DOCSLIB.ORG

Noncommutative Geometry Models for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Lecture II

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Noncommutative Geometry Models for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Lecture II Noncommutative Geometry models for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Lecture II Matilde Marcolli Villa de Leyva school, July 2011 Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II This lecture based on Ali Chamseddine, Alain Connes, Matilde Marcolli, Gravity and the Standard Model with neutrino mixing, ATMP 11 (2007) 991{1090, arXiv:hep-th/0610241 Symmetries and NCG Symmetries of gravity coupled to matter: G = U(1) × SU(2) × SU(3) G = Map(M; G) o Diff(M) Is it G = Diff(X )? Not for a manifold, yes for an NC space 1 Example: A = C (M; Mn(C)) G = PSU(n) 1 ! Inn(A) ! Aut(A) ! Out(A) ! 1 1 ! Map(M; G) !G! Diff(M) ! 1: Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II Symmetries viewpoint: can think of X = M × F noncommutative with G = Diff(X ) pure gravity symmetries for X combining gravity and gauge symmetries together (no a priori distinction between \base" and “fiber" directions) Want same with action functional for pure gravity on NC space X = M × F giving gravity coupled to matter on M Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II Product geometry M × F Two spectral triples (Ai ; Hi ; Di ; γi ; Ji ) of KO-dim 4 and 6: A = A1 ⊗ A2 H = H1 ⊗ H2 D = D1 ⊗ 1 + γ1 ⊗ D2 γ = γ1 ⊗ γ2 J = J1 ⊗ J2 Case of 4-dimensional spin manifold M and finite NC geometry F : 1 1 A = C (M) ⊗ AF = C (M; AF ) 2 2 H = L (M; S) ⊗ HF = L (M; S ⊗ HF ) D = =@M ⊗ 1 + γ5 ⊗ DF DF chosen in the moduli space described last time Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II Dimension of NC spaces: different notions of dimension for a spectral triple (A; H; D) Metric dimension: growth of eigenvalues of Dirac operator KO-dimension (mod 8): sign commutation relations of J, γ, D Dimension spectrum: poles of zeta functions −s ζa;D (s) = Tr(ajDj ) For manifolds first two agree and third contains usual dim; for NC spaces not same: DimSp ⊂ C can have non-integer and non-real points, KO not always metric dim mod 8, see F case X = M × F metrically four dim 4 = 4 + 0; KO-dim is 10 = 4 + 6 (equal 2 mod 8); DimSp k 2 Z≥0 with k ≤ 4 Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II Variant: almost commutative geometries 1 2 (C (M; E); L (M; E ⊗ S); DE ) M smooth manifold, E algebra bundle: fiber Ex finite dimensional algebra AF C 1(M; E) smooth sections of a algebra bundle E E S Dirac operator DE = c ◦ (r ⊗ 1 + 1 ⊗ r ) with spin connection rS and hermitian connection on bundle Compatible grading and real structure An equivalent intrinsic (abstract) characterization in: Branimir Ca´ci´c,´ A reconstruction theorem for almost-commutative spectral triples, arXiv:1101.5908 Here on assume for simplicity product M × F Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II Inner fluctuations and gauge fields Setup: Right A-module structure on H ξ b = b0 ξ; ξ 2 H ; b 2 A Unitary group, adjoint representation: ξ 2 H ! Ad(u) ξ = u ξ u∗ ξ 2 H Inner fluctuations: 0 −1 D ! DA = D + A + " JAJ with A = A∗ self-adjoint operator of the form X A = aj [D; bj ] ; aj ; bj 2 A Note: not an equivalence relation (finite geometry, can fluctuate D to zero) but like \self Morita equivalences" Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II Properties of inner fluctuations( A; H; D; J) 1 ∗ Gauge potential A 2 ΩD , A = A Unitary u 2 A, then Ad(u)(D + A + "0 JAJ−1)Ad(u∗) = 0 −1 D + γu(A) + " J γu(A) J ∗ ∗ where γu(A) = u [D; u ] + u A u 0 1 ∗ D = D + A (with A 2 ΩD , A = A ) then 0 0 0 1 D + B = D + A ; A = A + B 2 ΩD 1 ∗ 8B 2 ΩD0 B = B D0 = D + A + "0 JAJ−1 then 0 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 0 1 D + B + " JBJ = D + A + " JA J A = A + B 2 ΩD 1 ∗ 8B 2 ΩD0 B = B Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II Gauge bosons and Higgs boson Unitary U(A) = fu 2 A j uu∗ = u∗u = 1g Special unitary SU(AF ) = fu 2 U(AF ) j det(u) = 1g det of action of u on HF Up to a finite abelian group SU(AF ) ∼ U(1) × SU(2) × SU(3) Unimod subgr of U(A) adjoint rep Ad(u) on H is gauge group of SM Unimodular inner fluctuations (in M directions) ) gauge bosons of SM: U(1), SU(2) and SU(3) gauge bosons Inner fluctuations in F direction ) Higgs field Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II More on Gauge bosons (1;0) P 0 Inner fluctuations A = i ai [=@M ⊗ 1; ai ] with with 0 0 0 0 1 ai = (λi ; qi ; mi ), ai = (λi ; qi ; mi ) in A = C (M; AF ) P 0 P 0 U(1) gauge field Λ = i λi dλi = i λi [=@M ⊗ 1; λi ] P 0 P α SU(2) gauge field Q = i qi dqi , with q = f0 + α ifασ and P 0 α Q = α fα[=@M ⊗ 1; ifασ ] 0 P 0 P 0 U(3) gauge field V = i mi dmi = i mi [=@M ⊗ 1; mi ] reduce the gauge field V 0 to SU(3) passing to unimodular subgroup SU(AF ) and unimodular gauge potential Tr(A) = 0 0 Λ 0 0 1 1 1 V 0 = −V − 0 Λ 0 = −V − Λ1 3 @ A 3 3 0 0 Λ Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II Gauge bosons and hypercharges The (1; 0) part of A + JAJ−1 acts on quarks and leptons by 0 4 1 3 Λ + V 0 0 0 2 B 0 − 3 Λ + V 0 0 C B 1 C @ 0 0 Q11 + 3 Λ + VQ12 A 1 0 0 Q21 Q22 + 3 Λ + V 0 0 0 0 0 1 B 0 −2Λ 0 0 C B C @ 0 0 Q11 − Λ Q12 A 0 0 Q21 Q22 − Λ ) correct hypercharges! Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II More on Higgs boson Inner fluctuations A(0;1) in the F -space direction X 0 (0;1) (0;1) ai [γ5 ⊗ DF ; ai ](x)jHf = γ5 ⊗ (Aq + A` ) i 0 X 0 Y A(0;1) = ⊗ 1 A(0;1) = q X 0 0 3 1 Y 0 0 ∗ ∗ 0 0 Υu'1 Υu'2 0 Υu'1 Υd '2 X = ∗ ∗ and X = 0 0 −Υd '¯2 Υd '¯1 −Υu'¯2 Υd '¯1 ∗ ∗ 0 0 Υν'1 Υν'2 0 Υν'1 Υe '2 Y = ∗ ∗ and Y = 0 0 −Υe '¯2 Υe '¯1 −Υν'¯2 Υe '¯1 P 0 0 P 0 0 P 0 0 ¯0 '1 = λi (αi − λi ), '2 = λi βi '1 = αi (λi − αi ) + βi βi and 0 P 0 ¯0 0 '2 = (−αi βi + βi (λi − α¯i )), for ai (x) = (λi ; qi ; mi ) and α β a0(x) = (λ0; q0; m0) and q = i i i i −β¯ α¯ Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II More on Higgs boson Discrete part of inner fluctuations: quaternion valued function H = '1 + '2j or ' = ('1;'2) 2 1;0 2 0;1 2 1;0 0;1 DA = (D ) + 14 ⊗ (D ) − γ5 [D ; 14 ⊗ D ] p 1;0 0;1 µ s 0;1 [D ; 14 ⊗ D ] = −1 γ [(rµ + Aµ); 14 ⊗ D ] 2 ∗ ∗ s This gives DA = r r − E where r r Laplacian of r = r + A 1 X −E = s ⊗ id + γµγν ⊗ − i γ γµ ⊗ (D ') + 1 ⊗ (D0;1)2 4 Fµν 5 M µ 4 µ<ν with s = −R scalar curvature and Fµν curvature of A i i D ' = @ ' + g W α' σα − g B ' µ µ 2 2 µ 2 1 µ SU(2) and U(1) gauge potentials Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II The spectral action functional Ali Chamseddine, Alain Connes, The spectral action principle, Comm. Math. Phys. 186 (1997), no. 3, 731{750. A good action functional for noncommutative geometries Tr(f (D=Λ)) D Dirac, Λ mass scale, f > 0 even smooth function (cutoff approx) Simple dimension spectrum ) expansion for Λ ! 1 Z X k −k Tr(f (D=Λ)) ∼ fk Λ − jDj + f (0) ζD (0) + o(1); k R 1 k−1 with fk = 0 f (v) v dv momenta of f −s where DimSp(A; H; D) = poles of ζb;D (s) = Tr(bjDj ) Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II Asymptotic expansion of the spectral action −t∆ X α Tr(e ) ∼ aα t (t ! 0) and the ζ function −s=2 ζD (s) = Tr(∆ ) Non-zero term aα with α < 0 ) pole of ζD at −2α with 2 a Res ζ (s) = α s=−2α D Γ(−α) No log t terms ) regularity at 0 for ζD with ζD (0) = a0 Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II Get first statement from Z 1 −s −s=2 1 −t∆ s=2−1 jDj = ∆ = s e t dt Γ 2 0 R 1 α+s=2−1 −1 with 0 t dt = (α + s=2) . Second statement from 1 s s ∼ as s ! 