Journal of Critical Reviews

ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 13, 2020 THE BENEFITS OF CATTLE BUSINESS AND THE POTENTIAL OF RICE AND CORN STRAWS AS CATTLE FEED IN KOTAMOBAGU, NORTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA

Artise Salendu

Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Indonesia [email protected]

Received: 17.04.2020 Revised: 19.05.2020 Accepted: 14.06.2020

Abstract The purpose is to Investigate the benefits of cattle business and the potential of rice and corn straws as cattle feed in kotamobagu, north sulawesi, indonesia. The research material is food crops, rice straws, and corn straws in the Kotamobagu. The land here is the area of land planted with rice and corn crops. Rice straws are a pile result of paddy rice from farmers in Kotamobagu. Corn straws are a pile result of the corn crops from farmers in Kotamobagu. The research method is survey method with the data source as the primary data. Primary data are the data of snippets of paddy straws and corn straws. The samples for this research were group members of Harapan Baru (10 farmer members). Cattle business is feasible to run, judging from the value of R C ratio which is larger by one; however, it is not feasible to run as well, judging from the value of πC ratio which is smaller by one. Based on the research results, it is suggested to introduce the technology related to the preservation of food crops waste in Kotamobagu. The originality for this paper shows: (1) the analysis of livestock business’ profit with business scale of 2-5 cattle; (2) the data analysis is the proximate analyisis (in the research and standardizational industry of Manado), and the research material is food crops, rice straw and corn straw; (3) the location of study (no previous research for this relationship) is Kotamobagu, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Keywords: Cattle Business, Potential of Rice, Corn Straws, Cattle Feed

INTRODUCTION provide livestock products to meet the community's nutritional The agricultural sector in Kotamobagu is still important. Besides needs for animal protein. Livestock is one of the reliable sub- being a large source of major income, it also becomes a source of sectors to increase the income of the community, so it is necessary life for the majority of the population. Looking at the number of to get serious attention from the government. people working in the industry, the agricultural sector takes the highest number of laborers; they are generally uneducated and do Cattle are livestock being developed by the society of farmers in not have the skills and steady income. Based on this condition, the Kotamobagu. Cattle, in this case, are a livestock commodity that bargaining power of the farmers is very weak and very influential produces the largest meat of ruminant livestock groups that affect to the selling value of the product. The government, in this case, the increase in national meat production. This is as stated by continues to provide support to agricultural development with the Martan (2012), cattle are one of the renewable natural resources policy direction of 2015-2019 (Ministry of Agriculture, 2016). It and have the potential to be developed to produce economic includes: (i) increasing the availability of food through the dynamics. Cattle business as a source of income of farmers is strengthening of domestic production capacity; (ii) improving developed using agricultural waste. Agricultural waste here people's accessibility to food; (iii) improving the quality of food includes paddy rice straws and corn straws. The utilization of consumption and community nutrition; and (iv) mitigating the waste is due to insufficient forage in terms of both quantity and disruption to food sovereignty. The government policy on the quality. The adequacy of forage in terms of quantity and quality, agricultural sector is a priority given the agricultural sector as a according to some researchers, is an essential requirement in machine for economic development. breeding while increasing the cattle’s population (Yamin et al., 2010, Rusdiana and Adawiyah, 2013, Gunawan et al. 2013). Saragi Livestock is one important part of the community’s life in (2014) states that the acceleration of the development of cattle, in Kotamobagu, in addition to agriculture. Livestock has a strategic this case, need the information related to the availability and role in economic life and human resource development. Livestock quality of feed ingredients. is a place where cattle can grow and develop from the nursery, maintenance to fattening (Mulyo et al., 2012). The development of Some researchers suggest that to overcome the shortage of forage animal husbandry and animal health, in this case, is a development for cattle, it is necessary to find alternative feed as a substitute for that emphasizes the relationship between the object (livestock) forage (Martawidjaya, 2003; Samadi et al., 2010; Gunawan et al, and the subject (breeders). Livestock development has a new 2013; and Sari, 2015). Alternative feed that can be used by farmers paradigm (Ikbal, 2015), which is included as a macro on the side includes paddy rice and corn straws. The problem here is: to what of the people, the delegation of responsibilities, and changes in extent the potential of both straws as feed is good for farmers and structure and community empowerment. According to Santosa et government farmers. The analysis of dry matter in this research al (2013), the manifestation of the livestock development needs to be done to determine the ability of food crop waste in program operationally begins with the establishment or providing feed source for cattle in the research area. The potential arrangement of the region, through the approach system and of crop waste is different, depending on the condition of the land agribusiness. Livestock development has a very good and in the area, so it needs information about the ability of food crop promising role in the future. This phenomenon is because the waste in the research area. Also, this study is important because demand for materials coming from livestock tends to increase. cattle are a source of public income, so the information on the The increase is in line with the increasing population, income, and potential is needed to increase the population of cattle that will public awareness in consuming highly nutritious food. The affect their income. The small population of cattle and low income current livestock sector problem is the inability to optimally of farmer farmers has not been able to strengthen the rural

