DOCSLIB.ORG

Anthurium Fragrance: Genetic and Biochemical Studies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

ANTHURIUM FRAGRANCE: GENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HORTICULTURE DECEMBER 1997 By Nuttha Kuanprasert Dissertation Committee: Adelheid R. Kuehnle, Chairperson Chung-Shih Tang Catherine Cavaletto Richard Criley Richard M. Manshardt David T. Webb We certify that we have read this dissertation and that, in our opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Horticulture. DISSERTATION COMMITTEE 1^-hXLu.AA fl 16^1—^ Chairperson M HL > L x6 © Copyright 1997 by Nuttha Kuanprasert All Rights Reserved iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful to my advisor, Dr. Adelheid R. Kuehnle for her valuable advice and support throughout the dissertation process and also for her assistance in editing my manuscript. I would like to thank my committee members: Dr. C. S. Tang for his guidance in chemical analysis, Ms. Catherine Cavaletto for her instruction in fragrance evaluation. Dr. Richard Criley for providing useful and relevant articles and abstracts. Dr. Richard M. Manshardt for his support and comments, and Dr. David T. Webb for his long-term assistance in histological study. I extend my sincere thanks to Emeritus Professor Haruyuki Kamemoto. I truly enjoyed the numerous hours we spent working in the nursery. Through this experience, I gained invaluable knowledge about general horticultural techniques and philosophy of life. 1 would like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Teresita Amore for her kind assistance and suggestions, Ms. Nellie Sugii, and lab members for their friendship and encouragement. A special thanks to Ms. Susan Takahashi for special arrangements in ordering chemicals and supplies. I also extend sincere thanks to my expert panelists, Ms. Natalie Nagai, Mr. Dale Evans, Mr. Paul Murakami, Dr. Tang, Dr. Kuehnle and Dr. Amore for their assistance in developing Anthurium fragrance descriptors. None of this would have been possible without the support of many friends. I would like to thank Cindy and Manoj for accompanying me during conducting surveys at night, Wei-fan, Jocelyne and Karl for their help in GC and GC-MS analysis. IV Theeranuch for assisting in graphic technique, and Tracie Matsumoto and Manoj Potapohn for their continuous support through the good times and bad times. My deepest appreciation is extended to my parents and my brother who provided me with the moral support and encouragement to complete my dissertation. ABSTRACT The total of 147 Anthurium species and hybrids at the University of Hawaii and the Missouri Botanical Garden germplasm collections was evaluated for the presence or absence of scent, type of fragrance, time of emission, daily occurrence, developmental stage of scent emission, color of spathe and spadix. A majority of inflorescences (76%) emitted scent. Scent was categorized as citrus, fishy, floral, foul, fruity, menthol, minty, pine, spicy and sweet. There was no relationship between scent production or scent quality with flower color or botanical section. A plurality of inflorescences emitted scent during the morning (45%) and at the pistillate stage (77%). Fragrance life of unharvested inflorescences varied from 2 to 3 days up to 4 weeks, whereas that of harvested inflorescences was only 1 or 2 days. Fi progenies of crosses between fragrant x fragrant and non-fragrant x fragrant parents were studied to determine whether a single gene or more than one gene governed presence of scent. Progenies from 24 crosses were tested by Chi-square analysis for a single dominant or recessive trait. None produced expected segregation ratios for a single gene trait, indicating that multiple genes likely govern presence of fragrance in Anthurium. Progeny also segregated for fragrance quality and included non-parental scents. Fragrance of seven Anthurium species and ten hybrids was analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Nineteen monoterpenes (lipids) and some alcohols, aldehydes and esters were identified. Limonene and 1,8-cineole were common vi to most samples along with a-pinene, p-pinene, myrcene and linalool. Hybrid UH1299, emitting a sweet and floral scent all day, showed fluctuation in amounts and types of compound during the daily cycle. Tepals were associated with fragrance production in Anthurium. Histological comparison between tepals of fragrant and non-fragrant spadices showed lipids and starches present in both fragrant and non-fragrant samples. However, in fragrant samples, the amount of lipids was significantly greater than that of non-fragrant ones, whereas the amount of starch was significantly greater in non-fragrant samples compared with fragrant ones. These data support the hypothesis that high levels of lipids were associated with fragrance production. Vll TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... iv Abstract....................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables............................................................................................................ xiii List of Figures ...........................................................................................................xv Chapter 1 Literature Review ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 Sense of smell ............................................................................................1 1.1.1 How do human beings perceive odor?............................................. 1 1.1.2 Terminology........................................................................................2 1.1.3 Factors affecting sense of smell.......................................................2 1.1.4 Flower scent........................................................................................3 1.1.5 Importance of flower scent in plant biology ................................. 4 1.2 Fragrance classification ..............................................................................6 1.3 Fragrance analysis........................................................................................8 1.3.1 The chemistry of volatile compounds.............................................. 8 1.3.2 Extraction............................................................................................8 1.3.3 Distillation...........................................................................................9 1.3.4 Headspace.........................................................................................10 1.3.5 Chemical analysis............................................................................. 11 1.4 Scent production in flowering plants...................................................... 12 1.4.1 Apiaceae............................................................................................14 1.4.2 Araceae............................................................................................. 14 viii 1.4.3 Asteraceae........................................................................................15 1.4.4 Labiatae............................................................................................16 1.4.5 Orchidaceae.....................................................................................17 1.4.6 Rosaceae............................................................................................17 1.5 Inheritance of fragrance............................................................................17 1.5.1 Chamomilla recutita......................................................................... 18 1.5.2 Mentha spp........................................................................................ 19 1.5.3 Ocimum basilicum........................................................................... 22 1.5.4 Perilla frutescens.............................................................................23 1.5.5 Oryza sativa......................................................................................24 1.5.6 Thymus vulgaris................................................................................25 1.6 Anthurium genetics and breeding ............................................................26 1.6.1 Spathe color......................................................................................26 1.6.2 Flower fragrance.............................................................................. 27 1.6.3 Value of crop and breeding............................................................28 Chapter 2 Survey of fragrant Anthurium germplasm at the University of Hawaii and the Missouri Botanical Garden ..........36 2.1 Abstract ......................................................................................................36 2.2 Introduction .............................................................................................. 37 2.3 Material and methods................................................................................38 2.3.1 Species, cultivars and hybrids survey............................................ 38 2.3.2 Fragrance life ................................................................................. 39 IX 2.4 Results and discussion .............................................................................39 2.4.1 Species survey................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Scent As a Medium for Design: an Experimental Design Inquiry

