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Neolithic and Later Prehistoric Structures, and Early Medieval

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Neolithic and Later Prehistoric Structures, and Early Medieval ProcSocAntiqScot, (1998)8 4 12 55-9 , Neolithic and later prehistoric structures, and early medieval metal-working at Blairhall Burn, Amisfield, Dumfriesshire Richard Strachan*, lan Ralston* & Bill Finlayson* with contributions by C M Clarke, T G Cowie, B A Crone, I Cullen, F Hunter, A Sheridan & C R Wickham-Jones ABSTRACT The Centre for Field Archaeology (CFA) was commissioned by Irish Gas to undertake archaeological excavations on a number of previously unknown features identified during topsail removal during the construction of the Southwest Scotland Gas Inter connector Pipeline, approximately 2 km north of were identified, were interest archaeological of areas separate Five Dumfries. near Amisfield, of village the consisting of two burnt mounds, two round-houses, part of a ring-groove structure — a possible platform house — and a metal-working area, which together represent a palimpsest of activity dating from the Neolithic to the early medieval period. INTRODUCTION In 1993 Bord Gas Eireann (Irish Gas) constructed the Southwest Scotland Gas Interconnector Pipeline between Moffat and Kirkcudbright (illus 1). Prior to its construction, several prehistoric and later sites within the pipeline corridor were identified as part of Stage 1 of the desk-based assessment for the project (Armit & Ralston 1991) and were avoided during the insertion of the pipeline. Initial fieldwalking after topsoil removal of Section 40 of the pipeline swathe, some 30 m wide, by the Irish Gas Board Project Archaeologist, David Maynard, revealed a cluster of areas of archaeological importance (illus 1). These lay approximately 2 km north of the village of Amisfield, near Dumfries, and west of the A701 (NGR: NX 999 846, centred). The Centre for Field Archaeology (CFA) was contracted to excavate those sites located. These sites lay in rolling agricultural land within a restricted area traversed by the Blairhall Burn approximately 2 km south-west of the Water of Ae and 5 km north-east of the River Nith, within the Dumfries Basin. D BACKGROUN L ARCHAEOLOGICA A number of prehistoric and later sites lie within a few kilometres of this area. These consist of two Roman camps, a Roman fortlet and Roman road, and a ring-groove house within a palisaded enclosure and settlement. * Centre for Field Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, 12 Infirmary Street, Edinburgh EH1 1LT 56 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1998 p ma d detaile f o a are KEY , pestholepits s etc. s burnt mound (excavated) ) (possible d moun t burn , neolithic pits i \ '/ r-stakeholes metalworking area V '" // ...f structure 2 1 - structure 3 f o s area d an s mound t burn f o n distributio , route e pipelin g showin , map n ILLULocatio S1 copyright) Crown © map Survey Ordnance the on Blairhalt a (Based n . Burn l excavatio 7 5 | D : BLAIRHALAMISFIEL , LBURN FINLAYSON & N RALSTO , STRACHAN Other prehistoric sites in the vicinity of Blairhall Burn include the nearby hillforts of Barrshill and Whitehall, two probable ring-ditch houses, settlements and enclosures. A number of cairns and possible cremation cemeteries have also been recorded on nearby Duncow Common and on the Watchman and Whitestanes Moors. Findspots of note include a flat bronze axehead, a bronze spearhead and possible bronze cauldron handle and a Group VI stone axehead. SUMMARY , 3) ; illu2 & s2 & 1 s Mound t (Burn s mound t burn o tw f o s remain e th d recorde s excavation e Th a — e structur e ring-groov e probabl a f o t par , 4-8) s illu , 2 & 1 s (Structure s round-house o tw r numbe a d 11s )an (illu a are g metal-workin a , 9-10) s illu ; 3 e (Structur e hous m platfor e possibl of isolated features (illus 1, 9 & 11). Three extant burnt mounds lay adjacent to Blairhall Burn, c 100 m north of the pipeline swathe (illus 1). Additional burnt mounds, surviving as both extant d detaile A . route e pipelin e th g alon d locate o als e ploughed-oud an wer s , remains t monument e th r fo 1 s illu o t e mad e b y ma e 1993)d Referenc . (Maynar d produce n bee s ha e thes f o t accoun location of the individual sites. Sections of all features excavated were recorded but