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economy. The results of Lambertz et al (2012) showed that the (2012), is a strategic step in embodying the improvement of increasing number of cattle affected the improvement of farmers’ quality and quantity of cattle farming’s products. social status. However, the management of cattle which is still traditional and has not paid attention to the environment results The profit of cattle business is the difference between the total in many unsuccessful livestock businesses. This lack of success is revenue and total cost. The total revenue is based on the economic due to the unoptimal incomes, in addition to livestock waste that theory’s production that is obtained from the selling price and has not been managed to increase revenue. Sustainable cattle then multiplied by the number of cattle sold. In theory, the breeding is one of the optimal solutions that can be done to Production Cost (TC) consists of Total Fixed Costs (TFC) and Total maximize revenue. Based on the results of research in some areas, Variable Costs (TVC) (Doll and Orazem (1984), Debertin (1986), it shows that the main obstacles faced by farmers in the Beattie and Taylor, 1994). Theoretically, the profit gained is yet to development of cattle are the unavailability of adequate and reflect whether or not the cattle business is feasible. The feasibility continuous feed, especially in the dry season. This constraint of cattle business can be seen from the value of RC Ratio. The forced some farmers to sell cattle at a relatively cheap price. A feed assessment criteria, in the view of Rohaeni (2015) and Tohir is one of the factors that determine the success of livestock (2017), is that if the value of RC ratio is greater by one than the business because the feed is related to the development of cattle business, then it will be feasible to run. If the value of RC population and production of cattle. Lamid et al (2014) suggest ratio is smaller by one, then the cattle business is unfeasible to run. that the constraint frequently encountered in cattle farming is low Furthermore, the value of RC ratio is equal to one then the cattle productivity of cattle due to the quality of feeds that does not meet business being managed has achieved the break event point. the nutritional needs of livestock. The biggest challenge in all The low profit of cattle business is caused by low cattle livestock production systems in developing countries is feed, productivity. The cattle productivity is largely determined by the including forages. This causes the authors to conduct research to quantity and quality of the feed consumed (de Lima, 2012, Drajat be published; therefore, the constraints of feed faced by farmers et al., 2013, Dianita et al, 2014). In general, cattle business still can be minimized, by utilizing food crop waste in every region in relies on the natural grass growing freely in the open fields, Indonesia. This research has been conducted to analyze the leaving the need for cattle feed commonly unmet. This matter, as production of paddy straw and corn straw in Kotamobagu so that stated by several researchers, show that forage usually used as the gap can be minimized by estimating the potential of food crop cattle feed is field grass and agricultural byproducts, and some waste as cattle feed. The originality for this paper shows: (1) the introduced grasses (Sitindaon, 2013). Cattle can use food crops analysis of livestock business’ profit with the business scale of 2-5 (corn and rice) as feed. The potential for agricultural crop waste is cattle; (2) the data analysis is the proximate analysis (in the extremely large, and most of them have not been utilized as animal research and standardization industry of Manado), and the feed. An integrated farming system based on corn-beef cattle can research material is food crops, rice straw, and corn straw; (3) the be developed as stated by Munandar et al (2015). Their corn straw location of study (no previous research for this relationship): The productivity is about twice the amount of the