They produce the largest Every one 0 Prize-Winner! flowers of all Tulips!

GUDOSHNIK GOLDEN SPRINGTlME_ "Will be the Feature "New Rose Beauty" "New introduction of rare beauty" Attraction of your garden"

QUEEN WILHelMINA

\\A great Prize-Winnerll "Outclasses every thin \\A new white beauty" in the Tulip World" ~ch££p£ ~1. J :Jja~wLn d/!Jb~id C1u[L?~

THEY WERE ORIGINALLY INTRODUCED BY US TO AMERICAN GARDENS IN 1951 .

Largest flowering. strongest g rowing­ the most prolific Tulips in existe nce. They are fragrant w ith the sweetness akin to the Nig ht-blooming Cere us. The Officers and Directors These Darw in H ybri d Tulips are the re­ sult of crossing the Darwin and Bo tanical F ost e ri a na. R e d Emperor t ypes . They have the fin e q ualities of the Darwin with of large fl owers plus the pe rfo rmance o f the Botanical. thus produc ing a Tulip o f o ut­ standing quality. Unlike othe r T ulips. they The American Horticultural Society m ay be left und isturbed in the garden fo r several years; they naturalize. p roduc ing vigoro us inc reased g rowth each season . Wish to THEY HAVE WON WORLD-WIDE ACCLAIM. Express BI G C HIEF. B eautiful o ld -rose shade. H e ight. 27 inc hes. $3.75 for 1 0 ; $35.00 per 100. Their Appreciation D O VER . Po ppy red . a rad ia nt bloom H e ig ht. 26 inc hes. $2.55 for 10; S23.00 per 100. to the Following GOLDEN S PRINGTIME. Golde n yellow. trace of red at edges of petals. H eig ht. 27 in ches. $2.55 for 10; S23.00 per 100. NATIONAL BOARD OF ASSOCIATES' GUDOS HNIK. Crea my yellow w ith each p e ta l e tc hed p eac h pink. H e ig h t. 27 inc hes. S2.55 for 10; S23.00 per 100. Members. QUEEN W ILHELMINA . Th e scarl e t bl oom has a narrow yellow margin. H e ig ht. 26 inc hes. S2 .75 for 1 0; S25.00 per 1 00. Their Continuing Financial W HITE JEW EL. Pure w h ite. Eno rmo us bl oom. H eig ht. 27 inc hes. S3.15 for 10; S29.00 per 100. Assistance Has Helped Make

Above varieties may be purc hased in­ the National Center di..v iduallyat prices noted above. for American Horticulture We also offe r the following Special Coll ec­ tio ns: N O. 1. Co nsisting of 5 bulbs each of the 6 Possible: varieti es illustrated in colo r. SPECIAL PRICE S9 .00 N O.2. Consisting of 10 bulbs each of the 6 varieties illustrated in colo r. SPECIAL PRICE $17.00 Alcoa Foundation NO. 3 . Consisting of 25 bulbs each of the 6 varieties illustrated in colo r. American Garden Products, Inc. SPECIAL PRICE $39.00 Bulbs will be shipped in the Fall at proper American Telephone & Telegraph Co. time for planting in yo ur climate. Each group o f bulbs will be separately pack­ aged and labeled, with full planting in­ Corning Glass Works Foundation structions included. Catalogs available now 1. Holland Tulips. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Narcissi. Hyacinths and allied Bulbs­ color illustrated . 2. Forcing Bulbs for in­ door growin g, Greenhouse, Conservatory H. J. Heinz Company and outdoors in Frost-proof areas. 3. Supplement Ne w Peonies, Hardy Cycla­ IBM Corporation men and Erythronium. Note: Residents N.Y. State please in­ Proctor & Gamble Company clude applicable Sales tax with remit­ tance. Delivery Charges Will Be Billed After Shipment Is Made Whirlpool Corporation JOHN SCHEEPERS,lnc. '][owvr. f}3u[C ~pE.Cia[Mt-1

63-65 Wall Street, New York, N.Y. 10005 "Serving America's Finest Gardens For over 65 years" Editorial . ..

Gene Banks Need Deposits for Later Withdrawals

The origin of many of our plants has been confused and redistribution of the vast range of plant material through the centuries by the intentional intervention must become a priority if we are to leave future genera­ and manipulation of plant people. tions a genetic base to create new plants. Many plants We have taken plants from the wild, cultivated them, are now considered " useless, " just weeds growing in crossed, recrossed interesting forms; and selected vari­ the outreaches of our living spaces. These " useless" ants of the original for special uses. Through genera­ plants must be collected, identified, documented, and tions of selection, many new characteristics have been maintained in some form of germplasm bank if we are uncovered. When a significant c hange occurs, only to have all of our natural resources available and ready­ then do plant people attempt to propagate the mutant to-use if problems develop. plant-trying to preserve in its progeny the unique, new We can never tell when a new strain of a disease will 'characteristics. appear and threaten to wipe out all susceptible plants. Since many of our plants are woody perennials, asex­ We can expect that an introduced insect will find a new ual propagation methods have become the major way host range and wipe out entire clonal varieties of eco­ to preserve the desired plant form. The genetic variabil­ nomic plants. We must create centers to maintain our ity of seedling-grown material is too great to warrant germplasm pools. To accomplish this-all aspects of the large scale growing of the progeny. Only annuals horticulture will be needed. We must have every con­ and a few other types are grown from seed. cerned plant person recognize plants occurring in our Many modern cultivars bear I ittle resemblance to landscape which are new and useful variations of a well­ their progenitors. Individuals attempting to restore gar­ known variety. Our plant societies must provide educa­ dens for Bicentennial events have experienced great tional leadership. difficulties in finding plants that qualify as authentic There are still too many failures with new plantings. candidates for a re-creation of Colonial gardens. Plant people must find ways to become involved. We There are traditionalists among us who will t ell you have come to expect the American Rose Society to pub­ that, judged on performance, taste, or hardiness, old lish a rose rating in their yearly handi-guide. We need cultivators were so much better than the modern ones. experts in every plant society to quantify the potentials Like most memories from the past, we tend to gloss over of their plant group. the fai I ures that we experience. We forget to document We must urge responsible groups to maintain living the background of a plant's stability as a cultivar. We coll ections of plants. This will mea n that research funds want to think that machine-produced plants are in­ must be allotted to plant-keeping activities. In certain finitely inferior to hand-tended leaves, roots, flowers, areas, the use of tissue and seed banks will help reduce or fruits .. .that French, English, or Japanese insp ired expensive operations of maintai ning fields of plant names are vastly superior to stable breeding lines with vast known potentials which permit us to create hybrids materials. with desi red characteristics. We must utilizethefull resources of the Plant Sciences The so ca ll ed warring between the exotic named and Data Center, located at the AHS River Farm Headquarters the hybrid coded cultivars must end. We must seek to accumulate information of the occurrence and germ­ ways to conserve and preserve as many plant varieties plasm potential of all kinds of plants. The concepts for as possible and take advantage of their potential char­ the functioning of this facility have been greatly ex­ 2 acterist ics . Th e coll ection, identification, preservation, panded to meet this pressing need. H.M.C. American

HEDrticulturist Volume 54 Number 4 Late Summer 1975 For United Horticulture . .. the particu lar HENRY M. CATHEY, President objects and business of The American O. KEISTER EVANS , Executive Director Horticu ltural Soc iety are to promote and encoura ge national interest in sc ientific MURRAY KEENE, Editor re ea rch and ed ucati on in horti cu lture in JANE STEFFEY, Editorial Assistant all of its branches. DONALD WYMAN , Horticultural Consultant ALEX BERRY, Art Director AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST is the of­ The American Horticultural Society, Publisher ficial publication of The Ameri ca n Horti ­ Mount Vernon, Virginia 22 121 cu ltural Society, 793 1 East Boulevard 703/768-5700 Drive, Alexandri a, Virginia 22308, and is iss ued in February, April , June, August, October and December. Membership in the Society au tomati ca lly includes a sub­ IN THIS ISSUE scription to American Horticu lturist and $1.50 is designated fo r each issue of this publication. Membership dues start at $15.00ayear. 2 An Ed itorial Refer ed itoria l matters to: Murray Keene American Horticu lturist Historical Horticu"ure MOllnt Vernon, Vi rgi ni a 22 121 6 Boxwood Round the Lincoln Memorial-Roland M. Jefferson Refer advertisi ng matters to: Publi sher Services, In c. Vegetable Gardening 621 Duke Street 11 Cans and Can 'ts for Canners-Ruth N. Klippstein & Alexa ndria, Virginia 223 14 Lola Prichard Address reques ts for reprints of 36 Foolproof Vegetables articles to The Ameri ca n Horti cultural Society, Gardener's Notebook Mount Vernon, Virginia 14 Aquatic Gardening -Stephen Wolff AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST is devoted 18 Her Majesty- The Tulip- Marc Reynolds & S. Scott Roberts to the dissemination of knowledge in the 3~ Lilies Create Interest for Everyone- Donald Wyman science and art of growing ornamental plants, fru its, vegetab les, and related sub­ jects. O ri ginal papers which increase Education knowledge of plant materi als of economic and aesthetic importance are invited. For 4 Pretty Poisons-Lorraine Burgess manuscript specifications please address 30 Cincinnati Nature Center- the Exec utive Director, Mount Vernon, Eighty Years of Concern in Lob's Wood - Virginia Von Bargen Virginia 22 121. 34 Rooftop Roses - Linda Yang Replacement issues of AMERICAN HOR­ TICULTURIST are avai lab le at a cost of $2.50 per copy, but not beyond twelve Tropical Horticulture months prior to date of current iss ue. 24 To Extend the Life of Hawaiian Flowers - Donald P Watson The opinions expressed in the artic les 27 Olu Pua -Sanctuary From Progress-Dee Dickson which appear in AMERICAN HORTICUL­ TURIST are those of the authors and are not necessa rily those of the Society. They are presented as contributions to contem­ porary thought.

Second class postage paid at Alexandria, OUR COVER PHOTO-Garden - Tulips, "Red Matador" and Virginia and at add itional mai ling offices. "Jewel oJ Spring," Hyacinth, " Perle Brillante." Copyri ght © 1975 by The American Hor, 3 ti cultural Society. e Author: Lorraine Burgess 202 O ld Broadmoor Road Colorado Springs, Colo.

Unfortunately, some of the handsomest flowers and They too can endanger a child. plants contain poisons that can irritate the skin on con­ The beautiful Golden Chain tree produces pods and tact, or produce leaves, roots, and fruit containing lethal kidney-shaped seeds that are attractive to children. The properties. It is essential that you protect your children seeds contain cytisine, which has produced fatalities. and safeguard yourself by being alert to these hazards The seeds and foliage of the delphinium and the wild in the garden and field. larkspur are both poisonous. They contain delphinine, Most persons know of the contact poisons found in another killer. The delightful winter-blooming Christmas poison ivy and poison sumac, but fewer realize the rose, Helleborus niger, contains a violent purgative and hazards in woodland lady slipper, stinging nettles, rag­ lethal poisons. The evergreen Yew, particularly Taxus weed, and buttercups. All can produce a dermatitis of baccata , produces leaves and seeds containing taxine, ser ious conseq uences in some individuals. We should a deadly poison. all learn to avoid these culprits, and we should cam­ All parts of the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, paign to make known other truly lethal plant poisons. are poisonous, particularly the corms, which are some­ The 'shady' reputation of the castor-Dil plant, a striking times mistaken for onions. The flowers and leaves of the annual foliage plant, is a case in point. Only of late do rhododendron contain andromedotoxin, which can cas tor bean seed packets ca rry a cautionary warning. cause vomiting and death. The leaves and sap of the But this is not enough. Three of its beautifully-marked wild Pasque flower. Anemone pulsatilla patens, and the beans, when eaten, are sufficient to kill a child. The windflower, A. quinquefolia, contain anemonin, another purple-black berries of the common privet, Ligustrum poison. A favorite garden biennial, the foxglove, pro­ 4 vu lgare, popular hedging material, ripen in September. duces leaves in its second year that yield digitalis, an Photos: Guy Burgess

Left -Golden Chain tree, espa liered on Datura cornucopia, better known as the fence, Laburnum, contains cytisine. Seeds Ange l's Trumpet. ca n be fata l. Autumn Croc us-Colchicum autumnale, Center Clockwise-The Common Privet, entire plant toxic Ligustrum vu lgare. Th ey are poi sonous enough to kil l. Right - Pink Rh ododendron in lush bloom in the George Berk y garden, Carmel Point, The Maucl iae orchid, more commonly kn own Ca li fornia as Cypripedium, is a greenhouse laclyslipper. Somewhat poi sonous on contact.

oft-prescribed ca rdiac stimulant that becomes lethal if possible a specimen of the plant involved, ca n help' the when taken in overdoses. doctor in his treatment. Thi s is no time for home rem­ The lady slipper is a Cypripedium of the orchid family. edies. Antidotes are sometimes as dangerous as the Its threat is moderate. On contact the cyp is on occasion poisons themselves, and should be administered only somewhat poisonous. Black or deadly ni ghtshade, by physicians. Solanum nigrum, is a dangerous garden plant. Its black Some poisons, such as that found in the Death Cup berries, as tempting as cherries, are deadly. The sap of mushroom, have no antidote. Deadly mushrooms are the atropa yields two drugs, atropine and belladonna. difficult to distinguish from edible ones. As evidence, Half of one berry is enough to ki II a human though forag­ amatuer attempts to make this distinction result in deaths ing rabbits find the plant harmless . every year. Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), and the brew Some harmful plants seldom cause trouble because of Socrates, is a biennial herb of the ca rrot family. It they look, taste, or smell disagreeable. The most dan­ grows in the wilds near streams, and is sometimes mis­ gerous ones have attractive flowers, tempting berries, taken for cow parsnip (Heracleum) or wi Id carrot. It or enticing leaves. The ever-popular lily of the valley paralyses the respiratory system. has leaves that contain three constituents that depress We mu st teach our children to recognize and avoid the heart, much like the foxglove. A good rule to learn this and all other haza rds of the field. If any of the above and to pass on to the next generation for their safety is poisons are encountered, seek prompt expert help at the 'When in doubt, don't eat it. Wren unsure, don't first sign of pain, headache, vomiting, drowsiness, or convulsions. Knowledge of the poison encountered, and touch it." 5 Boxwood around the Lincoln Memorial Roland M. Jefferson Botanist, U.S . National Arboretum, Agriculture Research Service, USDA, Washington, D. C. 20002