    Scent As a Medium for Design: an Experimental Design Inquiry

    Scent as a Medium for Design: An Experimental Design Inquiry A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Master of Fine Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alessandra Cerqueira Mattos, MBA Graduate Program in Industrial, Interior and Visual Communication Design The Ohio State University 2011 Master’s Examination Committee Professors Peter Chan, Advisor, PhD Elizabeth B.-N. Sanders, PhD Carolina Gill Copyright by Alessandra Cerqueira Mattos © 2011 All rights reserved Abstract The roles of Designers and Researchers are blending together and each one is trying to work in and improve on the other’s domain. This represents an important shift for both fields, but it is fundamental that the next steps are taken by studying and acquiring more knowledge across both fields. Thus, this study aims to adapt Experimental Design as a method to be used by Designers. The use of experiments as a method for Design Research is a relatively unexplored domain within the field of Design that has implications for positive and useful applications. With the application of rigorous methods of experimental study, results can be generalized to broader situations. Scientific methods address concern of bias, replication, and disclosure of the problem and findings. Experimentally-based findings will be well respected not only by Designers, but also by the Scientific community. The experiment consisted of interviews with ninety people who were asked to associate the presented smells with words. Quantitative analysis was done using statistical tests to understand whether people’s responses did or did not occur by ii chance.
  • Approved Plant List 10/04/12