corn productivity. If samples for this research were group members of Harapan Baru, the dry cornstarch is obtained at 3.5 tons/ ha, then dry straw Kotamobagu. produced is 7 tons/ ha (Wulandari, 2014). The originality for this paper shows: (1) the analysis of livestock The breakthrough that can be implemented is through integrated business’ profit with the business scale of 2-5 cattle; (2) the data farming, between the cattle and food crops. Integrated cattle analysis is the proximate analysis (in the research and farming can be synergized, according to Yunizar (2012), in order standardization industry of Manado), and the research material is to improve the welfare of the farmers’ lives. Ezeaku et al (2015) food crops, rice straw, and corn straw; (3) the location of study (no suggests that the integration of cattle and crops is frequently previous research for this relationship) is Kotamobagu, North recommended as one of the most promoted solutions. The Sulawesi, Indonesia. promotion is related to decreased soil fertility and losses in Several previous studies were used as references in this research intensification system productivity. Integration system of cattle separately, such as The Cattle Business by Caldwell, N., et al. and corn can be reliable in the effort of increasing livestock (2013), Charlebois, S., and D. Camp II, R. (2007), Dealler, S. (2001), productivity and food crops. In addition, cattle waste can be relied José de Oliveira Neto, O. and Garcia, F.G. (2013); Potential of Rice upon to enhance soil fertility because it is rich in organic contents. by Bongoni, R. and Basu, S. (2016), Linh, V.H. (2012), Ritthaisong, Y., et al. (2014), Singh, A.K. and L. Shrivastava, R. (2013); Corn RESEARCH METHOD Straws by H. Basta, A., et al. (2013), Singh, A.K. and L. Shrivastava, The research material is food crops, rice straws, and corn straws R. (2013), W. Wang, X. and Zhang, F. Li, C. Qi, (2010), Xu, R. Wu, Y. in the Kotamobagu. The land here is the area of land planted with and Luan, J. (2016); Cattle Feed by Bunei, E.K., et al. (2016), rice and corn crops. Rice straws are a pile result of paddy rice from Gallardo, R.K., et al. (2010), Goddard, E. Boaitey, et al. (2016), farmers in Kotamobagu. Corn straws are a pile result of the corn Tejeda, H. and Feuz, D. (2014). The originality for this paper shows crops from farmers in Kotamobagu. The research method is the comprehensively Cattle business, Potential of Rice, Corn survey method with the data source as the primary data. Primary Straws, and Cattle Feed. data are the data of snippets of paddy straws and corn straws. The samples for this research were group members of Harapan Baru LITERATURE REVIEW (10 farmer members), determined by purposive sampling data. The livestock sector in Indonesia, according to Kasworo et al They were group members who had used food crop waste as feed (2013), is largely a small-scale community farm, is located in rural for cattle. The data analysis used was profit analysis, RC ratio, πC areas and technologically simple (traditional). Meanwhile, ratio, and proximate analysis (in the Research and community farming is the main support of beef suppliers (Santosa Standardization Industry of Manado). Rohaeni (2015) and Tohir et al., 2013), thus it take particular efforts to increase the (2017) used RC ratio analysis method to view the feasibility of population and productivity of cattle’s farming. Cattle’s farming is cattle business. The profit analysis using equations, according to still being developed traditionally, thus affecting the farmers’ Doll and Orazem (1984), Debertin (1986), Beattie and Taylor income. Inadequate income from cattle business leads to low (1994), is:  =TR −TC . benefits. The government needs to encourage farmers develop a sustainable cattle business. The development of environmentally- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION friendly and locally-based cattle farming, in the opinion of Kusuma Cattle in the study area are locally grown cattle suitable for breeding, while becoming a source of income for farmers. Cattle in