One of the best collections of box­ ditions existed, one should consider des of construction waste, some toxic wood in the Nation's Capital is lo­ the origin of the ground on which the to plant life, have since been un­ cated on the grounds of the Lincoln Memorial stands. earthed. This debris, combined with Memorial. These beautiful plants, Through the latter half of the 19th fresh or decaying organic matter many over 150 years old, growing century, the part of Washington com­ dredged with silt from the river, com­ among large specimens of magnolias, prising the Lincoln Memorial region prised the soil surrounding the Lin­ hollies, and yew, blend pleasingly into was a tidal swamp area of the Poto­ coln Memorial. the surroundings of one of the Na­ mac River. Known as " Kidwell Flats," As the earlier plantings of boxwood tion's best known monuments. this marsh land was formed by layers died around the Memorial, others The collection of boxwood is even of silt and debris washed into the were acquired to replace them. Where more remarkable when one considers Potomac from upstream erosion and did these plants, many over 150 years the difficult growing conditions it earlier grading work done on the old, come from? To answer this ques­ has endured over the years and the streets of Washington. During this tion, it will be necessary first to re­ variety of sources from which it came. period, the flats frequently flooded late how boxwood was selected to be Although many of the boxwood have from the rising river and were covered one of the principle plants for land­ thrived in this location, others have with willows, cattails, and other types scaping the Lincoln Memorial. not and have had to be replaced. of swamp vegetation. Though the area On September 19, 1919, at the re­ An example of the problems of was near the White House, it was still quest of Governor Calvin J. Coolidge growing boxwood in this planting can generally considered one of Washing­ of Vermont, a committee of The Com­ be found with the hedge of English ton's least desirable locations. mission of Fine Arts went to New boxwood (Buxus sempervirens L. cv. To make the silted Potomac more England to review plans for improving Suffruticosa) that once lined both navigable, a major engineering proj­ various areas of that region. While sides ofthe Memorial's entrance walk. ect was initiated by the u.s. Army in New England, they stopped in Cor­ Due to many losses, this hedge had to Corps of Engineers in 1870. As a part nish, New Hampshire, to observe be replanted twice within the first 25 of this effort, a long retainer wall was someofthe statues of Sculptor Herbert years after planting. Consequently, built along the river banks. Silt was Adams, who was a Commission mem­ dwarf yew (Taxus cuspidata Sieb. & dredged from the river and deposited ber. Landscaping plans had been Zucco cv. Nana) was used as a more on " Kidwell Flats" and other sites drawn up by Landscape Architect successful replacement. The common along the Potomac. These land fills Irving W. Payne of the Office of Pub­ (Buxus sempervirens L.) and Ameri­ established the grounds for the Lin­ lic Buildings and Grounds, Washing­ can (B . sempervirens var. arborescens coln Memorial, Haines Point of East ton, DC, for the newly constructed L.) boxwood grew better throughout Potomac Park, and the Tidal Basin. Lincoln Memorial. These plans were this planting, although several of them Completed in 1907, this operation discussed by the Committee while in have also died or were transplanted raised the area around the Lincoln Cornish. Attending this meeting, were because of disease and sun scald . Memorial well above flood level. Herbert Adams, Sculptor; Charles Most of the early problems were In addition to elevating the land Moore, Chairman; Charles A. Platt, caused by poor drainage and unsuit­ with dredged silt from the Potomac, William Kendall, and John Russell able soil conditions. Drainage prob­ fill from Washington construction and Pope, Architects; J. Alden Weir, Paint­ lems were decreased when subsurface excavation sites was also deposited er; James L. Greenleaf, Landscape Ar­ tiles were installed over coarse gravel on " Kidwell Flats. " Clean fill was re­ chitect; and C. S. Ridley, Secretary. to remove excess water. But to under­ quested by the authorities; however, The Committee decided that pines, stand why other unsuitable soil con- dean fill was not always sent; parti- hollies, and magnolias, along with 6

large specimens of yew and boxwood, should be t he pri nciple pl ants around the M emori al. Vari ous opinions were voiced about the pl anting and the site. Some opinions, as taken from the meeting's minutes, are as follows : Mr. Greenleaf stated: " Here is one of the great M emorials of the World; I think it is going to be one of the World's greatest monuments, a mag­ nificent thing as I see it, and it seems to me the question of pl anting it ought to be approac hed with a great deal of study and consideration for proper effect . I have no doubt it is the cas e, that funds are limited. Consider for a moment: the country has spent mil­ li ons of doll ars in building the M emo­ ri al and is expecting those who have the res po nsibility of pl acing the grounds in condition to produce a proper effect with a mere pittance. As I see it that planting ought to be Several very old magnif icent boxwood specimens and other mature broadleaf and need le evergreens handled with $30,000 at least to do as they appear today around the Lincoln Memorial. the work adequately and in the way we would like to see it done. Around Mr. Moore said that Mr. Henlock (now B. sempervirens L. cv . the foundation and pl atform t errace (Head G a rd ~ n e r for Public Buildings Suffruticosa) there should be bold, strong masses and Grounds, W ashington, DC) should B. sempervirens var. suffruti­ of'evergreen of rounded outline, be asked to see if any of the pl ants cosa -594 Lin Ft which do not spire up restl essly against suggested as suitable for the M emorial *4. Euonymus ca rrierie- 28 plants the masonry, but form groups of big, grounds were available in the District [(now Eu onymus fortunei var. broad outlines. This can never be done of Columbia and could be supplied f . ca rrierei (Vauvel) Rehd .) ] w ith hemlock for instance. The plant­ through Co l. Ridley's office. *5. Euonymus vegetus- 3 plants ing should be begun right, in a small " Mr. Pl att suggest ed that Lewis and ((now Euonymus fortunei var. way if necessary, but preferably with Valentine might come down on their vegetus (Rehd.) Rehd.)] large material. I would su ggest st arting prices in furnishing plants for these *6. Hedera helix-N/ N this planting with the English yew and grounds in vi ew of being identified 7. llex crenata-N/ N the box. The foregoing list of Mr. with the work ." 8. llex opaca -10 pl ants Payne, which we considered, is, I Before the meeti ng ended, the Com­ 9. Magnolia grandifolia-N/ N think, an excell ent one to start with. mittee recommended that Irving W . 10. Pinus mughus-14 plants On this li st are shown half-dozen or Payne's landscape pl ans be redrawn (now P. mugo var. mughus more bi g yew and some large box to conform w ith the Committee's (Scop.) Zenari ) bushes-quite an interesting li st of des ires. Subsequently, Irving Payne 11. Tax us baccata var. adpressa - things." redrew hi s plans for the M emori al and 75 pl ants submitted them to the full Commis­ 12. Taxus brevifolia-70 plants Mr. Greenleaf suggested that the si on of Fine A rts for further study. 13. Tax us cuspidata-85 pl ants pl anting in front of the M emorial These revi sed pl ans spec ifi.ed loca­ should be simple and that a half-dozen N/ N-no number given tions for the following pl ants : kinds of pl ants sh ould be sufficient. (Payne noted that 42 Buxus semper­ Mr. Pl att called the Committee's *1. A mpe/opsis quinquef o lia virens pl ants were avail abl e in vari­ attention to the large number of old var. engelmannii-14 pl ants ous public, privat e, and federal boxwood plants in the Chesapea ke [(now Parthenociss us quinque­ pl antings in Washington, DC, but Bay area from which trai n carl oads folia f . englemannii (Rehd .) the remainder w ere t o be pur­ have been removed. Th ere w ere many Rehd .) ] chased.) left, he said, however, and a " firm" 2. Buxus sempervirens- 62 pl ants '*These items were vi nes that were (landscaping company) might poss i- 3. B. sempervirens var. suffruti­ removed in 1928 at Ch airman 8 bly procure them. cosa - 333 pl ants Ch arl es M oore's request . fi II i ng out and development of form in the box planting at Lincoln Memo­ rial should be with the old specimens of the suffruticosa . "Replying to the question as to where such material may be secured, I would suggest as follows: "There are several firms that look up and do transplanting of old box bushes. I be lieve Mr. Small, a florist of Washington is one, another is Louis & Valentine of New York, Roslyn, sti ll another is Smyth of New York City used to do this work. " Hoping that the above answers your inquiries, I am, " Yours very truly, " (signed) James L. Greenleaf "(a copy for Mr. Payne)"

Correspondence reveals that, in or about1927, the Small Co. hired Arthur Elliott of Arlington, Virginia, who told of touring private estates in Virginia and the Ca rolinas, seeki ng boxwood Payne's new drawings were official­ " Apri I 28th, 1920. ly approved with the foll owing nota­ for the Lincoln Memorial. Evidence " Mr. E. F. Conklin, Assistant Officer, tion: has been found, upon search in the " Office of Public "This planting plan as approved by U. S. Archives, that in 1924, Arthur Buildings and Grounds, the National [sic] Comm ission of Fine Elliott did indeed supply from two " 1729 New York Avenue, N.W. Arts of July 27, 1920, is to be followed and possibly more sites in Virginia " Wash ington, D.C. -with the understanding that it be some of the early boxwood for the used mainly as a gu ide to the place­ Memorial planting. Official records " Dear Mr. Conklin: ment of the large mass relations of indicate that he sold approximately the proposed planting scheme that " I received your letter of the 26th 248 linear feet of English boxwood inst., inquiring about box bushes that the proposed flexible arrangement of that he had bought for $975. Sources I mentioned to Mr. Payne in connec­ heights, speci es and varieties of plant from the Carolinas were not recorded. material used be varied commensu­ tion with the Lincoln Memorial and In addition to Mr. Elliott's contri­ asking that I define exactly the variety rate with the requirements of good bution, other individuals during the desired. taste in the use of texture and color 1920's so ld, donated, or offered to " Speaking broadly there are two . sell large old boxwood plants to the of material as an aid to successful planting. varieties of box that you have to deal Office of Public Building and Grounds with, one is the Buxus suffruticosa officials for the Memorial planting. "Plants are therefore to be ad­ (dwarf box) the other is the Buxus Wilbur S. Richardson of Richardson justed at the site when planting thus sempervirens (tree box) The tree box & Co. (Gardeners), Leesburg, Virginia, carryi ng out the proposed scheme as if in old specimens is generally tall bought sev€lral boxwood from various shown on the 'East Elevation Showing and open, while the dwarf box is more estates and sold them for the Memo­ Proposed Planting' for the Lincoln compact. r ial planting. Two of his sales in­ Memorial as approved by the National " Large specimens of both kinds are cluded $380.00 for seven plants of [sic] Commission of Fine Arts on July suitable for use at the Lincoln Me­ Common and Engl ish boxwood from 27, 1920." morial, but the tall open spec imens Carbon Run,Virginia, and $95.00 for Several months after the Cornish of tree box if used should preferably a single boxwood plant from the meeting, James L. Greenleaf wrote E. be for back-ground, generally speak­ Presbyterian Church in Leesburg, Vir­ F. Conklin, Assistant Officer, Office ing. The fine compact irregul ar forms ginia. of Public Buildings and Grounds, the of old dwarf box should be grouped Not al l of the boxwoods were pro­ following letter regarding boxwood according to circumstances in masses vided by protessional collectors. Some for the Lincoln Memorial: of interesting contour. Most of the came from private citizens. Emma J. 9 Fry, then of Washington, DC, is one " As per your request, the under­ The trees have been allowed to grow of several who sold boxwood to the signed party is retaining the carbon without trimming, have attained Government and signed a contract copy enclosed in your letter. graceful shapes and should be a great binding the agreement. Her contract " Yours very truly, adornment to the grounds around the Memorial." states: "Mrs. Emma J. Fry (signature) One particular plant worthy of com­ " 319 New Jersey Ave. SE " October 30, 1922 "Washington, D.C. " ment is the very old plant that once grew in the garden of the Corcoran " Lieut. Col. C. O. Sherrill, Probably the first published ac­ House at 1611 H Street N.W., Wash­ " Officer in Charge, count of boxwood being donated for ington, DC It was probably the lar­ Public Bldgs. & Grounds the Lincoln Memorial planting, a little gest boxwood to be moved to the " 1729 New York Avenue less than 3 months after I rvi ng Payne's Lincoln Memorial grounds. Unfortu­ " Washington, D.C plans were approved by The Commis­ nately, many of its lower branches " Dear Sir: sion of Fine Arts appeared in the died after transplanting, and smaller " Replying to your letter of October (Washington) Evening Star, p. 7, on boxwood had to be planted close to 28, 1922, regardi ng previous verbal September 17, 1920. This article re­ its base to improve the appearance of arrangement with your representative, ported the gift of seven very old box­ the area. Mr. Irving W. Payne, I, the sole owner, wood for the Lincoln Memorial A very large old boxwood from the agree to sell you a specimen plant of planting and appeared thus in part: house of Civil War General John A. Dwarf Box, approximately 6-1/2 feet "The oldest trees in the District of Logan in the District of Columbia was in height by 6 feet spread, located in Col umbia are in process of bei ng trans­ offered for sale by his daughter, but my front yard, for the total sum of planted to the Lincoln Memorial authorities felt that it was too risky fifty (50) dollars, payment to be made grounds in Potomac Park. The seven to transplant, because it required a after the removal of the plant at your trees, which are box, were probably 13-ton ball to be moved, and would expense; and the excavated soil, not first planted long before President suffer the same fate as the Corcoran included in the ball of the plant, is Lincoln was born, according to plant. to be replaced free by your office. Charles H. Heitmuller, from whose Although many large and very old Plant is to be removed within six place on Sargent Road in Brookland boxwood plants were established months or earlier from date. (a section in northeast Washington, around the Lincoln Memorial during " The above plant is not encumbered DC) the trees are being taken. Mr. the 1920's, exact placement records in any way by I iens of any ki nd, and Heitmuller moved to this house more were not kept, and it is impossible to is free of any claim by any other par­ than sixty-five years ago, and says determine the origins of the various ties. the box were then well-sized bushes .. .. plants. However, even though his­ tory does not permit us to know the origins of the earliest Lincoln Memo­ rial boxwood, many of these plants are still outstanding specimens and, as such, are fitting memorials to President Abraham Lincoln. Editor's Note: An interesting side­ light to this story concerns several boxwood presented to the Commis­ sion of Fine Arts by a wealthy lady from South Carolina. She intended the plants be used to help green-up the nation's capital. Upon hearing that her " contributions" were to be used " around the Lincoln Memorial," Southern pride caused her to refuse the transaction. Malcolm Matheson, Sr. purchased the plants from her for his River Farm estate. The property has since be­ come the Headquarters of the Ameri­ A grouping of boxwood, probabl y over 150 yea rs old, as they appea r today on the Lincoln M emori al can Horticultural Society. The grounds . Th e holl ies and magnol ias se rve as back­ boxwood still thrive at River Farm. 10 ground plants. M.CK.

