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Threatened Amphibians of Madagascar ENGLISH.Pdf THREATENED FROGS OF Madagascar Franco Andreone, Mike Bungard & Karen Freeman Franco Andreone, Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Via G. Giolitti, 36, I-10123 Torino, Italy; email [email protected] Foreword Mike Bungard, The Living Rainforest, Hampstead Norreys, Newbury, Berkshire, RG18 0TN, UK; email [email protected] Our intention is to provide of Malagasy frogs. Among Karen Freeman, Madagascar Fauna Group, BP 442, Toamasina 501, Madagascar; email some basic information on these, education and public [email protected] the conservation of the awareness play an important highly diverse and threat- role. Design ened amphibians of Mada- Toby Marsden, www.toby.org.uk gascar. With more than 235 This booklet, aimed at a species of frogs found only wide audience and written Thanks to in Madagascar, the island is in different languages, is Gonçalo de Sousa Miranda Rosa, Paolo Eusebio Bergò, Cristina Girard, Jean Noël, one of the richest “froggy” intended to show the beauty Ingrid Porton & Guillaume Zitoun places in the world. The and importance of these frogs of Madagascar, how- animals, the amphibians, that Photographs ever, suffer from a series are disappearing all around All photographs by Franco Andreone, except for: Mike Bungard (pp. 6, 7) Karen Free- of threats, including habitat the world and are one of man (pp.11 bottom, 26, 27, 28), Gonçalo de Sousa Miranda Rosa (p. 29), Ché Weldon alteration, deforestation, the most endangered ver- (p. 22) pollution and collection for tebrates. It is not intended the pet-trade. Therefore, in to be an identification Printed on 30 September 2007 by Tipolito Subalpina, 10090 Cascine Vica - Rivoli (Torino) September 2006 a sympo- manual or a scientific book, sium specifically dedicated although it has been written © REGIONE PIEMONTE – MUSEO REGIONALE DI SCIENZE NATURALI – TORINO to the conservation of the in a scientific way. We hope (ITALY) in collaboration with the Madagascar Fauna Group, The Living Rainforest and St. Malagasy amphibians was that looking at its beautiful Louis Zoo held in Antananarivo, Mada- photographs the reader will gascar. The ACSAM (A Con- fall in love with the Malagasy Realised within the framework of A Conservation Strategy for the Amphibians of servation Strategy for the frogs, and will help us in 5 Madagascar and Amphibian Specialist Group / IUCN Amphibians of Madagascar) their protection. identified several essential Front cover: Mantella expectata from the Isalo Massif measures necessary for Back cover: Spinomantis phantasticus from the Anjanaharibe-Sud Massif promoting the conservation Madagascar he island of Madagascar about 10% of the original Tlies 400km off the east forest remains. Almost coast of Africa and has been half of this is dense humid separated from the main- rainforest found along the land for at least 165 million east coast. The south of the years. Because Madagascar island is much drier; here has been isolated for so long spiny desert dominates the many of the island’s plants landscape, while the west and animals are unique and is home to fragmented dry are found nowhere else on evergreen forests and vast Earth. Madagascar was once savannah plains. cloaked in forest. Now only 6 7 The most famous animals Sadly most Malagasy people contributing to the loss of found only in Madagascar live in poverty, especially in Madagascar’s special wildlife. are the lemurs. At present rural areas. Education is Much of the wood from more than 90 species of expensive and, though rainforest trees is used as lemur live in Madagascar, a third of children are building material or as fire but in the past there were privately schooled, wood by people too poor many more different kinds, one third receive no to buy less environmen- including a giant ground liv- education at all and tally damaging alternatives. ing lemur which is thought only 45% of adults can Poverty is one of the driving to have been the same size read and write. forces behind destructive as a gorilla. Other extinct Increasingly large areas of deforestation. species include the elephant rainforest are being con- bird, which laid the largest verted into agricultural If the issue of poverty can egg of any bird, living or or grazing land to provide be solved we have a much extinct. food for a growing human better chance of preserving, population and to grow and conserving, ecologically Today the island is also fa- crops like vanilla and coffee important areas like the mous for its endemic frogs, for export. Such conversion rainforests of Madagascar. chameleons, geckos and leads to loss of rainfor- tortoises. The biggest cha- est habitat and is already meleon in the world lives on Madagascar, alongside the smallest species. 