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the study area become the attention of the government because of household scale with community-oriented farming. Small farming their role as a source of animal protein and the booster of businesses are characterized by locally-based business (Besser et increasing local revenue. Cattle, according to Suwignyo et al al, 2017). Such condition shows that the productivity of cattle in (2016), is one commodity that becomes the main concentration of this area is lower than other areas for the same cattle species and agricultural development, in addition to rice, corn, soybeans, and age. It leads to lower price of the cattle. The selling price of cattle sugar canes. ranges from Rp 7,000,000 to Rp 10,000,000 for adult cattle. This selling price is lower than that in other regions. The income, The research results indicate that there are 21 cattle beefs under production costs and cattle business profit in the study area can ownership, with cattle’s live weight ranging 250 kg-300 kg in Kota be seen in Table 1. Kotamobagu. Small-scale cattle business scale is categorized

Table 1. Income, Production Costs and Profits Total In average In average No. Description (Rp/Year) (Rp/cattle) (Rp/cattle/breeder) 1. Income 173.050.000,00 82.566.666,67 8.256.666,67 2. Variable costs : a. Feeder cattle 91.750.000,00 43.708.333,33 4.370.833,33 b. Feed 53.600.250,00 25.604.750,00 2.560.475,00 c. TK costs 9.125.000,00 4.324.869,79 432.486,98 Total 154.475.250,00 73.637.953.13 7.363.795,31 3. Profit 18.574.750,00 8.928.713,54 892.871,35 4. RC Ratio 1.12 5. π/C Ratio 0.12

The data in Table 1 shows that the income from the cattle sale is for cattle with about 250 kg bodyweight, the consumption of grass Rp 173,050,000 per year. The research cost in this study is should be as much as 25 kg/ cattle/ day. calculated based on Total Cost Variable (TVC). It is because the cattle owned by farmers in the research area are shepherded on The productivity of cattle depends on the availability of the feed. the farms, thus the fixed costs are considered not to affect the According to Rusdy (2012), farmers who rely on natural grass/ profitability of the cattle business. The cost variables analyzed forage as feed for low productivity, are indicated to earn lower include cost of feeder cattle, feed costs, and labor costs. Labor income. The important thing to consider in increasing the costs are calculated based on the allocation of farmers to move the productivity of cattle is the provision of food throughout the year, cattle from one farm to another. The allocation of farmers, both in sufficient quality and quantity. according to the research, is amounted to 973,33 hour per year, Farmers can increase the cattle productivity if the production and the wage is calculated based on the applicable wage in process is done using the approach of food crops-cattle farming research location, Rp 9,375 per hour. The results demonstrate the integration. The integration of food crops-cattle farms has a high total variable cost of Rp 154.475.250,00 per year, so that the comparative advantage, which is viewed based on a ratio of annual profit is Rp 18,574,750; with the average profit of Rp domestic cost (DRC) smaller by one (Marjaya, 2015). The presence 892,871.35 per cattle per farmer. This profit is smaller than of cattle farming-food crops system allows farmers to overcome Rohaeni’s research (2015). the problems of feed, by utilizing food crop waste (Ermiati, 2015). Rohaeni (2015) analyzed the income based on the difference Agricultural wastes that can be used as feed are the crops waste, between total revenue and total cost of production. Cattle such as corns, soybeans, peanuts, cassavas, and sweet potatoes. business income according to Rohaeni (2015), was amounted to Agricultural waste based on the theory is an agricultural Rp 2,908,690 per cattle with RC ratio of 1.28. Rohaeni (2015) and byproduct that has been harvested (Kushartono and Iriani, 2004). Tohir (2017) conducted a RC ratio analysis to view the feasibility Tanuwiria et al (2006) stated that food crops, such as corns, of cattle business which is integrated with corn crops. The value soybeans, peanuts, cassavas and sweet potatoes, have potential as of RC ratio according to the research result is 1.12 and π/ C of 0.12, feed. Crops waste in this study is taken from rice paddy and corn, which is smaller than the research of Rohaeni (2015) but greater and they have potentials to be used as feed for cattle in the study than the research by Makkan (2014). Makkan’s research results area. Bahri (2012) results show 50% of the total weight of maize (2014) show the value of R/ C ratio is 1.08 for beef cattle fattening crops is a byproduct left behind after harvest. According to Rauf business. Low income, in the opinion of Rohaeni (2015), is yet to (2013), the waste from crops frequently used as feed is rice and provide decent subsistence for farmers. corn straws. Paddy rice and corn straws from pile results are The low productivity of cattle in the study area is because of low analyzed using proximate analysis. Results of the proximate quality and low quantity feed consumption. The results show that analysis of paddy straw and corn straw in Kota Selatan can be seen the grass consumed by cattle is field grass amounted to 14.03 kg in Table 2. per cattle per day. Despite in theory, the grass consumption of cattle ranges from 10 percent of their body weights; meaning that