M ids ummer is a favorite time of year for home ga r­ deners. The work of Spring is over and harvest either is or soon w ill be in f ull swing. Many f irst time gardeners are faced w ith dec isions about w hat to preserve and w hat met hod to use. Prese rvation requires effort, kn ow­ how and doll ars Some thought now w i II sa ve hours and poss ible disappointment later. Food prese rvation has evolved through continuous resea rch until it has revolutioni zed man's eating habits and thus his diet . Resea rch continues to make canned food nutritious, convenient, safe - and sometimes more economical than its counterpart in other forms. Whether home ca nned or commercially prepared, ca nned foods continue to be a popular money sa ver in the food bud­ get . Before the ca nning season, make a food conservati on pl an. The daily food guide, size of your family, its food I ikes and dislikes, the number of non-productive months, and your food budget should be considered in the pl an. Numerous studies indicat e that families who produce and conse rve their food supply are better fed than those who do not, regardless of income. Chec k your canning equipment and su pplies earl y. M oney may be saved by comparing pri ces on canners, , jars and supplies f rom vari ous so urces - and often by buying them "out of season." foods with a pH ranging f rom 4. 6 to 6.3. These must be Jars are usuall y purchased in one- half pint, pint, and processed at a t emperature higher than can be obt ained quart size. I nspect used jars for ni cks and cracks. Since in boiling wat er. Therefore, need for using the press ure li ds w ill sea l only once, always use new ones . Test press ure ca nners peri odica ll y for accuracy. The canner or ret ort is evident. ga uge is a vital part since this regist ers the intern al In home canning of meats and vegetabl es, a press ure of ten pounds yielding a temperature of 2400 F is recom­ press ure and thus temperature. If the gauge is off two mended because of the safety fact or. Commerciall y, pounds or less, you should be aware of it and make ad­ under controll ed conditions, a hi gher t emperature­ justments accordingly. If the inaccuracy is more than shorter time process is often used. The amount of time two pounds, you need a new ga uge if proper intern al the food must be processed depends on such factors as temperature is to be maintained . Accuracy in time and pH of the food, heat penetration rate, size of the jar, temperature should be your canning watchword . and type pack. Under no conditions should you either Vari ety, maturity, method of canning and storage af­ lower the process ing t emperature or shorten the time fect the quality of the product . Canned foods w ill be no that has bee n establi shed through reli abl e resea rch. better than the raw product s you begin with and the procedures used. If canned foods are defined broadly A pressure sa ucepan may be used for home ca nning as those foods treated with heat in herm eticall y sea led if it (1) has a false bottom; (2) is t all enough so stea m containers, three methods are used today in home can­ ca n circulate around and over jars; (3 ) has a gauge that ning. The method recommended is determined by the will maintain ten pounds press ure; and if (4) 20 minutes pH of the food plus the treatment prior t o canning. are added t o the process ing time. Foods in their natural st ate are cl assified as acid or All low-acid foods are pot ential ca rri ers of Clostridium low-ac id. Tomat oes (generall y) and fruits, except figs, botulinum, a type bact erium that ex ist s in both a vege­ are ac id foods with a pH ranging from 3.0 to 4.4. Be­ tative and heat res ist ant spore form . Th e vegetative form cause of their ac idity, or low pH, these may be safely is eas ily killed by moist heat at 2120 F; however, some processed by the boiling wat er bath method. A temper­ spores may survive that temperature for f ive t o six hours. ature above the boiling point is excess ive and unneces­ Clostridium botulinum is a rod shaped bacterium sa ry. No foods can be safely processed by this method found in some dust and common to so il all over the if the pH is above 4.5 (see chart). world . Some pl ants grown in so il containing this orga­ 12 Meats and veget ables, except tomatoes, are low-acid ni sm could carry the bact erium. In addition, meat from animals that have eaten contam inated plant life could be a ca rri er. Freezer Storage Equivalents This bacterium is harmless under aerobic conditions (based on the loss equal to that expprjenced at 0° F. for 1 year) (the presence of oxygen); however, it mu ltiplies under anaerobic conditions (absence of oxygen) producing Sensitive Other Turkeys a toxin extremely lethal to man. Anaerobic conditions Temperature Fruits and Fruits and and Cut-up Vegetables' Vegetables2 Chicken3 suitable for growth and multiplication of this bacterium prevail in vacuum sea led jars or ca ns. Thus, a can or OaF. 1 year 1 year 1 year jar of low ac id food improperly processed could provide 5°F. 5 months 5 months these conditions. It is true that low-acid foods, even though contami­ l00F. 2 months 6 weeks 6 mo nths nated with Clostridium botulinum toxin, may be made 15°F. 1 month 3 weeks safe by boiling them in a container at least ten minutes before eati ng. But the ri sks are too great in terms of 20°F. 2 weeks 1 week 3 months time, money, and safet y. Consider the homemakers w ho 25°F. 1 week 2 days " just taste" to be su re the food is good; or the ones who decide to make a cold bean sa lad. 30°F. 3 days 1 day I n home ca nning, one-half inch head-space should 'Where discoloration occurs. 5uch as in peaches and ca uliflower. be left for most fruits and vegetables. Very starchy foods, 'Where discoloration is not as critica l, but does occur and flavor change such as corn, req uire one inch. General ly, the jar is filled take place with solids and liquid added to f ill spaces and cover the 3Whole chicken is more stable than turkey. These data are from resul ts of a continuing research project on Time-Temp­ product. erature Tolerance of Frozen Foods, in part supported by The Refrigeration Most fruits and vegetables may be ca nn ed either hot Research Foundation. and conducted by the Western Utilization Research and Development DiVIsion of the U. S. Department of Agriculture's Agri­ or raw pack, depending on individual preference. Th ere cu ltural Research Servi ce in Albany, California. is a tendency for some foods, especiall y fru its, to float when the raw pack method is used. This floating does suc h as vegetable stew, be can ned. Usual ly the' contain not indicate spoil age, but the product may be low in a mixture of meats, corn , tomatoes and some other esthetic va lue. The hot pack method of ca nning vege­ vegetables. If safe to eat, the product would have to be tables general ly insures a better fill. This is because air processed at 240 0 F for 85 minutes, the highest temper­ and moisture are released from the plant cells during ature and longest time req uired for any ingredient. Tex­ heating. ture and flavorwould be altered for ingred ients requiring The third method of ca nning is a pasteuri zation pro­ less time and/ or lower temperatures for processi ng. cess. Pickles, relishes, preserves, jams, conse rves and Foods, properly ca nn ed and combined at the time of marmalades are packed hot in hot steri lized jars, sealed, use, give a superior qual ity product. and processed in a hot water bath at si mmering temper­ Before ca nned foods are stored, they should be ature (about 2000 F) for ten minutes. Since they are chec ked ca reful ly. When a jar is properly vacuum sealed, naturally acid foods or have vinegar added, this mild the top is sli ghtly concave. Any lids that bu lge out indi­ treatment is effective. The proced ure steril izes head­ cate a gas has formed inside the can and this suggests space and expels air from the jar. If the vacuum seal spoil age. is retained, growth of aerobic microorganisms such as Canned foods, whether commercia ll y done or pre­ molds is prevented. pared at home, shou ld be stored in a cool, dark, dry Jel lies are not generally pasteurized in the home, but pl ace. Co lor, f lavor, texture and some nutrients are pre­ a thin coat of paraffin is added. (Paraffin may be reused ). served best under these conditions. This does not prevent mold, but retards its growth. Shou ld mold appear because of long and/or damp stor­ age, discard the product in its entirety. Write to the Superintendent of Documents, U.s. Government Print­ Foods properly canned requ ire no preservatives, al­ ing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 for these publicatio ns: Price though some may be used. When sugar is added to fruits Home Canning of Fruits and Vegetables G-S. . ... 45<1= and sa lt to vegetables, they serve to improve flavor, Home Ca nning of Meat and Poultry G-l06...... 30<1= but in nominal amounts they are not regarded as preser­ How To Make j ellies, jams, and Preserves at Home G-56. . . .40<1= vatives. If these ingredients are used in large quanti­ Making Pickles and Relishes at Home G-92. . . . . 35<1= ties as in some pickles and preserves, sugar and salt may Home Freezing of Fruits and Vegetables Bulletin #10 USDA ..... 55 <1= then become preservatives. It is not recommended that combinations of foods, 13 Right-Victoria " Longwood Hybrid"

Stephen Wolff Missouri Botanical Carden Hortic~/turist

Nothing can add more charm and Today in the southern three-fourths maintenance and long lasting quality. grace to a garden than an aquatic of the United States, we may grow A pool of this type should be two pool. A water garden with its many most aquatic plants, and even Vic­ feet in depth and should have approxi­ types of diverse plants and fish can toria amazonica in easi Iy constructed mately nine inch thick walls and an create its own special serenity which outdoor garden pools. The pools eight inch bottom. These measure­ is a delight to those who have the should be located where they can re­ ments will ensure against cracking pleasure of enjoying it. ceive as much sun as possible, for due to sub-freezing temperatures. The ancient Egyptians realized the sunlight is an important cultural re­ These concrete pools eliminate two beauty of water plants and many quirement for most aquatic subjects. problems encountered with the earth beautiful paintings and carvings of The size of the pool will depend on bottom pool. Firstly, concrete is easier water lilies are found on their vases the type and number of water lilies to wal k on than an earth bottom, and and coins. Lotus and other aquatic which will be grown. Tropical water when tending individual plants, bot­ subjects were not grown by the an­ lilies should be placed 12 feet apart, tom sediment disruption is kept to a cients for beauty alone, but were of measuring from their centers, and minimum. Secondly, the high main­ economic importance as well. Seeds hardy varieties should have a like tenance problem of removi ng aquatic and rootstocks when ground, yielded spacing of 8 feet. Never crowd water weeds is eliminated with a concrete flour which was used for baking. From lilies. The main effect is received floor. The natural pond which may these early beginnings aquatic plants from a pool when it has an equal already exist in the garden may also have continued to enjoy great popu­ combination of plants and water sur­ be used with minor changes . If the larity and have even at times created face which reflects the beauty of the pond is too deep, which is a common great interest as in the discovery of sky, clouds, trees and other things in problem, plants may be placed in Victoria amazonica. These large water its environment. portable containers and set on stones lilies whose leaves may reach eight The earth-bottom pool should be to raise them to the desired depth. feet in diameter were discovered in dug to a depth of 2-1/2 feet. A layer Deep banks may be filled with soil to Bolivia in 1801 . Attempts to grow and of heavy plastic is placed on the bot­ faci litate the easier planting and care flower this unusual plant in England tom for maximum water retention. of shallow growi ng emergent aquatics. resulted in the construction of the Six inches of clay is placed above the Many th i ngs can be done with these first modern greenhouse which was plastic and tamped down securely. three types of pools if imagination designed by Joseph Paxton and built The pool sides should be at a 40-45° is used, and careful planning put into at Chatsworth, England in 1849. This slope for the easy culture of emergent the effort. greenhouse was constructed specifi­ aquatics. A concrete-lined pool is of Water lilies are a diverse plant cally for the culture of this new and initially higher construction cost, but group and varieties can be found to 14 unusual discovery. will eventually pay for itself in easy fit anyone's needs. Nymphaeas, the

and pushed firmly into the soil around the plant. These feedings will provide sufficient nutrients for the season's growth. Many types of emergent aquatics may be placed in tubs or planted on the shallow banks of the pool. Their care basically consists of a fertile soil and the proper pruning of dead leaves during the summer. Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus), an ancient and bea utiful plant with its t all and graceful growth habit is a welcome addition. Ferns such as Osmunda c innamom ea and Taro (Colocasia antiquorum ), or Lotus (Nelumbium ) are all attrative plants which grow well in bog conditions. At the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis, our aquatic plants are placed out around May 25 or by the ti me water temperature has reached 70°. I n the previous month the pools had been cleaned and new soi I placed in the planters. Two important fac­ tors to consider in planting water Vi ew of Bog in Spring lilies are: first, to be certain water generic name for water lily, can be wood, or large plastic tubs may be is contained in the pool so that at no either tropical or hardy. The tropica ls purchased reasonably at a local hard­ time plants are allowed to dry out; such as Nymphaea 'St. Louis' or 'King ware store. Whatever is used, it should second, the crown or growing tip of of the Blues' are big plants and have be large enough to accommodate 2-4 the plant should rest on top of the large and impressive flowers. How­ bushels of soi I. As mentioned earl ier, soil. If planted too deep, the lily may ever, these varieties are t ender and a heavy pasture soil should be used . die. c'annot be overwintered outside. Most This type of soil tends to hold nu­ Summer mainte.nance consists hardy types such as: Nymphaea 'Ca­ trients longer than a soi I which is light mainly of keeping plants pruned and manche', 'James Brydon', or 'Sunrise' in texture and consists mainly of silt fed regularly as mentioned ea rlier. are smaller and more dainty than the or sand. The addition of compost or Aphids are the main insect pest which tropica ls. These can be overwintered peat moss is not necessary. Early attacks aquatic subjects. They may outside in the pond without protec­ aquatic gardeners relied mainlyon ma­ be washed into the pool or sprayed tion. Some tropical varieties such as nures for feeding because of its ready with a nicotine solution at 1/ 2 Nymphaea ' Red Flare', or 'Missouri' avai labi I ity. Commercial ferti I izers are strength. are night bloomers, flowering between used today duetothe ease of handling Overwintering pools presents no 7 p.m. in the evening until 9 a.m. the and simply beca use they provide the major problems. Hardy lilies may be next morning. If a combination of day plants with the same nutrients that left in their planters and will be safe and ni ght bloomers are used, the ga r­ manures contain. The use of a com­ as long as they do not freeze solidly. den pool will be constantly in flower. plete fertilizer such as 12-12-12 at the Most fish, also, may be kept in out­ Because Nymphaeas are heavy rate of 3/ 4 pound per bushel of soil door pools during the winter months. feeders, they require a good pasture will provide the main nutrients re­ Tender water I i I ies and other aquat­ so il , ri ch and balanced in nutrients. quired for optimum growth. Supple­ ics should be brought inside and This so il is best placed in containers mental feedings should be given once stored until the following spring. which are placed in the pool. Nor­ a month during peak growing periods Aquatic gardening requires a vivid mally one foot of water should cover through the summer. For this pra­ imagination and a strong interest . the surface of these planters. The cedure, 3/4 pound of a complete fer­ It is one aspect of horticulture which 16 conta i ners may be constructed of tilizer is placed in thin plastic bags can be extremely rewarding. Nymphaea " Jac k Wood" Nymphaea."King of the Blues"