99% of Malagasy frogs are endemic and 95% of the island’s plants are found nowhere else. The famous “baobab road” An arboreal treefrog, Boophis next to Morondava, W-Mada- luteus, mating. The first people to ar- gascar. Baobab represent one rive on Madagascar came among the peculiar biodiversity offshoots of Madagascar, with from Indonesia and Ma- seven endemic species. laysia about 2000 years Black and white ruffed lemur, In Madagascar there are ago followed by Arabs and Varecia variegata. Lemurs are 18 ethnies or “karazana”, Polynesians. Europeans first undoubtedly the most known originating from several im- landed there in the 1500s. animals of Madagascar and main migration events from Africa touristic attraction. and Indonesia started around Now there are estimated to 2000 years ago. be 18.4 million people living on the island. Amazing diversity adagascar has in Madagascar (more than always been an im- 235 described species). Sci- Mportant place for entists expect this number frogs. The earliest known to rise as more species are ancestor of frogs and toads found. The diversity of Mala- appeared around 230 million gasy frogs is truly incredible years ago in what now is with combinations of bright Madagascar. There are more warning colours, camou- than 6,190 species of frogs flage, skin texture, shapes worldwide, 4% of which live and sizes. Frogs are found all over surrounded by farm land Madagascar in various habi- that is unsuitable habitat for tats, but the vast majority of frogs to either cross or live species can be found in the in. It is these isolated popu- east of the country. Origi- lations that face the greatest nally the eastern coast of threat of extinction. Madagascar was dominated by different types of rainfor- est. Much of this has now disappeared, having been converted into agricultural land or being used for its valuable wood. There are still some large tracts of rainforest left in Madagascar, some of which is protected, such as the Parc National de Masoala (230,000ha). How- ever some of the smaller Boophis ankaratra. Dyscophus antongilii. The tomato frog Spinomantis aglavei areas of rainforest are home This is a frog species is one of the most known frogs of from Ranomafana to several species of frog described from the Madagascar, and object of special National Park. Ankaratra Massif, conservation interests, being the only that are found nowhere else and inhabiting high frog species listed in CITES I. This on the island. These small altitude rainforests. means its trade is totally forbidden. pockets of rainforest are While the adult Boophis out, so many species vary in lichenoides is well camou- parts of their lifecycle. Typi- flaged, the tadpole has black cally species of terrestrial The widely dis- and yellow bands. The black frogs living next to streams tributed and still and yellow bands sug- lay their eggs close to the abundant Heterixalus madagascariensis gest that the tadpole may water on the ground, while is a frog preferring secrete toxins in some way, arboreal frogs tend to de- open and savannah habitats, and does not but as the species has only posit their eggs on the tips penetrate the close The golden frog, recently been discovered or edges of leaves above rainforests. Mantella aurantiaca, is likely the species scientists are unsure of the most requested by true use of such aposematic the international pet-trade. colours. There are many different One of the most distinctive ours for protection but use ways of responding to the features of several species camouflage instead. Some same habitat. Many of the of Malagasy frogs is their Malagasy species take their mantellas are terrestrial bright colours. Many animals camouflage to an extreme, (land dwelling) and spend throughout the world use not just having colour that Scaphiophryne most of their lives on the colour to advertise their dis- matches their environment gottlebei. This species, banks of streams. Some tastefulness to predators, for but skin that mimics lichen named “rainbow frogs spend much of their frog” for its wonder- example poison dart frogs and plants (such as Boophis ful colouration, is one lives climbing and living from South America. These lichenoides and arboreal spe- of the endemic frogs in trees (arboreal). But of the Isalo, an arid warning colours are referred cies of the genus Spinoman- sandstone massif in for each different lifestyle to as aposematic. The col- tis). southern Madagascar. there are a different set of ourful members of the fam- challenges – particularly ily Mantellidae in Madagascar for reproduction. A ‘typi- such as Mantella aurantiaca cal’ frog lays eggs in water. and Mantella baroni produce The tadpoles emerge and alkaloids in their skin; toxins develop (metamorphose) which are distasteful to into froglets, which in turn predators. Many scientists become adult frogs. For have suggested that the frogs from tropical rainfor- 14 frogs gain the poison from a ests and from arid areas, water. When developed, the 15 diet of insects such as ants, laying eggs directly into young tadpoles wriggle free which contain alkaloids. water may not be an option.
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