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Table 2. Proximate Analysis Results of Paddy and Corn Straws Parameter Name of Materials (Straw) Paddy Corn Rice Dry ingredients (DM) (%) 49.35 27.43 Fat (%) 0.70 0.76 Crude Fiber (%) 23.97 31.21 Protein (%) 3.78 3.16 Carbohydrate (%) 33.09 20.52 Cinder (%) 24.95 2.99 Remarks: *) Analysis of Research and Standardization Industry, Manado (2016)

The data in Table 2 show that based on the production of dried area is left or tied in agricultural lands to consume the grass paddy rice, the protein ingredients of rice straw is higher than growing wildly, or dry agricultural waste, such as corn waste. The corn crops’ waste. This indicates that the waste from paddy rice group members of Harapan Baru provide rice straw for cattle has a higher potential to be used as feed in Kota Selatan than the consumption. Rauf’s research results (2013) showed that 63.64 corn straws. The characteristics of waste food crops generally percent of farmers use crop waste as feed for cattle. According to have lower nutritional quality and high content of crude fiber. de Lima (2012), the result of agricultural waste or waste from Crude fiber contained in paddy rice is 23.97% (Table 2), lower fibrous feed (straw) is a critical component to provide a ruminant than the results from Rauf’s (2013). Meanwhile, crude fiber feed. The availability of animal feed ingredients is also supported contained in corn straws is 31.21% (Table 2), higher than the by the availability and production of agricultural crops in the form results Rauf’s (2013). According Nababan (2012), the corn straws of waste and byproducts (Alfian et al. 2012). Waste of food crops, have high fiber content of 33.58 percent. It, however, still can be such as rice straws, has great potential and plays an important role ingested by cattle. to be used as cattle feed (Lamid et al, 2015). Rice in the South Kotamobagu in particular and Kotamobagu in A fresh straw production of paddy and corn in the district of South general is included as staple food, so that the rice plants are main Kotamobagu is known by taking paddy rice and corn plants. The options for agricultural commodities in this area. It strongly quality of each waste (paddy rice straw and corn straw) can be supports the development of animal husbandry, i.e. the utilization known by proximate analysis (the data in Table 2). Based on the of waste from rice plants. The utilization of agricultural waste is data of harvest area (ha) in Kotamobagu in a given year of 2016, a one way in the development of sustainable agriculture. Potential calculation based on the theory was done upon the fresh agricultural waste as feed commodity demonstrates the production of both rice paddy and corn wastes (Syamsu 2006 and superiority of an agricultural commodity in producing nutrient Tanuwiria et al, 2006): The total production of fresh waste (kg / feed in a region (Saragi, 2014). ha ) is done in harvest area (ha). Fresh production of paddy and corn waste based on the results of research in Kotamobagu can be The results showed that farmers in the district of South seen in Table 3. Kotamobagu do not develop forage as feed for cattle. Cattle in this