NY lllphaea " M issouri " , Night Bloomer NYlllphaea " Red Flare" 17 " White Triumphator" lily-flowered and " Red Shine"

Regal in form ... exquisite in grace an official exchange where bulbs were and bearing ... perfection in color­ bought and sold, with prices soari ng add up to-Her Majesty, The Tulip, higher and higher. Queen of all flowers. For three years, this mania for tu­ Almost no other flower has affected by Marc Reynolds & lips conti n ued unabated. Records world history so much as the tulip. 5. Scott Roberts show that one bulb called the Semper They were planted in the secret gar­ Augustus sold for a carriage and dens of Turkish Shieks who selected horses, and enough money to bring their special harems from those wives the total to more than $4,000.00, and who showed the greatest affection in 1634, four thousand dollars was for the tulips; the other wives were an even more overwhelming sum than sent to unattractive and desolate dor­ it is today. Another tulipmaniac paid mitories. Tulips also became great two loads of wheat, four loads of rye, love symbols of Persia. There, a young four fat oxen, €l ight fat pigs, twelve rryan, by presenting a tulip to his lady­ fat sheep, two hogsheads of wine, fair, showed that he was on fire with four barrels of beer, two barrels of her beauty, the color of the flower, butter, a thousand pounds of cheese, and that his heart was burnt to a coal, a bed (with mattress, pillows and the black base of each petal. And in hangings), a suit of clothes, and a Holland, tulips were traded for stag­ silver jug, all for one tulip bulb named gering amounts of money, which al­ Viceroy. most brought that country to ruin By 1636, speculation and prices had in the 1600's. become so utterly fantastic, that Tulips have been delightfully sig­ chaos seemed eminent. The govern­ nifying the beginning of spring for ment, in response, put an end to all centuries. They were growing abun­ Tulip, "Dreaming Maid", Triumph speculation of tulip bulbs by means dantly in the eastern Mediterranean of a proclamation in 1637. region long before they were intro­ was admired for its beauty and deep In the 300 years since Tulipmania, duced to Europe in 1554, by Ogier color, and the Dutch looked upon it Holland has developed the growing Ghiselin de Busbecq, the Austrian am­ as something exotic. There, the tu­ and hyberdizing of tulips into an im­ bassador to Turkey's Suleiman the lip's popularity increased so much portant industry on a sober, sound Magnificent. He wrote friends that that the demand began to far out­ and scientific basis. Bulb growing has he had seen these glorious flowers weigh the supply, setting the scene become a tradition which passes from growing in and around Constanti­ for that forever famous era in Hoi­ father to son, and with the help of nople, and in his letter, he enclosed land's history, from 1634 to 1637, ac­ modern science and thorough profes­ a few bulbs. Soon, the tulips popularly curately dubbed "Tulipmania." sional education, each succeeding spread through Europe, and by the During this period, nearly everyone generation has advanced the in­ 1560's, they were being grown in HoI­ in Holland went wild trading and dustry's knowledge and ability in the land. selling tulip bulbs. Wealthy mer­ cultivation of tulips. Holland obtained both the bulbs chants, solid citizens, and even ser­ Today, there are literally hundreds and the seed, for while modern gar­ vants sold all their wordly possessions of varieties among fifteen classes of deners grow tulips only from bulbs, just to buy a handful of bulbs. Tulip­ tulips available to ensure that your seeds were as important as bulbs in mania grew to such an extent, that garden is the scene of a tulip festival 18 the tulip's ea rly journey. The flower nearly every village in Holland had from March to May. Tulips now come

in all colors of the rainbow, from that tulips must be pl anted in so il white to almost bl ack, from softest that drains well. If your soil has a pink to deepest purple. Th ey come in great dea l of clay content, add sand, broken colo rs, bi-colo rs, striped, peat or vermiculite to a depth of 12 strea ked, shaded, and even tinged col­ to 18 inches. If the soil is too sandy, ors . add peat or compost . In addition, modern tulips fl ower And, even though all bulbs contain in a host of forms and shapes . Some their first season's food supply, ferti­ have oval fl owers, some are shaped li zing is recommended to foster future like turbans, and others are squ are at growth. Choose a hi gh phosphoru s the base. There are tulips with laci­ and pot as h mix, bonemea l or a good nated petals, fringed petals, curled all-purpose ferti I izer. For best results, petals and pointed petals . Some tu­ work the fertilizer into the soil during lips have tiny flowers while others the fall pl anting season, and again produce blooms as large as a man's w hen shoots appear, to nourish the hand. Some have stems only a few bulbs f or subsequent yea rs. inches tall, while others soar majesti­ cally to almost three feet high. Species Tulips M ost gardeners are familiar with Some of the most revol utionary and the major cl asses of garden tulips, widely appealing tulips availabl e t o­ divided into ea rl y, mid-season and day are the res ult of the phenomenal late flowering peri ods, which provide brea kthrough in breeding between garden bea uty in April and M ay. But the four classes of species t ulips, also the species tulips and their hybrids, kn own as " botanica l" and "wild" t u" which make up another four classes, lips, Ka ufmanniana, Fos t eri ana, tend to fl ower ea rli er than the tradi­ Greigi i and misce ll aneous vari eties, tional garden vari eties . And by in­ usuall y ref.e rred to as "other species." C'i uding so me of these in your M ore and more hybrids of each class pl antings, tulip time can be stret ched are int roduced every year, and each from M arch to late M ay. new vari et y has something different Tulips are parti cularl y easy to grow. and unusual to offer in terms of size, A ll garden types should be pl anted color, form, height and application. si x to eight inches deep and six inches The bea utiful, wild spec ies tulip, apart. Darwin Hybrids and Parrot tu­ fi rst discovered in the late 19th cen­ li ps must be sited eight inches apart tury in Turkestan, was introduced into because of the mammoth size of their W estern Europe as the Kauf manniana bl ooms. The species tulips and their or "wat erlily" tulip. Today, it has a hybrids should be pl anted fi ve to six host of hybrids and offspring, from inches deep and five to six inches cross ings w ith other w il d species as apart. well as w ith garden tulips, res ulting Th ough fl owering time stretches in hybrids that are earl y f lowering, from M arch to M ay, pl anting time for have new and subtle color combina­ all tulips, and all other bulbs for that tio ns, and a unique bloom shape. The matter, is the same. They must be f lowers of these hybrids are generally pl anted in the fall, before deep frost bi-colored, w ith the outside deeper hard ens the ground. It should be re­ in tone than the inside. The long nar­ membered, however, that si nce these row and poi nted segments open out bul bs are subjected to natural condi­ hori zontall y w hen the flower is in tions, there w i II usually be year t o full bloom, and the st ems are short, year va ri ations. With an ea rl y spring, from 4-1 0 inches; their sturdy st ature for example, the bulbs may fl ower a helps counter storm y spring weather. week of two earlier; w ith a late spring, Th ey are ideal in clusters for rockery, the reverse wi II be true. A nd, of course, borders, edging, and for all those dull the location of your garden and sec­ corn ers that need brightening in tion of the country where you li ve M arch and Apri I. w ill playa role in the bloom peri od. Holl and 's hybrid izers have taken 20 It is also important to remember the Fosteri ana tulip, a w ild spec ies " M eiss ner Porze ll an", Tri umph Tulip found on the mountain slopes of the Herbst (16" vermillion) and Oriental Med iterranea n region, and crossed it Beauty (14" ca rmine-red). with Kaufmanniana, Single Early and Early-Flowering Darwin tulips to prod uce a fabulous There are two c lasses of ea rly­ new class of Fosteriana hybrids. The flowering garden tulips-Single Early Fosteri ana is one of the parents of and Double Early. The Singl e Early the glori ous Darwin Hybrids, kn own are single cupped in form, with sturdy for their mass ive blooms and sturdy stems 10 to 15 inches tall. They come stems which range from 10-1 6 inches. in striking shades of almost every The glowing colored f lowers and fresh known color and are more popular green foliage of the Fosteriana have today than at any time in their 300 been transmitted to their hybrids, yea r hi story. which ca n be used for dramatic, and Si ngle Early varieties normally flow­ startl i ng effects in the ga rd en, for er in mid-April, and are invaluabl e for focal points in the rockery, border, massing in beds and borders to pro­ terrace tubs and urns. Good Foster­ duce ea rly dramatic sp lashes of color iana hybrids include Red Emperor (15" in the ga rd en. They are excellent for vermillion-red), Princeps (10" orange­ edgi ng and idea l for windowboxes " Elizabeth Arden", Darwin Hybrid sca rl et ) and Puri ss ima (14/1 pure and terrace tubs. M ost vari eties also white). do well in pots and bowls indoors. The Greigi i spec ies comes from the Good Single Early tulips include Bril­ Chirchik Vall ey of Turkestan, w here I iant Star (12" bright scarlet), Bellona the wild species was discovered in (15 /1 golden-yellow and scented), the late 1800's. In recent decades, Christmas Marvel (14" cherry-pink), Dutch breeders have made a signif i­ Charl es (13" scarl et), Keizerskroom ca nt" break-through" in tulip breedi ng (14" orange-red), and Princess I rene by cross ing T. Greigii w ith Kaufman­ (12" orange and purple). ni ana, as we ll as w ith traditional gar­ While Double Early tulips are ap­ den varieties, to get o utstanding proximately the same height as the hybrids. Single Early varieties, they have large, Greigii hybrids are magnif icently widely open, double flowers which, adorn ed with huge ori ental-colored on, the whole, last longer. They are blooms, which are long-l asting and excell ent for mass plantings in beds brilliant. They also have beautifully and borders, and they do particularly marked and mottled leaves. The well ina sunny, partially sheltered site. mottling of the leaves in wild species Th ei r neat, even growth makes them has changed in some of the hybrids idea l for edging, windowboxes and Kaufmanniana into broad, well-defined striping, so terrace displays, and many varieties that the leaves have marvelous decor­ do well in pots and bowls indoors. ative value. In addition, the leaves Favorite Double Early tul ips consist spread out almost flat on the ground of El ectra (12" deep c herry-red), and cover the soi lin a way no other Hoangho (12" pure yellow), Orange tulips do. Th e hybrids grow 4-18 Nassa u (11 " orange-sca rlet), Hytuna inches tall and have large cup-shaped (12" buttercup yellow), Mr. v.d. Hoeff flowers , approximately five inches in (11 " golden yellow), Peach Blossom diameter. The shorter stemmed varie­ (11 " rosy pink), Schoonoord (11 " pure ties should be planted 4-5" deep, and white) and Stockholm (11 " scarlet). the tall er o nes, 6/1 deep . Spacing Mid-Season Flowering should be 5-6" apart, and they should Th ere are three c lasses of mid­ be planted by the dozen. Greigii hy­ season flowering tulips to choose from brids will add vibrant color, from -Mendel, Triumph and the relatively orange-red to dazzling scarlets and new and extremely popular Darwin yellows; to beds, bo rd ers , roc kery, Hybrid class. While all bloom from base of walls, near trees, and interrace the last week of Apri I into May, each containers. Popular Greigii hybrids has its own particular appli cations in consist of Red Riding Hood (5/1 ca rm­ the garden and all make lovely cut Tulip, Double Late, " Eros" ine-red with scarlet interior), Margaret f lowers as well . 21 Mendel tulips are not as stout of with many varieties available: Apel­ stem or habit as the Triumph variety. doorn (24" orange-scarlet), Beauty of For best res ults, plant them in a shel­ Apeldorn (24" flushed-magenta-edged tered position where the wind will yellow), Golden Apeldoorn (24" gold­ not whip their 16 to 24 inch stems. en yellow), Hollands Glory (24" Pi cturesque effects can be achieved orange-scarlet), Oxford (24" red), if you site them in clumps of protected Parade (26" scarlet), Gudoshnik (26" beds, borders or beneath light trees, sulphur-yellow) and Red Matador (22" where their large, handsome single carmine-flushed scarlet). flowers, encompassi ng a broad range Late Flowering of colors, can be appreciated. Attrac­ There are six classes of late­ tive Mendels include Apricot Beauty flowering garden tulips, all bringing (16" sa lmon-rose tinged red), Athleet splendour to the garden in May. And (18" red-edged yellow), Pink Trophy each class is distinctly different from (2 0" pink-flushed rose), and v.d. the others, and all are particularly Eerden (19" glowing red). well £uited to floral arrangements in Triumph tulips, which are excellent the home. . for forcing, have stiff and sturdy Darwin tulips, named after the great stems, 16 to 24 inches in height. They, naturalist, Charles Darwin, are almost "Saxatilis", Spec ies Tulipa too, have large single cup flowers in as important historically as were the a wide range of colors, often striped first few bulbs from Turkey to Western and margined and the blooms are Europe. Darwins are superb in beds, weather resistant. Triumphs are ideal borders, kitchen gardens and or­ exposed, in beds, borders and other chards. They have long, sturdy stems garden sites. Among the many varie­ 26 to 32 inches in height, which also ties, popular T ri umphs are Aureola makes them superior cut flowers. (19" bright red-edged golden yellow), Many varieties can be grown in pots Elmus (21" carmine-red-edged white), and bowls indoors. These large­ Kees Nel is (20" red-edged yellow), cupped flowers are squared off at the Merry Widow (24" red-edged white), base and top of the petals. They come Olaf (20" scarlet), Paul Richter (25" in virtually all colors and have a geranium-red), Topscore (24" geran­ distinctive satiny texture. All varie­ ium-red, with yellow base), Attila (22" ties are resistant to wind and rain, and light purple-violet), Bing Crosby (21" can be grouped effectively among glowing scarlet), Peerless Pink (20" shrubs or evergreens. All the varieties pure satiny-pink) and Thule (24" red­ flower in May, and some of the more edged yellow). popular Darwins include Aristocrat Darwin Hybrids represent one of (30" soft purplish-violet and white), Brilliant Star, Singl e Early Tulip the finest achievements in the tulip's Clara Butt (23" salmon-pink), Dix's horticultural history. Obtained only Favorite (27" glowing red), Gander recently from crosses, between Dar­ (30" bright magenta), Magier (26" win varieties and T. Fosteriana, the white-edged violet-blue), Pink Su­ Darwin Hybrids are the newest of the preme (28" rich deep-pink merging garden tulip classes. They have the to rose-pink) and Queen of Night (30" largest flowers yet produced, and are deep velvety-maroon). particularly striking because of their Lily-floweredtulips, which resemble brilliant colors. These giant tulips, lilies, are the most graceful and ele­ which make superb cut flowers, have gant of all garden tulips. They create huge single cups, noted for their beautiful pictures when planted in satiny shades of red, and are extremely groups in beds, borders, or when they tall, ranging from 22-28 inches in are featured in terrace tubs and win­ height. These hybrids are in a class dow-boxes. Lily-flowered tulips have by themselves and should be planted pointed petals, beautifully reflexed on at focal points in the garden, for they tall wiry stems some 20-24 inches tall, are rea l eye-catchers. Flowering time making them excellent cut flowers. is the last week of April. Darwin hy­ Their colors are rich and glowing, and 22 brids are also surprisingly inexpensive, groups of different varieties make a "West Point", Lil y Fl owered spl endid di sp lay. All vari eties bloom Hugo (18" c herry-rose on white in May, and favorites include Aladdin ground). (20" sca rl et-edged yell ow), China Parrot tulips are mutations from the Pi nk (22" sati n-pi nk), Mariette (24" other classes, with larger flowers and deep satin-rose), M aytime (20" red­ lacinat ed segments creating a fringed, dish-violet ), Queen of Sh eba (20" red­ waved or sca ll oped effect . They are edged orange), Red Shine (20" deep quite showy and are idea l as focal red), Westpoi nt (22" pri mrose-yell ow) points in the ga rd en, which are pro­ and White Triumphator (24" pure vided with some she lter from wi nds, to w hite). protect their 20-26 inch stems . The blooms come in a wide rangeof colors, Cottage Tulips, so named beca use and the foliage, which is light green, they were originall y found in old cot­ offers a fine contrast to the ri ch bril­ tage ga rdens, have more variation in li ant blooms. Parrots flower in May, form than any other class of tulip. and good ones consist of Orange Th ey often have slender buds with Favorite (22" orange with green long pointed petals. These single­ blotching), Fantasy (24" soft. rose­ f lowered tulips are strikingly effec­ streaked green), BI ue Parrot (26" ti ve when planted in bold masses be­ " Keizerskroon", Single Earl y Tulips bright violet), Karel Doorman (20" cause of their vibrant past el colors. cherry-red-edged golden-yell ow), T ex­ Th ey have extrem ely lo ng st em s, as Cold (20" deep yell ow) and Black ranging from 20-32 inches, and should Parrot (24" purpl ish-black). always be massed in clumps. These Doubl e Late tul ips rese mble large egg-s haped f lowers bl oom ea rly paeonies so much that they are ca ll ed in May, and good ones are Ba lalaika " paeony-flowered/ tulips. They have (28" turkey-red), Burgundy Lace (20" large, fat, double flowers on sturdy w i ne- red, with fri nged edge), Di Il en­ and erect 16 to 24 inch stems, and are burg (26" sa lmon-orange), Colden wonderful planted in groups in beds, Harvest (26" lemon-yell ow), Mauree n borders, terrace tubs and window­ (30" marbl e white) and Renown (3 0" boxes. M any varieties are two-toned, li ght ca rmine-red) and all are magnificent for floral ar­ Tulip hi st ory bega n w ith " broken­ rangements. They are at their best in colored" tulips and there are sti ll a the latter part of May. few va ri eties around for the kee n In concl usion, an old Turkish legend gardener primarily interested in un­ states that when the world was fin­ usual fl ower arrangements. For many ished, so many angels gathered on a yea rs, these tu lips were cl ass ified as rainbow, that it broke in many pieces Tulips, " Bell ona", Singl e Earl y Bi za rres, Bijbloemen, and Rembrandt, and fell to earth. And from these bits according to parentage and color, but of rainbow, continues the legend, with so few varieties now in commer­ . beautiful flowers, like tulips, were cial cultivation, they have all been formed. incorporated in a single class called Now is the time to start thinking Rembrandt. All varieties have large about fall planti ng, if you want to single cups, with stems ranging from have"piecesofthe rainbow' bloom in 18 to 30 inches. They come in most your garden this spring. artistic colo rs with feathered o r flamed blooms. Crown primarily for cutti ng, they also make fasci nati ng clumps in the garden. All flower ih early May, and better varieties i ncl ude Absalon (26" coffee-brown on yellow ground), Black Boy (20" dark choco­ late-black on garnet-brown), Dainty Maid (18" magenta-purple on white ground), Insulinde (23" violet on yel­ low ground), Pierette (22" pale violet­ Tulips, "China Pink", Lil y-flowered streaked blackish-violet) and Victor 23 Anthuriums growing in sara n house.