are not f o y cop a , 1993) n Finlayso & n (Stracha t repor e archiv e th n i d include e ar y The . here d reproduce which has been deposited in the National Monuments Record of Scotland (NMRS). METHODS Approximately 1200 sqm were selected for excavation in agreement with the acting Regional Archaeologist for Dumfries & Galloway, Heather James, and with Project Archaeologist David e th g alon r othe h eac f o m 0 25 n withi y la w belo d discusse s area d excavate e th f o l Al . Maynard pipeline swathe. The whole 250 m of pipeline swathe was initially given a rapid clean. This s area e Th . cleaning e intensiv r fo d targete n the e wer h whic y activit d concentrate f o s area d reveale between these sites were also systematically examined for the presence of additional isolated features. The principal structures and a number of isolated features of archaeological interest were all situated at 110-120 m OD on the west-facing slope of a hillock. The variable depth of the topsoiling, compounding the impact of previous ploughing, meant that many features had been heavily truncated; this was most apparent at Burnt Mound 1. Structure 3 had also suffered f o e featur a s a n identificatio s it o t r prio , hardcore r fo g quarryin o t g owin e damag e considerabl archaeological interest. EXCAVATION RESULTS BURNT MOUNDS Burnt Mound 1 (illus 2) Burnt Mound 1 was situated on level, damp ground that would probably have been prone to flooding and/ . it t intersec o t n see e wer h whic s drain d fiel n moder e th f o g cuttin e th o t r prio h mars a d forme e hav y ma r o e trampl d an c traffi n constructio e post-topsoiline pipelin m fro e considerabl d gdamag suffere d ha a are e Th from livestock. Thus, when first identified, the feature consisted of a slight sub-oval mound of burnt material d moun e Th . relief l minima h wit n conditio d degrade a n i s wa d an m 5 4. y b m 5 5. y approximatel g measurin e sandston d fire-cracke d an t burn % 60 y approximatel d an s piece l charcoa f o e abundanc n a f o d forme s wa (102) with a maximum depth of 0.13 m. The original extent of the mound was indicated by a large patch of burnt/heated clay subsoil (103), irregular in shape, and measuring approximately 8.5 m by 7.5 m. It lay l structura o N . 2) s illu e (se t i d beyon d extende t bu , material d moun t burn g survivin e th w belo y partl 58 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1998 1 d Moun t Burn burnt/heated clay ——————s- 10m l materia t burn r [MnnnniiiiEuiw^i103 i burnt/heatey dcla s drain d fiel — 2m ILLUS 2 Burnt Mound 1, plan and section s drain d fiel n moder o tw y b d bisecte n bee o als d ha h whic , material d moun e th n withi d detecte e wer s element - crescent l smal a d an e flak t cher a — e sit s thi m fro s artefact e Th . SW/NE d an h (105,107north/sout d )aligne shaped piece of iron — were both surface finds and are, most likely, unassociated with the structural evidence. A sample consisting of hazel, birch and oak taken from the main burnt mound material produced a . 74586) a Bet 1700-143f , o e dat sigma n 2 0( caC lB radiocarbo Mound2Burnt (illus3) Burnt Mound 2 was situated on the eastern bank of Blairhall Burn, approximately 250 m south-west of Burnt Mound 1. It is one of at least three probable burnt mounds along a 200 m stretch of the burn here l materia t burn Burnt Mound 2 ILLUS 3 Schematic plan and sections of Burnt Mound 2 60 SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1998 (Maynard 1993, 42; nos 40.1, 40.2, 43). The others survive as field monuments with low relief outwith the illue (se s e 1). swath e pipelin Its overall length is not precisely known due to the cutting of a machine trench, which had removed its d orientate d an g lon m 8 6- , m6 wide c s wa d moun d excavate e Th . identification s it o t r prio , end n souther approximately north/south. Excavation revealed a deposit, 0.15-0.35m thick, of burnt material (502) d burie a y la d moun t burn e th w belo y directl d Seale . sandstone d fire-cracke d an s piece l charcoa f o d compose , eroded n bee e hav o t d appeare d moun e th f o e edg n wester e Th . deep s centimetre w fe a ) (503 n horizo l soi t buil h whic t pea f o n formatio l loca e th o t r Blairhalg prio , alon r Burn l wate f o t movemen e th y b y likel t mos up over its western edge.
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