Table 3. The Production of Fresh Straws of Paddy Rice and Corn per District in Kotamobagu City Straw Districts (Production: South East North West Total Tons/ year) Kotamobagu Kotamobagu Kotamobagu Kotamobagu Paddy Rice - Harvested Area 865.00 349.00 98.00 336.00 1648.00 (Ha) - Fresh *) 1985.18 800.96 224.91 771.12 3782.17 Corn - Harvested Area 396.00 195.00 79.00 40.00 710.00 (Ha) - Fresh*) 4181.76 2059.20 834.24 422.40 7497.60 Information: *) = Result tile / m2 (kg) (tiling with 1x1m2) x harvest area (Ha)

The data in Table 3 show that the highest production of fresh (1998), in addition, the agricultural production is influenced by straw of paddy rice is in the district of South Kotamobagu the climatic conditions. It is also influenced by extensive crop (1985.18 tons/ year or 52.49% of the total production of fresh farming, labor and the number of animals bred there, as well as waste in Kotamobagu). Similarly, the highest production of fresh the location (Alfian et al. 2012). Farmers need to pay attention to waste is in the district of South Kotamobagu, 4181.76 tons/ year the current climate change, Ibrahim et al (2016), in this case or 55.77% of the total production of fresh waste in Kotamobagu. analyzes farmers’ experience and extension frequency as a Higher production of fresh straw of paddy and corn in the district determinant factor of farmers' awareness of climate change. of South Kotamobagu is due to higher acreage of rice and corn crops in this district, (465 ha). According to Rouf (2010), the high The analysis of dry material in this study was conducted to production of fresh addition is affected by the harvested area of determine the ability of crop waste in providing source of feed for the rice crops, and it is also heavily influenced by the time of cattle in the study area. Table 4 is the Production of Dry Straw Rice harvest and the fertility of the soil. According to Winugroho et al and Corn per District in the Kotamobagu City.

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Table 4. The Production of Good Dry Paddy and Corn Materials is Mostly Produced in South Kotamobagu District Districts Straw North West (Production South East Total Kotamobag Kotamobag Tons / year) Kotamobagu Kotamobagu u u Rice Paddy* 979.69 395.27 110.99 380.55 1866.50 Corn* 1147.06 564.84 228.83 115.86 2056.59 Remarks: *) = Production x Fresh Dry Material Analysis Results in Percentage (% DM)