Do not refrigerate. They should keep from 3 to 4 10 Extend the Life weeks. Red Ginger of Hawaiian Flo-wers Upon arrival: Soak the whole stem includingthe red bracts in water Dr. Donald P. Watson, Urban Horticulturist at room temperature for half an hour. Repeat every 3 University of Hawaii days or more often. Frequent soaking does not harm red ginger because it grows in intermittent gentle tropical rain . Tropical f lowers are being jetted from Hawaii to the Do not confuse red ginger (Alpinia purpurata) (See mainland regularly. They are no longer seasonal and American Horticulturist, Vol. 53, No.4, Pages 21 and arrive every day. Many boxes of anthuriums, orchids, 27) with torch ginger (Nicolaia elatior) which is larger, gi~gers , heliconias as well as mixed tropicals go di­ heavier and has such a short shelf life that it is not rectly to consumers air-mail special delivery; others commonly shipped as a cut flower. The decorative part go to florists. Visitors nearly always take some home with them. These flowers were grown under big tree ferns or in saran houses where the air is laden with moisture, where the temperature rarely drops below 70 degrees. Most tropical flowers are rugged and have good keeping quality. But no matter how tough, how well they were packed, or how fast they are rushed to their de~t in ation , they require different care than flowers that were grown commerciall y under mainland conditions. Anthurium Anthurium andraeanum Upon arrival.· Unpack, unwrap, cut one inch off the base of the stem with a sharp knife. Immerse the flowers upside down in water at room temperature for 2 or more hours. Every 3 days repeat this operation soaking for 1 hour. The penci l-like spad ix in the center of each anthurium is made up of hundreds of sma ll individual f lowers that evaporate water freely, especially when the stigmas protrude and are receptive. Therefore, it is equally as important to keep the humidity high around the top of the flowers, as it is to have the base of the stem in water. If they are to be stored for any length of time before being displayed in the home, stand the stems in water with flower preservatives; enclose the flowers in a 24 plastic bag and keep them at room temperature. Heliconia humilis-Iobster claw

of red ginger is the spike of conspicuous red bracts which keep fresh much longer than the inconspicuous small white flowers. Do not refrigerate. They should keep 2 to 3 weeks.

Heliconia and Scarlet Banana Upon arrival: Sponge the flower heads with water at room temper­ ature containing a little detergent and a few drops of cooking oil. Rinse with fresh water. Do not soak in water. No water should collect in the open sheath. Do not refrigerate. Lobster claw (Heliconia humilis), hanging heliconia (Heliconia rostrata) and sca rl et banana (Musa coccinea) are the most common of the banana-like flowers that are available from Hawaii. Hanging heliconia will only retain its color for 5 days, upright heliconia about 2 weeks and the red ba­ nana for almost a month. Bird of Paradise Heliconia ros trata-hanging heliconi a Upon arrival.' Cut one-half inch off the base of each stem with a Mixed Tropicals sharp knife. Two or three more flowers are still enclosed If you receive a box of mixed tropical flowers, treat in the heavy sheath. Th ey are ni cely protected until the individual flowers as descrihed above. When they arrival but will never emerge automatically after the are arranged in their permanent vase, add flower pre­ stems have been cut from the plant. servatives to the water. As soon as the first flower fades, soak the head in Flower Leis water at room temperature for about 20 minutes . Ins ert Fresh flower leis are a different matter. your thumb through the slit inside the unopen sheath , Plumeria leis (Plumeria acuminata) will last 3 or 4 and gently I ift out one new flower at a ti me. Tea r off days if they are sprayed with a fine mist of water, en­ the thin white membrane that separates one flower closed in a plastic bag and stored in the refrigerator. from another. Carnation leis will last 4 to 5 days if they are rolled Do not refrigerate. Th ey should keep from 1-1 / 2 to 2 in a damp paper of terry cloth towel and stored in the weeks. vegetable crisper in your refrigerator. They will also Ti keep fresh in plastic bags stored in the refrigerator. Leaves of Hawaiian Ti (Cordyline terminalis) are usu­ Keep vanda orchid (Vanda 'Miss Joaquim') leis dry. ally packed with shipments of cut flowers. Th ey are They deteriorate rapidly if they are sprayed with water used to rai se the humidity in the box, to cushion the before being stored in a plastic bag. The flowers turn flowers and as foliage to complete an arrangement. white if the stamens are broken at the time they are Hawaii an Ti may be green, red or variegated. Th ere are picked or the leis are made. For best results, place them over 50 cultiva rs in local ga rd ens. in a plastic bag without any water and store them in the Upon arrival : refri gerator. Cut one- half inch off the base of the petiole, stand So send for some tropicals for a special occasion. Or the leaves in water and refri gerate until ready to us e. better still, plan to come to the Congress in September 26 They should be fresh for 3 weeks. and take some home with you. OluPua Sanctuary from Progress

Dee Dickson 5900 Wilshire Boulevard Los Angeles, Ca lif. 90036

Rayand Bettie Lauchi s have a slightly better deal t han Adam and Eve. Although they had to develop their own Eden, they do not have to contend w ith forbidden apples or wi Iy serpents. The Lauchi s' 12 acre Eden is cal led OLU PUA, a bo­ tan ica l paradise open to visitors near Kalaheo on the "Garden Isl and" of Kauai. Just as most plants in these Islands came from some­ where else, Mr. and Mrs. Lauchi s, too, are transplants. Th ei r roots were in Cleveland, Ohio. Bettie, when still a sprout, developed a fondness for plants-a devotion that led her to formal horti cultural training at Kent State Univers ity and Western Reserve University of Ohio; later, rad io work under the name, "Mrs. Greenthumb." Ray and Bettie had married in Honolulu; lived here in the late '40s and ea rly '50s, loved Hawa ii and had a great des ire to someday return permanently to the Islands. Musa velutina -pink fruited banana Bettie also had a drea m of some day establishing a botanical garden, and for many a year finding such a place had been their private treasure hunt. Fin ally returning to Honolulu in 1964, the couple sought a site on one of the Neighbor Islands where they could build a gard en of Hawaii's dwindling endemic plants, a sanctuary from encroaching progress. Estate Site was a "White Elephant" About the same time on the Garden Isl and, Kauai Pineapple company found the Kalaheo hillsides difficult to mechanize and its parent company; Alexander and Baldwin, decided to turn the pine lands over to its subsidiary McBryde Sugar Company. 27 " a no man's land." Ray, who says his knowledge of horticulture came to him "by osmosis" through marriage, still jokes he had but one aim in buying the estates with his wife. "1 nstead of worki ng in her yard, I thought I was goi ng to just make her yard work for me." Even though he likes to fake that idleness was his intention, itdidn'twork out that way. While Bettie keeps her thumb green, Ray's fingers are into all the business and promotional ends of their enterprise. While other botanical gardens are supported by trust and grants, the Lauchis operate what is probably the first commercial botanical garden, meaning that they rely on the admission price to support their horticultural research and educational work. The admission to OLU PUA, open daily from 8:30 am to 5:30 pm, is $1.50 for adults and 50 cents for children under 12. Before swinging open the garden gate in June, 1968, and in addition to clearing overgrowth and putting in roads, much labor was necessary to expand the spe­ cies already on the property. Nursery is Developed For Seeds, Cuttings Tapein ochilos ananassae-pinea ppl e ginger Since Hawaii has strict agricultural laws, species from outside the state had to be brought in by seeds or cut­ Centering the lands that would be cane fields was a tings. So in addition to the gardens, Bettie developed now unwanted 12-acre site developed in 1929 as a resi­ and still maintains her own nursery. The species count dential estate for the plantation manager. It included today has reached slightly less than 4000, each cata­ a home designed and built in 1931 by then-architect, logued as to origin and date of seeding. now hotelman, Roy Kelley. Scattered within strolling distance around the estate Through the years the plantation people had experi­ are a terrace of annuals, a plot blossoming exclusively mented with new plants brought to the Islands, so for in shades of blue inspired by Cambridge Gardens at some 40 years the estate had been enhanced with about Kew, England, a sunken garden and gardens each de­ 1000 varieties of trees, shrubs and vi nes. voted only to succulents, palms, hibiscus, bromeliads Although developers bid for the property, A&B re­ and "kau kau," a slang Hawaiian word for food. sisted, hoping to find a buyer who would preserve the I n addition, there are Oriental jungle and rock gar­ character of the land and its majestic trees and plant­ dens. Here there are benches where visitors may linger ings which might disappear under the developers' pen­ and c~ntemplateOLU PUA, which means floral serenity. chant for asphalt and concrete. Because the Lauchises are warm, gregarious people Into this deliciously-baited trap, apparently shoved with a good sense of humor, OLU PUA has what few by the hand of fate, stumbled the uprooted Clevelanders (if any) other botanical gardens have .. .whimsy. with budding dreams of gardens. This becomes apparent shortly after visitors turn off New Owners Learn to "SOw Before You Reap" Highway 50 between flying American and Hawaiian Even with ownership of the land a reality, Mr. and flags to wind along the road toward the plantation Mrs. Lauchis found completion of their garden a long house. way away. It was proved that you must " sow before Halted by a bamboo barri er, visitors will note the sign: you reap. " SOUND HORN TO WAKE ATTENDANT. Against the " Sowing" and development started in 1964-planning house leans another small sign cautioning BEWARE OF revisions of existing plantings on the rolling lawns, CAT, signifying the presence of a beautiful white Persian, slopes and a jungle area that Ray recalls had become deaf but doci Ie. 28 overgrown with lilikoi, passion fruit vines, until it was " Everything can be so stodgy and serious in a botani- facobinia aurea Protea cynaroicles-king protea

