cartographic preparation by the Soil Survey Institute, Wageningen, the Netherlands.

Fig. 5: DEM for El Beheira Governorate, Egypt.

Hala M. Ebaid et al.: Using GIS and Remote Sensing approaches for water runoff management 89

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION data have been reclassified to a common Two aspects were applied in this study measurement scale, where (Low infiltration to manage the runoff potential areas. The + relatively low slope + high precipitation) first aspect analyzes effective factors that corresponds to high flood potential areas. cause runoff by using weighted overlay Each raster layer data is assigned as analysis tool to determine the flood potential percentage influence (weight). Weight is areas, which is considered as the most assigned as 60% for precipitation, 20% for suitable areas to harvest water from, and each of the slope and infiltration rate .The determine the volume of water for these cell values for each raster data are multiplied potential areas. Volume calculations are by their weights, and the results are added dependent on land cover type, so together to create the output weighted raster classification of the satellite image of the data. The output areas (Fig. 6) were study area is necessary. The second aspect consistent with the areas that were almost demonstrates a review study on water flooded by the rainstorm in 4/11/2015. Some harvesting and purification. of these areas are: Kafr El-Dawar, Abo- 4.1 Weighted Overlay Analysis Homos, Damanhour, Kom El Basal in the The Weighted overlay tool allows the North, and Wadi El-Notron in (El-Efona calculation of a multiple-criteria analysis village) in the south. between several raster's data. Some of the Some pictures were acquired in this important causative water analysis is: rainfall storm day they were demonstrated in the (precipitation), slope, and the type of soil and Figure below (Fig. 7). its relevant infiltration rate. The input raster

Fig. 6: The output flooded areas that resulted from weighted overlay analysis. 90 Hala M. Ebaid et al.: Using GIS and Remote Sensing approaches for water runoff management

Fig. 7: Images of some areas in Al Beheira Governorate that were hit by a large Rain storm in 4 /11/2015 (El- Ahram newspaper on 6/11/2016).

The runoff areas, with different levels in the north and west south zones. The lands of intensity were delineated. It can be seen covers of these areas comprise buildup, that the most flooded areas were distributed vegetation, and bare soil ones (Fig. 8).

Fig. 8: Runoff areas for different land cover types Hala M. Ebaid et al.: Using GIS and Remote Sensing approaches for water runoff management 91

4.2 Calculation of water runoff volume for types) , and the applied Runoff coefficient different land covers types in Beheira values were the average values which Governorate. deduced by Mahmoud (2014), using a GIS, Estimating the volume of runoff for estimated PRC values varying from 0.03 to different land cover types for rainwater 1.0 for different regions of Egypt based on harvesting depend on three factors: their hydrologic soil group (HSG), land use, a-Catchment Area: the area in which rain slope, and measured runoff volume and the directly falls on different land cover type values used for El-Bohera Governorate staking into consideration that all buildings specifically are ranged between .3 to .9. roofs inside the buildup land cover area c- Rainfall intensity: Net runoff volume treated as rectangle shapes for was calculated using equation 1 for the approximation. previous three land cover types using field b-Runoff Coefficient: the average calculator tool under Arc GIS environment. percentage of rainfall that will run off a Table 1 demonstrates the catchment areas in particular surface (depending on land cover km2, and the resulted runoff volumes.

Table 1: The calculated volumes for each land cover types Land cover Types Catchment areas Runoff Runoff water Volume in in km2 Coefficients million m3/day Vegetation 2270.0 0.30 100.646 lios eraB 2823.85 0.450 129.240 residential area 653.5 0.850 66.889

Catchment area (m 2) * rainfall (mm/day) * runoff coefficient = net runoff volume in (m3/day) (Brad Lancaster, 2006).

The volume of the collected should be of the same species (El falaky et.al. 2003). treated before use for both health of the users Thus choosing the suitable weed to be grown and maintenance of the system. The level of is very important .Other mechanical factors treatment will depend on the intended use of for successful wetland include the type of the water. For example, water used for media and water flow rate. Constructed landscape drip irrigation would not need the wetlands mimic the natural process that is same level of treatment as water used for both economical and environmentally sound potable indoor purposes. Different types of because they rely on natural methods such as water treatment such as filtration can remove vegetation and gravity flow\which are both microorganisms, sediment, metals, and other energy efficient and environmentally sound. organic matter. However, the high costs Less air pollution is realized because associated with runoff water treatment electricity from coal and oil fired generation facilities for small cities and villages in the plants are not used. Unlike traditional water near future will prevent its establishment, treatment systems, chemicals are not needed unless more technologies that are for the process. A small home or business inexpensive are introduced such as wetland. wetland can be as small as one cell (7 meters Wetlands are one of nature’s most X 7 meters X 1.5 meters). A larger one for efficient and common ways to clean runoff that can filter 28390.6 to 94635.3 liters a day water. It is a technique for the amelioration will have 3 to 4 cells .Such types of these of wastewater using aquatic macrophytes. wetland could be established anywhere in The ability of aquatic weeds to purify water small to medium sized communities and varies from one species to the other and there larger business and sporting clubs and are also great variations among the varieties 92 Hala M. Ebaid et al.: Using GIS and Remote Sensing approaches for water runoff management schools with 3785412 liters or less of waste Easterling, D. R.; Evans, J.L.; Groisman, P. water a day. Ya.; Karl, T.R.; Kunkel, K.E. and Ambenje, P. (2000c). Observed 5. CONCLUSION variability and trends in extreme In this research, effective factors climate events: a brief review. Bulletin causing water runoff for the study area in El- of the American Meteorological Behera governorate were analyzed using GIS Society, 81(3): 417–425. weighted overlay analysis tool. The potential Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency areas for water harvest of rainwater flood (EEAA), (1992). Environmental were delineated. These delineated output Action Plan, Law 4/1994, Guidelines were in consistent with the areas in El- for Drinking Water Quality, Cairo, Behera that were flooded by the rain storm in Egypt. 4/11/2015. The volume of water for these El Falaky A A.; Aboulroo, S. A; Saoud, A. potential areas under different land cover A. and Ali, M. A. A. (2003). Aquatic type was calculated .The obtained values in plants for bioremediation of westwater. million m3/day were: 100.646, 129.240 and proceedings of the seventh 66.889 for vegetation, bare soil, and buildup International conference on the areas respectively. Hence, remote sensing development of drylands, 14-14 sept. tool was proven a reliable method for 2003, Tahran, Iran. detecting the areas of runoff water. Fla Flo M, Flash Floods in Egypt protection and Management, Flood Risk 6. 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