The data in Table 4 show that the production of good dry paddy in general has an impact on the livestock population’s and corn materials is mostly produced in the district of South development opportunities. According to Elly et al (2013b), the Kotamobagu, rice paddy of 979.69 tons/ year, and corn of 1147.06 government needs to continuously pursue policies related to the tons/ year. This result was stated by Yuniarsah and Nappu (2013), availability of forage feed. Sustainable forage production is an the production amount of dry matter of food crop waste in the important factor in livestock production systems (Dianita et al, biggest percentage is rice straw, and then followed by corn straw. 2014). However, the fact is not many farmers develop breeders’ The results showed that with the real population of cattle in the forage feed, so that waste of paddy fields and corn becomes study area of 1,178 ST and with a capacity of 1,718.47 ST (for important for use as a feed. The potential of paddy and corn waste paddy rice straw and corn), then the cattle should be added as can be used to encourage farmers to increase cattle productivity, much as 540.37 ST. The higher production of the dry material is which is an effort to increase their income. Low-income due to the fact that the harvest area of rice and corn waste in the communities, according to Naranpanawa et al (2013), have the district of South Kotamobagu is the largest. The difference in the highest poverty rates. amount of dry material of food crops waste production is due to different cropping patterns, planting distance, climatic conditions, Another phenomenon is agricultural land that is increasingly soil fertility, and the irrigation of the land (Syamsu 2011; Rauf, getting narrower due to the residential development, and it is very 2013). influential on the provision of forage feed. This indicates that the contribution of food crops developed by farmers may have an The results showed the cattle bred by Harapan Baru was fed with impact on the productivity of cattle. The availability of animal feed paddy rice crops. Although, in reality, the majority of rice straw materials, according to the results of the study Alfian et al (2012), produced is just being dumped and burned by farmers. The is also supported by the availability and production of agricultural potential quantity of rice straw as feed varies in many way. The crops in the form of waste and their follow-up. Furthermore, de low utilization of rice straw is due to several things, including the Lima (2012) suggests that agricultural waste or fibrous feed majority of farmers who do not understand the potential of rice (straw) wastes are an important component of providing cattle straw as feed; although some experts say that the straws feed. However, the utilization of agricultural and plantation waste improvement is needed to be done through the application of is still around 30-40% (Indraningsih et al 2011). The results of technology (Rauf, 2013; Gunawan, 2013; Sari, 2015). The Yuniarsih and Nappu (2013) show that the most potential potential quantity of rice straw, according to Saragi (2010), must agricultural waste for cattle feed is rice straw and corn. be accompanied by improving the potential quality so that Furthermore, Saragi (2014) argued that the potential of utilization will be optimal. Based on the results of this study, it is agriculture waste commodities as feed shows the superiority of an suggested that the group members should be empowered with the agricultural commodity in producing nutrient feed in a region. introduction of technology in the form of fermented rice strain using ammonization process. In this case, the counseling of group This research is important as input for farmers and breeders in members is needed, as stated by Gebrehiwot (2015) that the utilization of the rice and corn straw’ potential as cattle feed, given extension program affects the welfare of farm households. that cattle has a role for economic development, especially in rural areas. Diarmita (2017) stated that cattle played a role in moving Alfian et al (2012), state that if the population of cattle exceeds the the upstream sector (backward linkage) and the forward-linkage existing capacity, then it will result in the unmer basic needs. It is sector (forward linkage). The role of this cattle will further boost in contrast with Nugraha et al (2013) which indicates that the income, job creation in rural areas and reduce urbanization capacity of ruminant livestock is greater than the livestock (Diarmita, 2017). population, as in the rainy season production Forage is available in large quantities. Optimizing the utilization of food crop waste as The development of cattle in the future is directed to the cattle feed according to Yuniarsah and Nappu (2013) requires a integration of farming system with crops. The integration model holistic approach and program approach. The results of Mulijanti of cattle and food crop is a system oriented to the concept "zero et al (2014) showed that the utilization of fermented straw and waste production system". The integration system of cattle-crops rice bran gave the highest body weight gain and the highest profit with zero waste approach is a refinement using food crop economically. Drajat et al (2013) states that if farmers and intensification system that has developed within the communities breeders know that rice straw can be used for cattle feed, then (Wulandari, 2014). The integration of livestock cattle is aimed to they will collect them as much as possible, and there will be no increase the income of farmers; and in accordance with Rohaeni process of straw burning. (2015), it is also to avoid crop failure. The main characteristic of crop and cattle integration is the existence of synergism or Based on some research in Indonesia, feed becomes an obstacle mutually-beneficial relationship between crops and livestock, for farmers in raising cattle productivity because feed is the main which according to Ermiati et al (2015), can provide optimal source of energy for the growth of cattle. According to Susanti et added value. The integrated corn-cattle farming system is crucial al’s (2013) study, the main problem commonly encountered by to determine the success of products commonly compete in the the farmers is feed. The results of Elly et al (2013a) also show that market (Marjaya, 2015). It also opens up employment the availability of forage feed is a major obstacle in the opportunities and increases farmers’ income. According to development of cattle. The main constraint is the lack of forages Munandar et al (2015), the Integration of Farming System is an availability that makes it difficult for farmers to increase the alternative to climate change mitigation. population and productivity of cattle. This limitation is experienced by farmers, especially during the dry season, which Cattle, other than producing the main products (meat), also produces waste (feces and urine) that can be used as compost and