cal ga rd en" admits Bettie, " but I think if people ca n ca l, ho rt i c ult ural and agri c ultural interest in local laugh a little, start out in a happy mood, then t hey w ill yout hs, the Lauchises invite sc hools to bri ng their sc ience enj oy the garden more. " classes to OLU PUA w ithout charge to lea rn about Other examples of the humor scattered here and there li ving things that can be economicall y important to the around the estat e amid the f lowers is an " Earl y Hawai ian state. Weather Stone. " Nea r the house, a rock dangles f rom Bettie's skill in her profess ion has brought acclaim the pole support, its legend reading: in horti cult ural circles. She has been an A meri can Horti­ This stone was the perfect weather in dicator- 100 cultura l Soc iet y director (f irst person f rom Hawa ii t o be percent accurate. A dry stone mea ns fair weather. A so recogni zed), an active member of the Ameri ca n As­ wet stone means it is raining. A shadow under the stone soc iation of Botani c Gardens & Arboreta and was se­ means the sun is shining. If the st one is swinging the lected for t he I ntern ational Pl ant Propagators' Soc iet y wind is blowing. If the st one is jumping up and down, an membership. ea rthquake is upon us. If the stone is white .. . it is snow­ Sh e has recently been nominated by Hawaii Senator ing. Hiram Fong to the Hon. Earl Butz, Secret ary of Agri cul­ So far, neither smiling Hawaii ans nor an occasional ture, for membership on the National Arboretum Ad­ passing weatherman has ever disputed its logic. vi sory Counc i I. Besides hosting car and bus tour loads of visitors to But w hatever her honors and titles, " Mrs. Green­ the ga rd ens, the more seri ous side of OLU PU A is in thumb's" favorite role seems to be t ending her plants lea rning to grow and propagate tropica l plants, to germi­ and welcoming visitors to their Hawaii an Eden. nate seed, and to develop new spec ies that will benefit While the garden is a deli ght t o seri ous and amat eur Hawaii . gardeners as well as phot ographers, it is more. It is a A lthough OLU PUA is almost a natural outdoor green­ sa nctuary so quiet that the onl y sounds are of birdsong house (750 feet elevation, temperature between 65 to and tradewinds stirring the leaves: a tot al vi sual escape 70 degrees, annual rainfall of 60 inches and constant from paving and concrete. tradewinds) , there are hotter, drier areas in the Islands. Inspired by a vi sit, 4th-grader Eli za beth Panui thanked Among her project s, Bettie is studying orn amentals that the Lauchi ses with this description: will do well in the dry spot s. " OLU PUA Garden rest s beneath ' the folding hills On the educational side, with hopes to instill bot ani- where men and angels taste peace and happiness still." 29 Cincinnati Nature Center Virginia Von Bargen Cincinnati Nature Center 4949 Tealtown Road Milford, Ohio 45150

Twenty miles from the heart of the city, in the rolling hills of south-western Ohio, the Cincinnati Nature Cen­ ter preserves 175 acres of magnificent forest that is known as " Lob's Wood." Here in this peaceful oasis, a clear stream tumbles over a limestone and shale bed rich in fossils, and the tranquil surface of a pond belies the teeming aquatic life beneath its waters. Giant syca­ mores stand sentinel in the low places, while oaks, . sweet gums, beeches, sugar maples, sour gums, and Cultivars: shootingstar. shagbark hickories climb the hillsides and crown the summits. Birds nest in old hedgerows and small animals take shelter in the tangled underbrush. In spri ng, flowers, both cultivars and natives, spread glowing carpets of blossoms in forest and clearings, but no season in this woods is barren of bloom. Lob's Wood exists today because of the boyhood dream of Mr. Carl Krippendorf, a man who loved nature and understood the principles of conservation. A child­ hood illness first brought boy and wood together; to recuperate from a fever, young Carl was sent to spend the summer in the country with Dr. Spence, the man who at that time owned the farm that included the woods. For the boy, it was the first of many summers spent roaming the countryside, savoring the sights, sounds, and smells of the great forest. He promised him­ selfthat someday he would buy this wonderful property, and near the turn of the century, with some of the first money he earned, he did buy it, and he called it " Lob's Wood." Mr. Krippendorf liked to grow things, and he deter­ mined to turn his forest into a vast woodland garden that would bloom in every season, and provide food and shelter for birds and animals. He wanted to see great drifts of bloom spreading color beneath the great trees, and to develop his ideas, he planted bulbs and seed­ lings by the thousands, and scattered seed by the pound. I n all weather, to all peopl e, there are wonders to di scover!

30 He succeeded in naturalizing such flowers as squi ll s, winter aconite, snowdrops, snowflakes, crocuses, daffo­ f dils, and colchicums, and he coaxed more bloom from many of the native flowers by patiently collecting seed and sowing it thickly in various parts of the woods. He planted hedges of multiflora roses as shelter for birds and smal l animals, and groves of walnut trees as food for the sq uirrels . He did much of the planting himself, and he and his ax fought a running battle with (/ the underbrush that constantly threatened to " close" his woods. For over sixty yea rs, until his death in 1964, he cared lovingly for his big ga rd en, and the woods rewarded him ri chly with breathtaking bursts of bloom. I • Thanks to a group of farsighted Cincinnatians led by " Stanley M . Rowe, Sr ., Lob's Wood is stil l here for us to enjoy, with all of its bea uty intact. These conservation­ minded people were disturbed by our society's misuse of land and natural resources, and they recogni zed a pressing need for an informed citi zenry who woul d be able to make knowledgeab le decisions about the en­ vironment. Like Mr. Krippendorf, these people had a dream too; they drea med of saving Lob's Wood for all time, and of making it the nucleus of a larger area that would be used to teach children, who are our future decision-makers , and adu lts alike the principles of ecology, and'hopefully, to open their eyes to the beauty and harmony of the natural world. In 1965 the group purchased the land from Mr. Krippendorf's daughter, Rosan, and a year later the Cincinnati Nature Center was establi shed. During the past nine years, the Center has added 585 acres to the original 175, three ponds, a five-acre lake, and the Rowe Interpretive Building, which houses the administrative offices, classrooms, a bookstore, a library, and a gift shop. The first school children came to Lob's Wood in 1967, and they have been coming ever since in larger and larger numbers. The Center teaches by a unique " discovery" method whereby guided explorations lead students to discover answers for themselves. For teach­ ing the complex interrelationships of plants, animals, so il , water, and man, Lob's Wood and the surrounding acreage provide the ideal classroom. Each yea r, under the guidance of three full-time naturalists, one part­ time naturalist, and a devoted corps of some fifty volun­ teers, over 10,000 school children and hundreds of school teachers from eight southwestern Ohio and north­ ern Kentucky counties enjoy this unusual learning ex­ perience in a vast outdoor laboratory where nature litera lly "comes alive" for them.

31 Besides its school-centered activities, the NatLjre educational walks to study such seasonal events as Center provides out-of-doors learning experiences for wildflowers blooming, tree frogs singing, or warblers other young people, such as church groups, scout migrating are also very popular. Safaris take the more groups, and the YMCA, and for adults. These groups adventuresome members to such places as the Canadian are taught by volunteer teachers who have undergone Arctic; for those members who cannot be away so long, an intensive training program at the Center. Particularly there are weekend trips to closer areas, such as Mam­ popular with garden clubs are the wildflower and daffo­ moth Cave in Kentucky. dil walks. In summer, a week of instruction in biology The Center is open to the public during the week, but combines both fun and work for groups of children six wee~ends are restricted to members only, providing a to fifteen years old. I n a healthy outdoor classroom these strong incentive for membership-a place of quiet children learn to recognize and care for small animals, where people may go to walk in their leisure hours-a and to use simple scientific tools such as microscopes place frequented by others of like concern .. .and love and binoculars. for a forest preserved for the future. Members of the Center are fortunate people, indeed, But the Nature Center does not exist solely for serious because they have a very wide choice of activities. students and members. Beginners, hobbyists, and casual Workshops covering a broad range of subjects from visitors are all welcome, and its services are avai lable botany to zoology are offered regularly; longer courses to anyone. No matter what your interest in nature may in such special interest subjects as taxidermy, land plan­ be, you will find something to intrigue you at the Cen­ ning for the small landowner, and sketching appeal to ter, but if you love plants and flowers, whether as a so many people that classes are always filled, while serious horticulturist or as a hobby gardener, you will

Rowe Interpretive l3u i Iel i ng at th e Ci nei nnati Natul'e Center.

32 find a visit to Lob's Wood a particul ar ly rewarding ex­ peri ence. Six and one-half mi les of excell ent stone-based and woodchip covered trails traverse the natural areas of the Center, and cl ea rl y- marked paths lead to all points of interest. The Center has ret ained many of Mr. Krippendorf's planti ngs, and has added others, so that fl owers bloom in the woods in all of the mild months, and even in some of the cold ones . Th e spring wildflowers beg in to bloom in M arch, and continue until mid-May, with bloom pea king in April. Among the many native spec ies are spring beauties (Claytonia virginica), Dutchman's-breeches (Dicentra cucullaria), squ irrel corn (Dicentra canadensis), blood­ root (Sa nguinaria canadens is), blue phlox (Phlox divari­ cata), and hepaticas. For daffodil lovers, mi d-April is the time to vis it Lob's Wood. Acres of daffodils, in every shade from crea m to deep ye ll ow bathe the woods in a golden glow. Mr. / / Krippendorf loved daffodi Is, and over a peri od that spanned more than sixty years, he planted tens of thou­ sands of bulbs, including such rarities as " Quee n of Spai n" and Narciss us eystettensis. Beca use many of these plantings were made years ago, a number of the old varieties, such as " Little Dirk," "Mrs. Langtry," "Grandes," and " Victoria" st ill f lower in Lob's Wood. I n the Center's Daffodil Exhibit Garden new varieties of prize-winning bul bs from the United States and England are displayed and tested. Another display of horti cu ltural interest is Fern Va l­ ley, a sma ll ravine planted with forty species of fern s indigenous to Ohio. Specimens include the unusual walking fern (Ca mptosorus rhizophyllus), the deli cate maidenh air fern (A diantum pedatum ), and the coarse and robust sens itive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), so named because it is sensitive to changes in temperature, not to touch. Herb fanciers will find Mr. Kr ippendorf's dry wall of interest. Thi s wall has been restored by the Center and is planted with a number of saxatile plants, including an interest ing coll ection of over twenty-two thymes. Whether you come in spri ng when the woods is golden with daffodils, in summer when Lycorus lilies make lavender-pink pools under the trees, in the autumn when the great trees blaze with golds and ru ssets, or in win­ ter, when a si Ivery ske in of ice covers the sleepi ng ponds, and the beech branches show white as the winter sky, you wi ll find Lob's Wood has something to teach you, too. School visits last all day; children work in small groups.

33 by Linda Yang New York, New York Sffl

thought, the plant is alive. However, not for long. A dry winter plus a sudden late spring deep frost (after too-early re­ moval of the " protection" ) mercifully ended my problems with that rose . But I was hooked and on my way. That was several years ago. My present collection consists of: Don Juan, New Dawn, Blaze, Golden Showers, Margo Koster, Gene Boerner, Woburn Abbey, Jiminy Cricket, Chi­ cago Peace. And I sti II garden on a terrace on the 19th floor of an apartment build­ ing in the middle of New York City. My secrets? First of all, I now use only stock which is already growing in plantable cardboard boxes . These I purchase from local dealers in mid-spring. By then, it is obvious which specimens are in good health, producing abun­ dant leaves with signs of future bud­ ding. (I know that dormant bare-root roses are used widely for in-the-ground plantings; however, I found that the .:. " cultural shock" they experienced in Rose Trellis being shipped to and then replanted on a mid-city terrace was quite great, As a city slicker born and bred, large trees and shrubs despite the and I was forced to spend the entire believed that roses grew only on huge cynicism of suburban nurserymen. first summer fussing over most of estates in the country. I would tour By then, the rose catalogs were them if I wanted them to survive, these perfect gardens and marvel at coming fast and furiously each spring, much less bloom!) My cardboard pur­ flowers I thought I could never have. and the temptation of these beauties chase is then planted according to As the owner of a mid-Manhattan was more than I could stand. I sure the grower's directions in as generous (New York City) balcony, I was used wanted to grow them. Well, WHY a size tub as I have room for, certainly to being bombarded with nursery­ NOT? I HAD to have a rose! never less than 15 inches. I mix the men's exclamations that no self-re­ According to my records, the first tub soil in advance, making sure it specting plant could live here. How one I planted was a bare root climber is rich in organic matter, friable and could I possibly consider something from a mail order catalog. It grew light enough to drain well. as exa lted as a rose? rapidly the first year, with dozens of Summer pests are kept under con­ I'm not sure exactly when I began healthy leaves and nary a flower. Not trol with periodic forceful water hos­ to doubt this, but it was after I had realizing that this wasn 't the way ing or hand cleaning. If greedy hoards acquired my second terrace and was things had to be, I accepted this non­ get out of hand, I use a soil systemic 34 still successfully growing a variety of bloomer fatalistically. At least, I first and a water-spray insecticide if that fails (sprays are sometimes hard to handle, given the vicissitudes of terrace winds). A dormant oil in late fall takes care of problems which might overwinter. But in any case, only disease-res istant plants are used, and anything which is continually sickly gets ruthl ess ly disca rd ed in the fall (Darwin had nothing on me). I no longer bother with " winter pro­ tection," having decided that the va­ rieties I've selected either will be hardy here or they won't . However, I do secure all canes before the strong winds come, and in December I place holiday evergreens on all the tubs (I admit this is " winter consolation" for me more than anything else). Broken flower pots are used to cover Th e drainage layer is composed of small In the spring I cultivate the soil drai nage holes. rocks and broken pots. deeply around each plant, working in the dropped evergreen needles, ad­ ding superphosphate, compost and lime when soil tests show the pH has slipped too low. This is followed later in the summer by diluted water­ soluble commercial fertilizers. In late fall I turn the soil again, this time adding bone meal and cow ma­ nure. Winter moisture is carefully con­ trolled-which mea ns supplementing what has NOT come from above. My neighbors think I'm nuts when they see mewith a watering pail in January, but a light winter rain or snow is total­ ly useless for roses in the limited con­ fines of containers. My city-bred plants apparently A fiberglass sc reen helps prevent move­ This rose is planted cardboard box and ment of soil until roots develop. all as directed on the labe l. don't mind sharing their tubs with an assortment of small (but compat­ ible) shrubs and flowers. They appear Juan" was flowering into the first (Ms. Yang is the author of The Terrace adjusted to their crowded city life snow. Gardener's Handbook, Doubleday, and don't know any better-so I don't Well-meaning nurserymen still in­ 1975.) tell them. From early June through sist that I musn't grow this and I can't Interested in growing Roses? Join frost, our apartment has dozens of grow that, and maybe they're right. the American Rose Society., P.O. Box home-grown roses, and last year " Don So I smile politely and do it anyway. 30,000, Shreveport, LA. 71130. 35 (Part III InA Three Part Series Continued From the Late Spring and Summer Issues).