    Approved Plant List 10/04/12

    FLORIDA The best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago, the second best time to plant a tree is today. City of Sunrise Approved Plant List 10/04/12 Appendix A 10/4/12 APPROVED PLANT LIST FOR SINGLE FAMILY HOMES SG xx Slow Growing “xx” = minimum height in Small Mature tree height of less than 20 feet at time of planting feet OH Trees adjacent to overhead power lines Medium Mature tree height of between 21 – 40 feet U Trees within Utility Easements Large Mature tree height greater than 41 N Not acceptable for use as a replacement feet * Native Florida Species Varies Mature tree height depends on variety Mature size information based on Betrock’s Florida Landscape Plants Published 2001 GROUP “A” TREES Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Avocado Persea Americana L Bahama Strongbark Bourreria orata * U, SG 6 S Bald Cypress Taxodium distichum * L Black Olive Shady Bucida buceras ‘Shady Lady’ L Lady Black Olive Bucida buceras L Brazil Beautyleaf Calophyllum brasiliense L Blolly Guapira discolor* M Bridalveil Tree Caesalpinia granadillo M Bulnesia Bulnesia arboria M Cinnecord Acacia choriophylla * U, SG 6 S Group ‘A’ Plant List for Single Family Homes Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Citrus: Lemon, Citrus spp. OH S (except orange, Lime ect. Grapefruit) Citrus: Grapefruit Citrus paradisi M Trees Copperpod Peltophorum pterocarpum L Fiddlewood Citharexylum fruticosum * U, SG 8 S Floss Silk Tree Chorisia speciosa L Golden – Shower Cassia fistula L Green Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus * L Gumbo Limbo Bursera simaruba * L
  • Relatório Anual Bolsa CAPES

    Relatório Anual Bolsa CAPES

    0 NATALIE DO VALLE CAPELLI ULTRASTRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF OSMOPHORES IN APOCYNACEAE SÃO PAULO 2017 0 NATALIE DO VALLE CAPELLI ULTRASTRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF OSMOPHORES IN APOCYNACEAE ULTRAESTRUTURA E ANÁLISE QUÍMICA DE OSMÓFOROS EM APOCYNACEAE Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências, na área de Botânica. Orientação: Prof. Dr. Diego Demarco São Paulo 2017 1 Abstract Apocynaceae presents the flowers with the highest degree of synorganization among the eudicots and highly elaborated pollination mechanisms associated with the high diversity of glands. The osmophore stands out as responsible to produce a floral scent which attracts pollinators and, despite its fundamental relevance for pollination, its structure and mechanism of production and release of the perfume is essentially unknown in Apocynaceae. This present work aims to characterize morphologically and ultrastructurally the osmophores of Apocynaceae, besides chemically identifying the compounds that constitute the floral scent. Species from two subfamilies were selected to describe the diversity of osmophores and types of scent in the family. The osmophores were firstly located histochemically and, later, this region was processed for transmission electron microscopy. Micromorphological analysis was performed by scanning electron microscopy, and the identification of volatile oils made by GC-MS. Osmophores are located on the adaxial surface of the free portion of the petals. They varied in the shape of epidermal cells, striation of the cuticle and presence of trichomes. This gland is mostly formed by secretory epidermis and parenchyma, except in Plumeria, where the osmophores are exclusively epidermal. The secretory cells presented thick walls in the Asclepiadoideae and secretion produced by plastids and SER in all species.
  • ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS of the GUIANAS: an Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana

    ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS of the GUIANAS: an Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana

    f ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS: An Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana Vf•-L - - •• -> 3H. .. h’ - — - ' - - V ' " " - 1« 7-. .. -JZ = IS^ X : TST~ .isf *“**2-rt * * , ' . / * 1 f f r m f l r l. Robert A. DeFilipps D e p a r t m e n t o f B o t a n y Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. \ 1 9 9 2 ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS Table of Contents I. Map of the Guianas II. Introduction 1 III. Basic Bibliography 14 IV. Acknowledgements 17 V. Maps of Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana VI. Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas Gymnosperms 19 Dicotyledons 24 Monocotyledons 205 VII. Title Page, Maps and Plates Credits 319 VIII. Illustration Credits 321 IX. Common Names Index 345 X. Scientific Names Index 353 XI. Endpiece ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS Introduction I. Historical Setting of the Guianan Plant Heritage The Guianas are embedded high in the green shoulder of northern South America, an area once known as the "Wild Coast". They are the only non-Latin American countries in South America, and are situated just north of the Equator in a configuration with the Amazon River of Brazil to the south and the Orinoco River of Venezuela to the west. The three Guianas comprise, from west to east, the countries of Guyana (area: 83,000 square miles; capital: Georgetown), Surinam (area: 63, 037 square miles; capital: Paramaribo) and French Guiana (area: 34, 740 square miles; capital: Cayenne). Perhaps the earliest physical contact between Europeans and the present-day Guianas occurred in 1500 when the Spanish navigator Vincente Yanez Pinzon, after discovering the Amazon River, sailed northwest and entered the Oyapock River, which is now the eastern boundary of French Guiana.
  • Anthurium Andraeanum) As a Cut Flower in Bangladesh