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THE BENEFITS OF CATTLE BUSINESS AND THE POTENTIAL OF RICE AND CORN STRAWS AS CATTLE FEED IN KOTAMOBAGU, NORTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA

biogas fertilizer. Compost fertilizer in several areas have been Nasional PERSEPSI II : “Pengembangan Agribisnis used as a source of farmers’ income. Syarifuddin (2013) concluded Peternakan untuk Memperkuat Ekonomi Perdesaan di that the profit (TR-TC) of cow dung waste for compost usage and Indonesia, Denpasar Bali, pp1-9. biogas fertilizer is Rp 583,846,857 per year for 24 cows. Besides, 10. Doll, P. J. and F. Orazem 1984. Production Economics composted manure coming from cow dung can increase the corn Theory with Applications. 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons production from 5 tons/ ha into 5.6 tons / ha (Tohir, 2017). 3.06 Inc, New York. million cattle beefs, according to Gunawan and Thalib (2014), 11. Drajat, A.S., Abdullah, U. & Andriati, R. 2013. Fermentasi produce 6.1 million tons of organic fertilizer that can be used to Jerami untuk Pakan Dasar Sapi Bali untuk Mengurangi fertilize land measuring to three million ha. The integration Pembakaran dan Menurunkan Polusi Udara. Proceeding system of cattle and corn is characterized by the utilization of Seminar Nasional Bogor, 18-19 Sept 2013.pp1-5. cattle waste (feces) as fertilizer in corn crops (Baba et al, 2014). 12. Elly, F.H., Manese, M.A.V. & Polakitan, D. 2013. The recommendation to deliver is that the system integration of Pemberdayaan Kelompok Tani Ternak Sapi melalui cattle and corn crops is highly appropriate to be developed on dry Pengembangan Hijauan di Sulawesi Utara Pastura. Journal land. The government intervention via informal education is of Tropical Forage Science. Vol 2 No 2.p:61-65. highly needed to support the development of integrated farming 13. Elly, F.H., Waleleng, P.O.V., Lumenta, I.D.R & Oroh, F.N.S.. business. According to Panda (2015), the special policy proposed 2013. Introduksi Hijauan Makanan Ternak Sapi di is the education as an effort to increase the farmers’ income. Minahasa Selatan. Journal of Tropical Forage Science. Vol 3 No 1.p:5-8. CONCLUSION 14. Ermiati., E.R. Pribadi dan A, Wahyudi. 2015. Pengkajian Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that: (1) cattle Usahatani Integrasi Seraiwangi-Ternak Sapi. Bulletin business is feasible to run, judging from the value of R C ratio Littro, 26 (2) : 124-142. which is larger by one; however, it is not feasible to run as well, 15. Gebrehiwot, K.G. 2015. The Impact of Agricultural judging from the value of πC ratio which is smaller by one; (2) Extension on Household’ Welfare in Ethiopia. International Waste from food crops, paddy rice and corn straws, has the Journal of Social Economy, Vol 42 issue 8 pp 733-748. potential to be used as cattle feed, judging from the abundant 16. Gunawan, ER, Suhendra, D., & Herman, D. 2013. production of fresh and dry material from paddy and corn straws. Optimalisasi integrasi sapi, jagung dan rumput laut (pijar) (3) The production of fresh and dry material waste of paddy and pada teknologi pengolahan pakan ternak berbasis limbah corn is concentrated in the district of South Kotamobagu. Based pertanian jagung-rumput laut guna mendukung program on the research results, it is suggested to introduce the technology bumi sejuta sapi (BSS) di Nusa Tenggara Barat, Bulletin related to the preservation of food crops waste in Kotamobagu. Ranch. Vol 37 (3): pp.157-164. 17. Gunawan dan C. Talib.2014.Potensi Pengembangan REFERENCES Bioindustri dalam Sistem Integrasi Sapi Sawit. Jurnal 1. Alfian, Y., Hermansyah, F.I., Hardayanto, E., Utoyo & Wartazoa, 24 (2) : 67-74. Suprayogi, W.P.S.. 2012. Analysis of Ruminant Capacity on 18. Ibrahim, S.B., Ayinde, I.A. & Arowolo, A.O.. 2015. 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