Replanting Your Garden. time during the growing season, the pl ot is always on By late Summer, there should be bare spaces ap­ show. pea ring in your garden pl ot. A ll of the cool weather Prolonging Productivity of Plants. veget ables (lettuce, rad ish) f rom Spring have long been If you harvest the plants at the proper time, you will harvested or shaded out by your warm weather pl ants prolong their productive season. Continue to water, (squ as h, tomatoes, peppers, eggpl ant). Tucked away fertilize and st ake the warm weather plants such as in your plot w ill be spot s where you can begin t o plant tomat oes, peppers, eggplant. Remove some of the side seeds for cool weather crops during the Fall. None of shoot s t o slow down the veget ative growth and shake the spaces may be large enough to grow more than a the f lowers to ensure pollination. On chilly Fall ni ghts, few pl ants, but by st aggering the pl anting times, you put up a ca nopy of pl astic to prot ect your vegetables. can have production of lettuce and rad ish ri ght up to The se nsitivity t o chilling of the vari ous pl ants is li st ed 'k i II i ng frost . in t able. Buy seed t apes (a water-so luble plastic w hi ch permits Storage of Fresh Produce. handling seed by the ya rd) to do this pl anting. This al­ Pl ants fall into two basi c types for storage: lows you t o cut off just enough t ape to do the area avai 1- Ones which must be held at 32° F at high humidity abl e. Use a hoe to dig a trench and brea k open the soil. (examples : carrot, radish, spinach.) Pl ace the tape in the trench at the suggest ed depth, O nes which must be held at 45-55°F at moderat ely cover and f irm with the surrounding so il. Use a hose hi gh humidity (exa mples: zucchini, eggpl ant, pepper.) t o moisten the area. Then cover w ith several layers of A perforated polybag will help prolong the storage news papers to retard moisture loss. Remove the news­ life by ret arding water loss without impeding exchange papers as soon as the seed lings begi n to emerge. Re­ of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The optimum tempera­ move the extra pl ants to give the remaining ones room tures, relative humidity, and effective storage times are to develop. As with the Spring, you should repl ant other given in tabl e . These storage times may be very arbi­ areas to t ime your pl ants to be ready for harvest ri ght trary. It will depend upon the presence of rot organisms up t o killing frosts. on the surface of the fruits, root, and leaves . Under no When to Harvest. circumst ances, just pack them up and leave them for M ax imum f res hness and taste depend upon w hen you extended time. They are always best if used as soon decide to harvest the pl ant. Eac h has different char­ as conveni ent. acteri stics to look for (li sted in tabl e). M ost pl ants ca n­ Sharing Vegetables with Friends. not be held in the garden very long. Th ey w ill become M ost gardens produce surplus produce. Thi s is par­ fiberous, tough, or rotten. Harvesting at the proper ti cularl y true w ith tomatoes, peppers, and zucchini. stage w ill ensure later croppings of fruits, roots, and You have the choice of freezing or ca nning the excess. leaves. Th is w ill mea n t hat you must visit the garden These operations without training and equipment may every second or third day to gather w hat has matured. not be very satisfactory. Th e amount of produce avail­ Always pinch the larger fruits, root s, or leaves w ithout abl e at any time may not warrant all of the effort for injuring the other parts of the plant. Thi s leaves room just a small bat ch. M any prefer to share excess with for the other plants to develop. Break off injured leaves fri ends, parti cularl y peopl e who have limited growing or fruit and put them under the mulch to decompose. opportunities because of location, or because they 36 This way t here is no major cl ea n-up job to do at any physica lly cannot maintain a ga rd en. Several tomatoes or even one pepper or zucchini may be the bas is for a leave them in your garden area this wi ll the inoculum whole meal. for next seasons diseases and insect s. Closing the gardening season-Preparing for Winter Remove al l stakes and supports. Clean them and put When daylength shortens and night temperatures w ill in dry storage for next year. begin to go down to freezing, the gardening season sud": Roll up your aluminum foi l. Take to a recycling cen­ denly ends. You may have a few plants left: cabbage, ter. radi shes, even lettuce may survive several light frosts. Remove all of the debris from your garden plot. Dig The high temperature plants such as pepper, tomato, dead pl ants bac k into your garden plot along with a 2 eggplant, and zucchini, w ill be injured by the first frost . inch layer of leaves from your trees-begin now your Remove the injured plants, chop them into small pieces soi I for next seaso ns crops. with a shovel, and place them underneath the plastic Plans for next year: or aluminum foil mulch. Th e debris will decompose What did wel l? rapidly. By the time of the hard killing frosts, much of What was a failure or not worth the space? the clean up has already been accomplished. What new would you li ke to try? Remove and dispose of all diseased plants. If you What information do I need to do a better job next year? The colorful lilies are really not hard to grow if a few simple precautions are taken . They are conspicuous in Lillies Create the garden when in bloom and range in color from white to pink, red, yellow, purple and various combinations of those colors. Some are only a foot or so tall; others will grow 5 feet or more in height. We found in our large Interest for display garden of 250 varieties, that some were in bloom from June 7 until September, depending on the variety. Some may have only 1-2 flowers per stalk, others like Lilium davidii macranthum may have 90. After a careful Everyone check one year, in which we kept track of the length of time each variety was interesting in flower, plants of Donald Wyman, Director Emeritus, Arnold Arboretum the Butterball Strain came off with highest honors in this category with some flowers on display for a 44 day period. Of course not all varieties will perform that way, the average time in bloom being about 15-20 days, but even at that, if one selects the right species and Red Kin g. Cut lilies maintain their fres hness for varieties, one can display them for quite a period. over a wee k if kept at room temperature. To me, it is not only the bright colors of these plants that prove interesting, but the ease with which some of them are propagated by the home gardener. They repro­ duce by seed of course, but the bulbs can be divided, some form small bulbs on the stem above ground (L. tigrinum, bulbiferum, sargentiae and superbum), many (though by no means all of them) form small bulbs along the underground stem, and most of them can be propa­ gated by " scaling." This last method is simple, easy and often creates considerable garden interest for any young people in the house. As one grows older, most forms of gardening are in­ teresting, but to get teen-agers interested is often nearly impossible. I know, because I tried four times! But when they can carefully take a few scales from a bulb, mix them with moist vermiculite and put the mixture in a tightly tied polyethylene bag on the kitchen shelf for a few weeks and see the new young bulblets form at the base of the scales-it is then that they realize (some of them) how interesting growing plants can be. It doesn't take much after that to get the youngsters to plant the new bulbs, watch over them (for a while) and even to weed them. It may just be that a new garden assistant will be in the offing. Anything we can do to help create interest in our young people for growing things is all to the good, and propagating lilies is one of them. Lilies must have a well drained soil, otherwise they simply will not survive. They are usually planted in the fall, any time up until the ground freezes . It is best to buy only American grown bulbs, and fortunately there are now plenty of these. The reason for this is that if the bulbs are kept in storage too long, or are banged around a lot in shipping, the fleshy roots at the base of the bulb will either be dried up or knocked off. Bulbs get off to the best start with these basal roots intact, the reason 38 why good American growers ship them carefully in moist sphagnum, peat or excelsior. They should not be allowed to dry out after they have been received, so the sooner they are planted the better they wi II grow. Depth of planting depends on the size of the bulb­ about 4 inches deep for small bulbs and possibly 6 inches for large bulbs. The larger the bulb, usually the larger the flowers the first year. It is advisable to dust the bulbs with some recommended disinfectant like Arasan, to forestall rot. In fact, bulbs with any rot at all should be discarded. Also, it might help to place a small handfull of bone mea l in the bottom of the hole at planting time. Mulching with 2 inches of peat moss, wood chips or any other eas ily obtainable mulch is helpful in aiding the soil to retain moisture and gives the bulb a longer time to get started before the ground freezes. The majority of the oriental hybrids do best in full sun, and because of their height they are usually placed at the rear of the flower border. Cutting off the flowers as soon as they have faded prevents seed formation and a subsequent drain on the foods stored in the plant, thus aiding better flowering the following year. Cut off the stalks as soon as they have died back in the fall. Much is written about the virus diseases of lilies, and admittedly this is a hazard to contend with. Buy bulbs from reliable growers with pure stock, keep down the L. hansonii, a small er flowering species variety. aphid population by spraying, (thus aiding in prevention of the virus spreading from plant to plant) and dig up and discard any plants that show the foliage yellowing which is so characteristic of lilies with virus. My sugges­ Mid Century will show small rootlets . tion is to do these things carefully, and first try species Note, however, that seed of certain species like L. or varieties like L. hansonii, davidii, Mid Century hybrids aurantum, ca nadense, martagon, speciosum, superbum and selected clones of L. tigrinum and L. candidum; that and others, is slow to germinate and may take 3-18 are known to be virus resistant, then enjoy the lilies. months. If the seed germinates before it can be sown out There are many others slightly more difficult to grow, of doors, put back into the vermiculite in the polyethy­ that you will want to try later. Remember, however, in lene bag and keep in the home refrigerator (not the the propagation of them, that propagation by seed is freezer) for 3-4 months, then sow. safe-virus is not transmitted. Propagation by asexual " Scaling", is interesting and profitable. In the early means-division, bulbils, bulblets and " scaling:" will fall, dig carefully around a lily bulb, remove a few of result in transmitting the virus to the off-spring. Hence the large outer scales without disturbing the bulb, place only propagate from clean stock, and if virus does get them in moist (but not wet) vermiculite in a polyethyl­ into your stock, start over again with seedlings. ene bag placed on a dark kitchen shelf at room temper­ It is home propagation that really creates interest ature. After 3-4 weeks small bulblets will develop at and is well worth trying by everyone, even if to grow a the base of the scales, shortly sending out roots and few young plantlets to give away to friends. Dry the even a leaf or two. When the roots are a half an inch seed from a mature seed capsule for several days until long, the scales can be planted with just the tip above it is thoroughly dried. Then mix it with a small amount the soil, or if too early to be planted outside, the bag of moist, but not wet, vermiculite, and put in a tightly can be placed in the home refrigerator (not the freezer) bound polyethylene bag on a dark kitchen shelf. After and kept for weeks or even 3 months until the scales several weeks look at it. If nothing has happened, and can be planted outside. the material is still moist, rep lace it on the shelf again . So, by this method you can increase your supply of Sooner or later the seeds of certain quickly germinating bulbs and have some for gifts to friends. If there are species or their varieties or hybrids like L. amabile, teenagers in your household, see if you can sell them conco/or, davidii, pumilum, regale, tigrinum, and the this as their very own project. It may bear results. 39 WRITERS WHY WAIT? PUBLISH YOUR BOOK IN 90 DAYS and get expe rt editing, design, manu­ CUSTOM DESIGN facture. publicity, promotion and adverti si ng -all under o ne roof at low costs. Two free books and literature give details and suc­ cess s tories. Write or call Dept.393 INSULATED Exposition Press, Inc., 900 So. Oyster Bay Rd ., Hicksville, N.Y. 11801 (516) 822-5700 DOUBLE­ THERMAL BARRIER WALLS WALLED ELEPHANT GARLIC 'Plant in Sept. & Oct. for maximum yields the foll owi ng August . 1 lb . 53 . 3 Ib,. 57 . 5 Ib,. $10 PPO . SHALLOTS (French) Plant & harvest same time as Garlic . 50 med. cloves $2.50 - 100 med . cloves $4.50 GREENHOUSES PPO . Also buckwheat. soybeans, who le wheat, alfalfa seed & other specialty seed products. Write for free price sheet. 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SEND FOR FREE COLOR CATALOGUE TODAY American Horticultural P.O. Box 2235, Dept. AH -8 Society. Grand Central Station, New York, N. Y. 10017

