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Non-Standard Language in Zadie Smith's White Teeth: the Novel and Its TV Adaptation

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Non-Standard Language in Zadie Smith's White Teeth: the Novel and Its TV Adaptation UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS Non-Standard Language in Zadie Smith’s White Teeth: The Novel and its TV Adaptation MANSISA NTOYA Tese orientada pela Prof.ª Doutora Rita Queiroz de Barros, especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estudos Ingleses. MESTRADO EM ESTUDOS INGLESES E AMERICANOS ÁREA DE ESPECIALIZAÇÃO DE ESTUDOS INGLESES 2018 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS Non-Standard Language in Zadie Smith’s White Teeth: The Novel and its TV Adaptation MANSISA NTOYA MESTRADO EM ESTUDOS INGLESES E AMERICANOS ÁREA DE ESPECIALIZAÇÃO DE ESTUDOS INGLESES 2018 To the memory of my dear mother, Mansoni Makanda Elisabeth (1954-2008), who encouraged me to focus my life on studying rather than business. i ii “Better a little with righteousness than much gain with injustice.” Proverbs 16:8 iii iv Acknowledgments First and foremost, I want to honour my Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, without Whom I would be nothing. My faith in You has sustained me throughout two years of master studies. I truly know that I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me. In addition, I am pleased to have this opportunity to thank: my father Sebastião Ndombasi Mansisa, my sisters, Madalena Makaya Luwengo, Sylvie Nkiyavanga Mansisa, Mireille Kiansumba Mansisa, Mathy Matondo Mansisa, Louange Lutambika Mansisa; my brothers Papy Mansisa Nkama, Rhodis Nkiawete Mansisa, my dear and lovely wife Estrela Charlene Nzuzi Ntoya, my children João Paulo Nzuzi Ntoya, Tabita Elisabeth Nzuzi Ntoya, Débora Jacqueline Nzuzi Ntoya; my nieces; my nephews; my grandsons; my name sakes; my God Children; my in-laws, and All the Mansisas. I acknowledge my debt to my respected lecturer and supervisor Professor Rita Queiroz de Barros for her patience, help and advice. She really suffered with me and without her support this work would never have been accomplished. Without the scientific support of Professors Adelaide Meira Serras, Isabel Fernandes, Júlio Carlos Viana Ferreira, Luísa Maria Flora, and Rita Queiroz de Barros I could not have completed my master studies. I am aware of my debt to them. May all my classmates find here my expression of gratefulness, for the joys and hardship we experienced together. A special thanks goes to those who financially, morally, spiritually, and materially encouraged my studies, namely: My dear and lovely wife Estrela Charlene Nzuzi Ntoya, my beloved children João Paulo Nzuzi Ntoya, Tabita Elisabeth Nzuzi Ntoya, Débora Jacqueline Nzuzi Ntoya; my father Sebastião Ndombasi Mansisa, my uncle Achille Kavena Kiambuko, my brother João Mansisa Nkama, my sister Madalena Makaya Luwengo, my bosses Gabriel Rufino, Joaquim Voy Rufino Pessoa, Simão Ilídio Pascoal, Yamille Romeo Gracia, my pastors Antônio Mwana Mbote, Salomão Luzolo, and all my brethren. Finally, may those whose names do not appear here forgive me, I am grateful for all your support. v vi List of Abbreviations - cf.: confer / compare with - e.g.: exempli gratia / for example - i.e.: id est / that is to say - MLE: Multicultural London English - TV: television - SAE: South Asian English - UK: United Kingdom - vs.: versus - WT: White Teeth - * : In the present dissertation, the use of the asterisk (*) identifies speech including non-standard elements, as in: * Clara: ‘Man … dey knock out,’ she lisped, seeing his surprise. ‘But I tink to myself: come de end of de world, d’Lord won’t mind if I have no toofs.’ She laughed softly (Smith 24-25). vii viii Table of Contents Dedication Epigraph Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ v List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... vii I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research question ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 White Teeth: a presentation ..................................................................................... 2 1.3 Work plan ............................................................................................................... 5 II. HETEROGLOSSIA IN FICTION ............................................................................... 7 2.1 Definition ................................................................................................................ 7 2.2 Where? .................................................................................................................... 7 2.3 How? ..................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.1 Sound .............................................................................................................. 13 2.3.2 Vocabulary ..................................................................................................... 15 2.3.3 Grammar......................................................................................................... 16 2.3.4 Eye-dialect ...................................................................................................... 17 2.4 Why? ..................................................................................................................... 18 2.4.1 Extra-textual functions of non-standard language ......................................... 18 2.4.2 Intra-textual functions of non-standard language .......................................... 22 III. WHITE TEETH: NON-STANDARD ENGLISH(ES) IN THE NOVEL ................. 26 3.1 Identification ......................................................................................................... 26 3.1.1 Jamaican English Creole ................................................................................ 26 3.1.2 South Asian English ....................................................................................... 28 3.1.3 Cockney .......................................................................................................... 28 3.1.4 Youth language .............................................................................................. 29 3.1.5 Languages other than English: Polyglossia .................................................... 29 3.2 Representation and examples ................................................................................ 31 3.2.1 Sound .............................................................................................................. 31 3.2.2 Vocabulary ..................................................................................................... 35 3.2.3 Grammar......................................................................................................... 37 3.2.4 Eye-dialect ...................................................................................................... 40 3.2.5 Allegro speech ................................................................................................ 41 ix 3.3 Location ................................................................................................................ 41 3.3.1 Direct speech .................................................................................................. 41 3.3.2 Metalanguage ................................................................................................. 42 3.4 Functions ............................................................................................................... 43 3.4.1 Extra-textual functions of non-standard language ......................................... 43 3.4.2 Intra-textual functions of non-standard language .......................................... 44 IV. WHITE TEETH: NON-STANDARD ENGLISH(ES) IN THE TV ADAPTATION ........................................................................................................................................ 47 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 47 4.2. Part I - “The Peculiar Second Marriage of Archie Jones” ................................... 48 4.2.1 Sound: Jamaican English Creole, Cockney ................................................... 48 4.2.2 Vocabulary: Jamaican English Creole ........................................................... 51 4.2.3 Grammar: Jamaican English Creole, Cockney .............................................. 51 4.3 Part II - “The temptation of Samad” ..................................................................... 52 4.3.1 Sound: Jamaican English Creole, South Asian English ................................. 53 4.3.2 Vocabulary: Jamaican English Creole, South Asian English ........................ 54 4.3.3 Grammar: Jamaican English Creole, South Asian English ............................ 54 4.4 Part III - “The trouble with Millat” ....................................................................... 55 4.4.1 Sound: Jamaican English Creole, South Asian English, Cockney ................. 56 4.4.2 Vocabulary: Jamaican English Creole ........................................................... 57 4.4.3 Grammar: Jamaican English Creole, South Asian English, Cockney............ 58 4.5 Part IV - “The return of Magid Iqbal” .................................................................. 60 4.5.1 Sound: Jamaican English Creole, South Asian English, Cockney ................. 60 4.5.2 Vocabulary: Jamaican English Creole, South Asian English
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