Datazone level Namibian Index of MulƟ ple DeprivaƟ on 2001 Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Erongo Region Disclaimer This Report is an independent publication commissioned by the United Nations Development Programme at the request of the Government of Republic of Namibia. The analysis and policy recommendations contained in this report however, do not necessarily re�lect the views of the Government of the Republic of Namibia or the United Nations Development Programme or its Executive Board. ISBN: 978-99916-887-3-2 Copyright UNDP, Namibia 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission For electronic copy and a list of any errors or omissions found as well as any updates subsequent to printing, please visit our website: http://www.undp.org.na/publications.aspx PREFACE This report is the result of collaborative work between the Government of the Republic of Namibia (GRN), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy at the Oxford Institute of Social Policy at the University of Oxford. In November 2009, the Khomas Regional Council over the last decade could be measured when the requested UNDP to assist in designing an objective 2011 Census becomes available and is subsequently criterion or set of criteria, devoid of political used for carrying out a similar analysis. and other considerations, which the Council could use in allocating development resources. This report presents, using tables, charts and digital Subsequent discussions led to an agreement that maps, a pro�ile of multiple deprivation in Caprivi other stakeholders, especially the Central Bureau region at data zone level, which is a relatively new of Statistics needed to be involved and that the statistical geography developed for purposes of criterion or set of criteria needed to go beyond measuring deprivation at a small area level. This income poverty considerations. It was also agreed technique of pro�iling deprivation at datazone level, that rather than focus on Khomas region alone, the each with approximately 1000 people only, enables criterion or set of criteria needed to be applicable the identi�ication and targeting of pockets of to, or cover the entire country. Speci�ically, it deprivation within Caprivi region for possible use was agreed that a composite index of multiple in panning for and implementation of development deprivation, the Namibia Index of Multiple interventions. The aim of the exercise was to Deprivation (NIMD), be constructed at both produce a pro�ile of relative deprivation across national and regional levels. Since the scope and Caprivi region in order for the most deprived areas depth of analysis needed for the development of to be identi�ied and clearly delineated. In this way, the NIMD required very detailed and reliable data it would be possible for regional and constituency and information, it was agreed that the 2001 census level policy and decision makers, as well data, though ‘outdated’, be used as the source of development practitioners, to consider a particular information for preparing the NIMD. Accordingly, domain of deprivation, or to refer to the overarching the NIMD being presented in this report re�lects the NIMD for each constituency or datazone, in situation in Caprivi region at the 2001 time-point inter alia, allocating and applying development only. UNDP and the GRN recognize that the report resources and interventions. The NIMD can also does not speak to possible changes in relative be used as a platform for effecting a paradigm shift deprivation that may have occurred in the Caprivi in development planning towards increased focus region since 2001. Nevertheless the 2001 NIMD on and targeting of deprived areas and sectors; could serve as a benchmark against which change as well as interrogating the causes of inequality Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Erongo Region 1 in access to basic services within the region. The Policy at the Oxford Institute of Social Policy at NIMD at datazone level should be viewed as adding the University of Oxford, under the leadership and to the existing body of information and knowledge, guidance a national steering committee chaired including local knowledge systems, about poverty by Mr Sylvester Mbangu, Director of the Central and deprivation in Caprivi region and the large Bureau of Statistics, with the participation of family of existing planning and resource allocation representatives of the thirteen Regional Councils. tools and methodologies already in use at the In addition to providing the funds for carrying regional and constituency levels. out the project, UNDP provided overall oversight and technical backstopping to the project through This project was undertaken by Professor Michael Ojijo Odhiambo, Senior Economist and Johannes Noble, Dr Gemma Wright, Ms Joanna Davies, Dr Ashipala, National Economist. David Avenell is Helen Barnes and Dr Phakama Ntshongwana of thanked for his assistance with producing the the Centre for the Analysis of South African Social datazones. 