    Anthurium Andraeanum) As a Cut Flower in Bangladesh

    Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 37, No. 1, 103-107, 2013 VARIETAL STUDY OF ANTHURIUM (ANTHURIUM ANDRAEANUM) AS A CUT FLOWER IN BANGLADESH M.S. ISLAM, H. MEHRAJ, M.Z.K. RONI, S. SHAHRIN AND A.F.M. JAMAL UDDIN* Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh ABSTRACT Five varieties viz., Caesar, Aymara, Ivory, Jewel, and Triticaca were in use for the study in Randomized Complete Block Design with five replications. Significant differences among cultivars were noted for all attributes evaluated. Variety ‘Triticaca’ had maximum stalk length and diameter, spathe length and breadth, spadix length, vase life and flowers per plant. Through present analysis it is noticed that, variety ‘Titicaca’ are exceedingly preferred because of its attractive flowers, excellent flower size, yield potentiality and long shelf life. Key words: Anthurium, Cut flower, Vase life INTRODUCTION Anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum) is a slow-growing perennial flowering plant that requires shady, humid conditions as found in tropical forests. The genus anthurium is evergreen and belongs to the family Araceae as the plant possesses an underground rhizome with adventitious roots, characteristic of the family. Anthurium characteristically produces numerous inflorescences subtended by brightly colored spathes, which are carried on long, slender peduncles. Spathes are characteristically heart-shaped, flat, puckered and shiny and flowers have a wide range of spathe colors viz., white, pink, salmon-pink, red, light-red, dark-red, brown, green, lavender, cream or multi-colored. The colorful spathe is long-lasting. However, the ‘true’ flowers are found on the spadix and have large numbers of pistils, each surrounded by four stamens.
  • Plant Life Magill’S Encyclopedia of Science

    Plant Life Magill’S Encyclopedia of Science

    MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE Volume 4 Sustainable Forestry–Zygomycetes Indexes Editor Bryan D. Ness, Ph.D. Pacific Union College, Department of Biology Project Editor Christina J. Moose Salem Press, Inc. Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey Editor in Chief: Dawn P. Dawson Managing Editor: Christina J. Moose Photograph Editor: Philip Bader Manuscript Editor: Elizabeth Ferry Slocum Production Editor: Joyce I. Buchea Assistant Editor: Andrea E. Miller Page Design and Graphics: James Hutson Research Supervisor: Jeffry Jensen Layout: William Zimmerman Acquisitions Editor: Mark Rehn Illustrator: Kimberly L. Dawson Kurnizki Copyright © 2003, by Salem Press, Inc. All rights in this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any manner what- soever or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy,recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address the publisher, Salem Press, Inc., P.O. Box 50062, Pasadena, California 91115. Some of the updated and revised essays in this work originally appeared in Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science (1991), Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science, Supplement (1998), Natural Resources (1998), Encyclopedia of Genetics (1999), Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues (2000), World Geography (2001), and Earth Science (2001). ∞ The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Magill’s encyclopedia of science : plant life / edited by Bryan D.
  • The Orchid Flora of the Colombian Department of Valle Del Cauca

    The Orchid Flora of the Colombian Department of Valle Del Cauca

    Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 85: 445-462, 2014 Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 85: 445-462, 2014 DOI: 10.7550/rmb.32511 DOI: 10.7550/rmb.32511445 The orchid flora of the Colombian Department of Valle del Cauca La orquideoflora del departamento colombiano de Valle del Cauca Marta Kolanowska Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland. [email protected] Abstract. The floristic, geographical and ecological analysis of the orchid flora of the department of Valle del Cauca are presented. The study area is located in the southwestern Colombia and it covers about 22 140 km2 of land across 4 physiographic units. All analysis are based on the fieldwork and on the revision of the herbarium material. A list of 572 orchid species occurring in the department of Valle del Cauca is presented. Two species, Arundina graminifolia and Vanilla planifolia, are non-native elements of the studied orchid flora. The greatest species diversity is observed in the montane regions of the study area, especially in wet montane forest. The department of Valle del Cauca is characterized by the high level of endemism and domination of the transitional elements within the studied flora. The main problems encountered during the research are discussed in the context of tropical floristic studies. Key words: biodiversity, ecology, distribution, Orchidaceae. Resumen. Se presentan los resultados de los estudios geográfico, ecológico y florístico de la orquideoflora del departamento colombiano del Valle del Cauca. El área de estudio está ubicada al suroccidente de Colombia y cubre aproximadamente 22 140 km2 de tierra a través de 4 unidades fisiográficas.
  • Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas, Part 3

    Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas, Part 3

    ; Fig. 170. Solandra longiflora (Solanaceae). 7. Solanum Linnaeus Annual or perennial, armed or unarmed herbs, shrubs, vines or trees. Leaves alternate, simple or compound, sessile or petiolate. Inflorescence an axillary, extra-axillary or terminal raceme, cyme, corymb or panicle. Flowers regular, or sometimes irregular; calyx (4-) 5 (-10)- toothed; corolla rotate, 5 (-6)-lobed. Stamens 5, exserted; anthers united over the style, dehiscing by 2 apical pores. Fruit a 2-celled berry; seeds numerous, reniform. Key to Species 1. Trees or shrubs; stems armed with spines; leaves simple or lobed, not pinnately compound; inflorescence a raceme 1. S. macranthum 1. Vines; stems unarmed; leaves pinnately compound; inflorescence a panicle 2. S. seaforthianum 1. Solanum macranthum Dunal, Solanorum Generumque Affinium Synopsis 43 (1816). AARDAPPELBOOM (Surinam); POTATO TREE. Shrub or tree to 9 m; stems and leaves spiny, pubescent. Leaves simple, toothed or up to 10-lobed, to 40 cm. Inflorescence a 7- to 12-flowered raceme. Corolla 5- or 6-lobed, bluish-purple, to 6.3 cm wide. Range: Brazil. Grown as an ornamental in Surinam (Ostendorf, 1962). 2. Solanum seaforthianum Andrews, Botanists Repository 8(104): t.504 (1808). POTATO CREEPER. Vine to 6 m, with petiole-tendrils; stems and leaves unarmed, glabrous. Leaves pinnately compound with 3-9 leaflets, to 20 cm. Inflorescence a many- flowered panicle. Corolla 5-lobed, blue, purple or pinkish, to 5 cm wide. Range:South America. Grown as an ornamental in Surinam (Ostendorf, 1962). Sterculiaceae Monoecious, dioecious or polygamous trees and shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple to palmately compound, petiolate. Inflorescence an axillary panicle, raceme, cyme or thyrse.
  • The Orchid Flora of the Colombian Department of Valle Del Cauca Revista Mexicana De Biodiversidad, Vol

    The Orchid Flora of the Colombian Department of Valle Del Cauca Revista Mexicana De Biodiversidad, Vol

    Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad ISSN: 1870-3453 [email protected] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México Kolanowska, Marta The orchid flora of the Colombian Department of Valle del Cauca Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, vol. 85, núm. 2, 2014, pp. 445-462 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Distrito Federal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=42531364003 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 85: 445-462, 2014 Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 85: 445-462, 2014 DOI: 10.7550/rmb.32511 DOI: 10.7550/rmb.32511445 The orchid flora of the Colombian Department of Valle del Cauca La orquideoflora del departamento colombiano de Valle del Cauca Marta Kolanowska Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland. [email protected] Abstract. The floristic, geographical and ecological analysis of the orchid flora of the department of Valle del Cauca are presented. The study area is located in the southwestern Colombia and it covers about 22 140 km2 of land across 4 physiographic units. All analysis are based on the fieldwork and on the revision of the herbarium material. A list of 572 orchid species occurring in the department of Valle del Cauca is presented. Two species, Arundina graminifolia and Vanilla planifolia, are non-native elements of the studied orchid flora. The greatest species diversity is observed in the montane regions of the study area, especially in wet montane forest.
  • Genome-Wide Survey of the Seagrass Zostera Muelleri Suggests Modification of the Ethylene Signalling Network

    Genome-Wide Survey of the Seagrass Zostera Muelleri Suggests Modification of the Ethylene Signalling Network

    Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 66, No. 5 pp. 1489–1498, 2015 doi:10.1093/jxb/eru510 Advance Access publication 6 January 2015 This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details) RESEArCH PApEr Genome-wide survey of the seagrass Zostera muelleri suggests modification of the ethylene signalling network Agnieszka A. Golicz1,2,*, Martin Schliep3,*, Huey Tyng Lee1,2, Anthony W.D. Larkum3, Rudy Dolferus4, Jacqueline Batley1,5, Chon-Kit Kenneth Chan1,5, Gaurav Sablok3, Peter J. Ralph3 and David Edwards1,2,5,† 1 School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia 2 Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia 3 Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia 4 CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia 5 School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia * These authors contributed equally to this work. † To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] Received 18 August 2014; Revised 28 November 2014; Accepted 2 December 2014 Abstract Seagrasses are flowering plants which grow fully submerged in the marine environment. They have evolved a range of adaptations to environmental challenges including light attenuation through water, the physical stress of wave action and tidal currents, high concentrations of salt, oxygen deficiency in marine sediment, and water-borne pollination. Although, seagrasses are a key stone species of the costal ecosystems, many questions regarding seagrass biology and evolution remain unanswered.
  • History and Current Status of Systematic Research with Araceae

    History and Current Status of Systematic Research with Araceae

    HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS OF SYSTEMATIC RESEARCH WITH ARACEAE Thomas B. Croat Missouri Botanical Garden P. O. Box 299 St. Louis, MO 63166 U.S.A. Note: This paper, originally published in Aroideana Vol. 21, pp. 26–145 in 1998, is periodically updated onto the IAS web page with current additions. Any mistakes, proposed changes, or new publications that deal with the systematics of Araceae should be brought to my attention. Mail to me at the address listed above, or e-mail me at [email protected]. Last revised November 2004 INTRODUCTION The history of systematic work with Araceae has been previously covered by Nicolson (1987b), and was the subject of a chapter in the Genera of Araceae by Mayo, Bogner & Boyce (1997) and in Curtis's Botanical Magazine new series (Mayo et al., 1995). In addition to covering many of the principal players in the field of aroid research, Nicolson's paper dealt with the evolution of family concepts and gave a comparison of the then current modern systems of classification. The papers by Mayo, Bogner and Boyce were more comprehensive in scope than that of Nicolson, but still did not cover in great detail many of the participants in Araceae research. In contrast, this paper will cover all systematic and floristic work that deals with Araceae, which is known to me. It will not, in general, deal with agronomic papers on Araceae such as the rich literature on taro and its cultivation, nor will it deal with smaller papers of a technical nature or those dealing with pollination biology.
  • Floral Scent and Nectar Sugar Composition of Temnadenia Odorifera (Apocynoideae, Apocynaceae)

    Floral Scent and Nectar Sugar Composition of Temnadenia Odorifera (Apocynoideae, Apocynaceae)

    http://dx.doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20180188 J. Braz. Chem. Soc., Vol. 30, No. 2, 388-397, 2019 Printed in Brazil - ©2019 Sociedade Brasileira de Química Article Floral Scent and Nectar Sugar Composition of Temnadenia odorifera (Apocynoideae, Apocynaceae) Rafael F. Silva, a,b Natália A. B. Tinoco,a Anna Tsukui,a Cristiana Koschnitzke,c Inara C. Silva-Batista,c Claudia M. Rezendea and Humberto R. Bizzo *,b,d aLaboratório de Análise de Aromas, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil bInstituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil cDepartamento de Botânica, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil dEmbrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, Av. das Américas, 29501, 23020-470 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil Temnadenia odorifera is an endemic species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. This study was developed in order to identify the volatile compounds emitted by the living flowers and nectar, to evaluate the temporal pattern of scent emission, and the sugars composition of its nectar. Analyses of the flower scent by dynamic headspace in vivo, of nectar sugar composition and studies on floral biology were performed. Twenty-three volatile compounds were identified in the flowers scent. The total amount of odor emitted by flowers varied significantly throughout anthesis, ranging from 10232.7 ng g-1 (9 to 12 h) to 620.2 ng g-1 (15 to 18 h). 2-Phenylethanol and (E)-cinnamyl alcohol were the major compounds.