Fall Friends Events Planned

The Friends of River Farm Committee has planned a "Fall Friends Day" for October 12, 1975. There will be many unique and exciting horticultural demonstrations (among them "Indoor Vegetable Gardening for Winter"), a rare plant exhibit and sale. More details in September "News and Views." Proceeds from the successful May 4th Friends Day are being used to repair, restore and paint several deteriorating outside balconies and balustrades as a first step in the complete exterior renovation of the River Farm house. The Committee also voted to mount, pad and back the needlepoint window seat covers for use in the ballroom. For the past six months, nine committee members have been hand-stitching the l' x 4' Floral design containing the official emblems of all U. S. Plant Societies. Mrs. Erastus Corning II estimates that each seat cover represents four hours labor a day for six months, or a total of 720 hours. 40 GUARANTEED PLANTS-Discount pri ces to members on Bamboo, Begonias, Bromeliads, Cactus, Succulen ts, Stag-Horn and Rabbit, Squi rrel, Hare and Bare-Foot Ferns, Gesne­ riads, Orchids, Tree Fern Products. Du es African Violets Daffodil Bulbs $3 .00 Year ly, Strict ly you r mail order c lub. AFRICAN VIOLET? Free copy "Helpful Hints Ri ver's Ed ge (8+ varieties) or All-Yellow (4 Plant credits, Free plants. No ob li gation to for Success with African Vi olets." Write Saint­ extra-earl y to late varieties) Daffodi l Bulb buy. Literature to members only. Join Today. GUARANTEED PLANT CLUB, Box GA, Rob­ paulia International, PO Box 54 9, Knoxville, Mixtures: Bushel $40; Peck $12, Postpaid binsville, N.J. 08691 . Tenn . 37901. East of Mississippi, 10% extra West. Free folder features individual varieties and col­ Miniature Roses lections. Ri ve r's Edge Farm , Rt. 3, Box 228 A, Begonias Gloucester, Va . 23061 , Quali ty Miniature Rose Pl ants, Special Trial Rieger Elatior Begonias , 24 varieties. Send Offerl 3 for $6.95 or 6 for $12.95 Postpaid. .20 for list: Begonias & Exoti c Plants, Dept. H, Ferns Hi gh rated named va ri eties, all different. 42 Candee Ave., Sayville, N.Y. 11782. FREE Catalog l "PI XIE TREASURES," Dept. H, LEARN ABOUT FERNS-join the Los An­ 412'1 Prospect, Yorba Linda, Ca lifornia 92686. geles International Fern Society for only Begonias $4 .50 yearly, Receive educational monthly Miscellaneous bulletin an.d two page lesson ; annual maga­ Indoor Plant Specialists. Begonias, Exotics, zine. Address LAIFS, Box 448-H, Hawthorne, Versatile Mister-Automated solid state Geraniums, Herbs. Catalog with color, pro­ CA 90250. system . Rapid heavy rooting and stu rd y fusely illustrated, $1.00. LOGEE 'S GREEN­ growth- Valve , sensor, power supply, ca bles HOUSES, Danielson , Connecticut 06239. -$69.50. Fully Guaranteed. AQUAMONI­ Gardening Equipment TOR , Box 327 -Z, Huntington, New Yo rk Dept.AH. 11743. GROW BEDER WITH TRICKLE/DRIP irriga­ Bromeliads tion for home, nursery, greenhouse, farm . Pre­ Plant Supports Tiltproof cise new way to save water in gardens, pot­ 10 medium, labeled plants, postpaid to you ted plants, bedded plants, roses , strip-bor­ NEW Plant Supports from ORDEV keep you r for $8.50. Cornelison 's Bromeliad Nursery, ders, shrubs, hedges, trees. Choose manual large growing potted Indoor or patio plants straight, tiltproof and securely portable. 225 San Bernardino Street, North Fort Myers, or "sensormatic ." Easy to use and adapts to STAKE KIT expands through add-on sections Florida 33903. Member Bromeliad Society. your needs. Order TRICKLE/DRIP packette . up to 6 feet tall. TRELLIS KIT adaptable to only $4.65. PLANTATION GARDEN S, PO, Box various shapes and heights. Detai led informa­ H, Corona, California 91720. Bromeliads and Succulents tion: ORDEV MFG . CO , INC., 6781 Ward Road, Niagara Fall s, New York 14304. Interesting selection of rare bromeliads and succulents. Many bromeliads collected on our Garden Pools Publications trips to Central and South America. Please el1- close 1Oq; stamp for your mail order catalogues. Water lilies, garden pools, water pumps, WAKE UP YOUR GARDENING. Gardening is FUCSIA LAND NURSERY , 4629 Centinela fountains, aquatic plants, goldfish. Everything going places-are you with it! The AVANT Ave , Los Angeles , CA 90066. for water gardening. Complete Guide and GARDENER brings you all the "firsts"-new Catalog to Water Gardening. $1 ,00 refundable plants, products, techniques, with sources­ fi rst order. PARADISE GARDEN S, Rt. 18, Whit­ plus full features, special issues. A unique Cactus & Succulents man , Mass. 02382. Dept. AH . horticultural magazine-news service, 24 is­ sues a year, over 500 articles. Curious? 3 Lithops - Fascinating African succulents re­ sample copies $1 . Serious? $8.50 for a full sembling colorful pebbles. Other rare succu­ Greenhouses year. P. O. Box 489, New York, NY 10028. lents. Write for catalog . ED STORMS, 4223 Pershing, Ft. Worth, Texas 76107. GREENHOUSE 8' x 12 '. Build yourself for$50 Rare Bulbs and Plants or le ss. eight different plans $2.97. Inc ludes hotbed. Guaranteed . Werth 's, Box 1902AH, THE WIDE, WIDE WORLD OF BULBS AND Chrysanthemums Cedar Rapid s, Iowa 52406. PLANTS . America's unique catalog. Thou­ sands of rare items. Many unavai lable else­ National Chrysan,themum Society, Inc. USA. where. Bulbs from Achimenes through Annual dUBS $5.00, includes 5 issues of The Herb Plants Zephyranthes. Hundreds of genera and thou­ Chrysanthemum, Beginner's Handbook. sands of species from the worlds's best MRS . WALTER CHRISTOFFERS, Sec , 394 HERB PLANTS . Interesting to grow indoors growers. 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By owner, Carl Froebel, One Gracie dener. THE HOUSE PLANT CORNER, LTD Catalog 25ct ORCHID GARDENS, Rt. 1, Grand Square, NYC 10028. 212-425-2400 (days) Box 5000, Cambridge, MD 21613. Rapids, Minnesota 55744. 41 fresh vegetables *,.. * ... 'round. * Keeping ic * America * .If Beautiful:

* '7 "*

That's what you get with a Gothic Arch Greenhouse-designed to be more than just a storage room for plants. It's engineered for "thermal flow" and provides the best possible conditions for grow­ ing healthy, hearty vegetables. The cost of owning your own, permanent, maintenance-free green­ house is incredibly economical. The 12'x12' model costs less than $600. Each of the four basic models is designed of Cal ifornia Heart Redwood and translucent fiberglass panels. You can put it together The Pioneer Plant Food yourself, with a hammer and screwdriver, in a short weekend! No Good for everything you grow. Roses, foundation necessary. ,.-.Ith •. c trees, shrubs, flowers, lawns, fruits, GUARANTEE Fiberglass panels are '-IV vegetables. Spark vigorous growth. guaranteed for 10 years, redwood for df A h . Just dissolve in water, then sprinkle life, against faulty workmanship. rc Guarantee limited to replacement of or spray. Fast acting, speeds re sults, defective part or parts. ~ h no burning. High analysis 23-19-17%. WRITE FOR "Practical Guide to ureet1 ouses The favorite of experts for years! Greenhouse Buying" and FREE Color Catalog. Dept. 8-8 P.O. BOX 1564 MOBILE, AL 36601 INCREASE SOIL FERTILITY - ORGANICALL Y! A W-W SHREDDER/GRINDER helps you make soil-enriching compost and mulch - quicker, easier. Nothing beats rich compost, nature's own nutrition, for helping gardens, fruits, flowers, shrubs and even lawns grow more healthfully. And a Wow Shredder/Grinder lets you build your compost pile just the way you want it - handles all organic materials: leaves, vines, coarse stalks, peat moss, even hard manure, small bones, phosphate rock and tree trimmings (some Models up to 1W') ! A WoW gives you top performance, season after season. Rust-resistant cast iron main frames are guaranteed never to corrode. Old fashioned hammermill-type hammers, with high carbon steel cutting edges, and high The beauty of Sl'ring twelve speed ball bearings add Interchangeable grinding screen and shredder months a year to WoW's unchallenged roller bars are standard. Lets you grind leaves, can be yours with pe r. formance! finished compost, grain, top dressing and pot­ ting soil, or shred coarse or wet materials! a Turner fiber­ glass green­ Prices start as low as ---~------1 $149.00 for Model house. This '.'4',o'H· J1 :r·'3,'£I·'aj - : sturdy, econom­ A-N, less power. y 2957H North Market, Wichita, Kansas 672t 9 I Popl:llar Model 2-G ical structure Send me your FREE shredder/grinder will be a welcome (left), with 3 hp brochure addition to your engine, $295.00. NAME family. Write for Model 62-G, with 5 FREE catalog. hp, $343.00. Electric ADDRESS power available for TURNER GREENHOUSES CITy _____ STATE __ ZIP ___ W.S. 13 S., GOLDSBORO, NC 27530 42 all models. Terms. Super Deluxe Bicentennial Gold Lined Labels Only $2. 00 Botanical

Dr. J o hn L eonard Boatlri 25 45 Walnut Street Anywher e , Califo rnia 9 4544

500 GOLD LINED RETURN ADDRESS LABELS Quick and easy way to put your Name and Return address on letters, books, records, etc. Any Name, Address and Zip Code up to 4 lines beautifully printed with large Gold Strip. 500 labels only $2.00. Dublin Valley Press, Dept. A-2 11683 Betlen Drive Dublin, California 94566 Offered by: The New York Botanical Garden February 15-20, 1976 Aboard The Delta Queen the last remaining riverboat in America to carry over­ night passengers (note: Wa shington ·s Birthday will be celebrated officially NEW FIBERGLASS & REDWOOD on February 16. 1976) Trip Details The Delta Qu een wil l depart on the Bicentennial Botani­ GARDEN cal Boat Trip from New Orleans on Sunday evening, Feb­ ruary 15th, returning to New Orleans on Friday morning, February 20th. The riverboat, a national historic treasure, will travel along the Mississippi making daily stops in Oak GREENHOUSE Alley, St. Francisville, Natchez, and Baton Rouge where passengers wi fl be able to tour outstanding gardens and by GLASTEELAl..! houses, some opened particularly for them. ~.~ Azaleas , camellias, Confederate jasmine, and spring ~ll wi ld flowers are expected to be at the height of their DU PONT APPROVED PROTECTIVE bloom the week of the tour. FINISH FOR FRP PANELS Horticulturists travelling with the group wi ll lecture about each of the locations to be visited. Flower arranging will be demonstrated by Miss Sheila Macqueen . The trip (including Delta Queen passage , meal s, tip­ ping and admission fees to gardens and houses) wi ll cost a maximum of $740 for a single cabin with private facili­ ties and a minimum of $560 per person for a two-berth cabin with private bath plus for all passengers a tax de­ ductiblecontribution of $100 per person to The New York Botanical Garden. If you would like to be on the mailing list to receive the Delta Queen Botanical Boat Trip announcement and reservation forms when these are mailed in September of 1975, please complete the coupon below. rT"h;Bi;;;t;;i;!B-;;ni;l80aur;;- --, c/o American Horticultural Society I I Mount Vernon, Va . 22121 Please send me additional information and a reservation form I for the Bicentennial Botanical Boat Trip planned for Feb­ I ruary 15-20, 1976. My Name I I Address ______City State ZiP - :J 43 L..I _ _ ~ ______I Now the man who knows all about plants and gardens wants to share his knowledge with you!

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THE COMPLEAT NATURALIST: A GERANIUMS: THE SUCCESSFUL PLANT JEWELS OF THE HIGH COUN­ LIFE OF LlNNAEUS GROWERS GUIDE TRY: "SEMPERVIVUMS AND SED­ Wilfrid Blunt Monica Bennett $6.95 UMS" With assistance of William T. Stearn $14.95 Helen E. Payne $15 .00 Lavishly and beautifully illustrated account E. I. duPONT, BOT ANISTE: THE III col. pI., 187 species, sub-species of Linnaeous' epoch-making scientific BEGINNING OF A TRADITION varieties, hybrids. achievements, his explorations in Lapland, Norman B. Wilkinson $7.50 and his life with his family and his students. MUSHROOMS AND TOADSTOOLS IN WILD FLOWERS OF MARTHA'S THE BREEDER'S HANDBOOK VINEYARD National Chrysanthemum Society $1.50 COLOR Else and Hans H vass $5 .95 Nelson Coon $3.95 Autographed by the author. THE BALL RED BOOK; 12th ed. 343 col. illus. Vic Ball (ed) $7.00 THE JOy OF A HOME FRUIT ALPINES Cultural and management know-how for GARDEN Lionel Bacon $9.95 Margaret Tipton Wheatly $6.95 the commercial greenhouse grower. Sought This complete guide to the cultivation of after because of its forcing schedules. A concise guide to growing abundant alpine plants treats the growing of alpines fruits and berries. THE TERRACE GARDENER'S HAND­ in raised beds, bulb beds, troughs and sinks. BOOK: Raising Plants on a Balcony, Terrae·e, Rooftop, Penthouse or Patio THE WILD FLOWERS OF BRITAIN FLOWER ARRANGING FOR PARTIES Linda Yang $8 .95 AND NORTHERN EUROPE Nora Fields $15 .00 Richard Fitter and Alastair Fitter $10.00 Foreword by Elizabeth Scholtz, Director Profusely illus. of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Over 1200 plants illustrated in color. An exquisite book. COMPLETE BOOK OF BULB GARD­ GROWING CACTI AND SUCCULENTS ENGING Douglas Bartrum $10.00 Frederic Doerflinger $12.95 HOMESFOR WILDLIFE: BATHS AND The author was an information officer for FEEDING SHELTERS; 6th ed WILDFLOWER TRAILSOF THE PACI­ the Dutch bulb industry for nearly 15 Edmund J. Sawyer $1.00 FIC NORTHWEST $15.00 years. How to make and where to place them. Art Chipman DRYING AND PRESERVING FLO­ 236 full col. illus. WERS MY GARDEN IN AUTUMN AND Winifrede Morrison $11.50 WINTER HOE FOR HEALTH $10.50 E. A. Bowles $9 .95 The author trained at the Constance Spry Alice Wessels Burlingame School. A reprint of this classic work. Horticultural therapy by a noted authority.

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