2 Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Erongo Region TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1: Introduction 5 1.1 Background 5 1.2 De�ining poverty and deprivation 6 1.3 The concept of multiple deprivation 6 Section 2: Datazones 7 Section 3: Methodology 8 3.1 An introduction to the domains and indicators 8 Domains 8 Indicators 8 3.2 Material Deprivation Domain 9 Purpose of the domain 9 Background 9 Indicators 10 Combining the indicators 10 3.3 Employment Deprivation Domain 10 Purpose of the domain 10 Background 10 Indicator 11 Combining the indicators 11 3.4 Health Deprivation Domain 11 Purpose of the domain 11 Background 11 Indicator 11 3.5 Education Deprivation Domain 12 Purpose of the domain 12 Background 12 Indicators 12 Combining the indicators 12 3.6 Living Environment Deprivation Domain 12 Purpose of the domain 12 Background 12 Indicators 13 Combining the indicators 14 3.7 Constructing the domain indices 14 Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Erongo Region 3 3.8 Standardising and transforming the domain indices 14 3.9 Weights for the domain indices when combining into an overall Index of Multiple Deprivation 14 Section 4: Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001: Erongo Region 15 4.1 Multiple Deprivation 15 4.2 Domains of deprivation 20 Section 5: Conclusion and Some Policy Recommendations 35 Annex 1 37 Material Deprivation Domain 37 Employment Deprivation Domain 37 Health Deprivation Domain 37 Education Deprivation Domain 37 Living Environment Deprivation Domain 37 Annex 2 38 Domain and overall NIMD scores and ranks 39 4 Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Erongo Region SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION This report presents the datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 (NIMD 2001) for Erongo region. 1.1 Background The NIMD is a composite index re�lecting �ive dimensions of deprivation: income and material deprivation; employment deprivation; Initially a NIMD was created at constituency level education deprivation; health deprivation; and for the Khomas Regional, but applicable to other living environment deprivation. The NIMD and regions of the country as well, using data from the the component domains of deprivation were 2001 Population Census at constituency level after produced at datazone level using data from the a two-day consultative process on the domains and 2001 Population Census. Datazones are small indicators with members of the Central Bureau of areas containing approximately the same number Statistics, civil servants from the Council and staff of people (average 1,000). The datazone level members of UNDP. The objective of this phase of NIMD therefore provides a �ine-grained picture of the project was to construct measures of multiple deprivation and enables pockets of deprivation to deprivation at constituency level in order to provide be identi�ied in Caprivi region. a more detailed analysis of deprivation which would enable Khomas Regional Council, and other The report is structured as follows: The background regional councils across Namibia, to rank their areas information and the conceptual framework which in order of deprivation, and also to set them in the underpins the model of multiple deprivation is context of all other areas in Namibia. The datazone described in this introductory section. In Section level index presented in this report draws from the 2 the rationale for and process of constructing previous constituency index, and covers, in detail, datazones are described. Section 3 introduces the entire country including Caprivi region. In the domains and indicators that were included constructing the NIMD at datazone level however, in the NIMD and summarises the methodological it became necessary to make some small changes approach that was used in constructing the NIMD. to some of the domains and indicators initially In Section 4 datazone level results for Caprivi used in the constituency level study. These changes region are presented, while conclusions and some are explained in detail in Section 3 of this report. general policy recommendations are presented in As such, the constituency level index has also been Section 5. revised to give a comparable measure. The initial Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Erongo Region 5 results of the work at the datazone level were which can be recognised and measured, and presented to, and validated by, representatives of are experienced by individuals living in an area. all the 13 Regional Councils at a workshop held in Multiple deprivation is therefore conceptualised Ondangwa in November 2011. as a weighted combination of distinct dimensions 1.2 Deϐining poverty and deprivation or domains of deprivation. An area level score for each domain is produced and these are then combined to form an overall Index of Multiple Townsend (1979) sets out the case for de�ining Deprivation.