0 Γ 2 2 contrib to ζD (0) from pole part at s = 0 of Z 1 Tr(e−t∆) ts=2−1 dt 0 R 1 s=2−1 2 given by a0 0 t dt = a0 s Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II Spectral action with fermionic terms 1 S = Tr(f (D =Λ)) + h J ξ;~ D ξ~i ; ξ~ 2 H+; A 2 A cl DA = Dirac with unimodular inner fluctuations, J = real structure, + Hcl = classical spinors, Grassmann variables Fermionic terms 1 hJξ;~ D ξ~i 2 A antisymmetric bilinear form A(ξ~) on + Hcl = fξ 2 Hcl j γξ = ξg ) nonzero on Grassmann variables Euclidean functional integral ) Pfaffian Z − 1 A(ξ~) Pf (A) = e 2 D[ξ~] avoids Fermion doubling problem of previous models based on symmetric hξ; DAξi for NC space with KO-dim=0 Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II Grassmann variables Anticommuting variables with basic integration rule Z ξ dξ = 1 An antisymmetric bilinear form A(ξ1; ξ2): if ordinary commuting variables A(ξ; ξ) = 0 but not on Grassmann variables 0 0 0 Example: 2-dim case A(ξ ; ξ) = a(ξ1ξ2 − ξ2ξ1), if ξ1 and ξ2 anticommute, with integration rule as above Z 1 Z − A(ξ,ξ) −aξ1ξ2 e 2 D[ξ] = e dξ1dξ2 = a Pfaffian as functional integral: antisymmetric quadratic form Z − 1 A(ξ,ξ) Pf (A) = e 2 D[ξ] Method to treat Majorana fermions in the Euclidean setting Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II Fermionic part of SM Lagrangian Explicit computation of 1 hJξ;~ D ξ~i 2 A gives part of SM Larangian with •LHf = coupling of Higgs to fermions •Lgf = coupling of gauge bosons to fermions •Lf = fermion terms Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II Bosonic part of the spectral action 1 f Z p S = (48 f Λ4 − f Λ2 c + 0 d) g d 4x π2 4 2 4 96 f Λ2 − f c Z p + 2 0 R g d 4x 24π2 f Z 11 p + 0 ( R∗R∗ − 3 C C µνρσ) g d 4x 10 π2 6 µνρσ (−2 a f Λ2 + e f ) Z p + 2 0 j'j2 g d 4x π2 f a Z p + 0 jD 'j2 g d 4x 2 π2 µ f a Z p − 0 R j'j2 g d 4x 12 π2 f b Z p + 0 j'j4 g d 4x 2 π2 f Z 5 p + 0 (g 2 G i G µνi + g 2 F α F µνα + g 2 B Bµν ) g d 4x; 2 π2 3 µν 2 µν 3 1 µν Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, II Parameters: f0, f2, f4 free parameters, f0 = f (0) and, for k > 0, Z 1 k−1 fk = f (v)v dv: 0 a; b; c; d; e functions of Yukawa parameters of νMSM y y y y a = Tr(Yν Yν + Ye Ye + 3(Yu Yu + Yd Yd )) y 2 y 2 y 2 y 2 b = Tr((Yν Yν) + (Ye Ye ) + 3(Yu Yu) + 3(Yd Yd ) ) c = Tr(MMy) d = Tr((MMy)2) y y
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Full Program, with Speakers
    Frontiers of Fundamental Physics 14 Marseille, July 15–18, 2014 Program and Speakers Updated on January 8, 2015 1 Program, July, 15 08h00 – 08h45 Conference Registration, Room “Salle de Conférences” 08h45 – 10h30 Plenary session Plenary Session (broadcast) Chairman: Eric Kajfasz Amphi “Sciences Naturelles” 08h45 – 09h00 Roland Triay (CPT) Opening 09h00 – 09h30 Gabriele Veneziano (CdF) Personal reflections on two success stories 09h30 – 10h00 Paraskevas Sphicas (CERN and Athens) Status of HEP after the LHC Run 1 10h00 – 10h30 Subir Sarkar (UOXF & NBI) Program Discovering dark matter 10h30 – 11h00 Coffee break July, 15 11h00 – 12h30 Morning parallel plenary sessions Plenary Session 1 The visible universe (broadcast) Chairman: François Bouchet Amphi “Sciences Naturelles” 11h00 – 11h30 Enrique Gaztañaga (ICE, IEEC-CSIC) LSS with angular cross-correlations: Combining Spectroscopic and Photometric Surveys 11h30 – 12h00 Adi Nusser (IIT) Dynamics of the Cosmic Web 12h00 – 12h30 Pierre Astier (LPNHE) Distances to supernovae: an efficient probe of dark energy Plenary Session 2 New Geometries for Physics Chairman: Fedele Lizzi Amphi “Massiani” 11h00 – 11h45 Ali Chamseddine (AUB and IHES) Geometric Unification 11h45 – 12h30 Pierre Bieliavsky (UCLouvain) Geometrical aspects of deformation quantization Plenary Session 3 Gravitation and the Quantum Chairman: Jerzy Lewandowski Amphi “Charve” 11h00 – 11h45 Walter Greiner (FIAS) There are no black holes: Pseudo-Complex General Relativity From Einstein to Zweistein 11h45 – 12h30 Eugenio Bianchi (Penn State)
    [Show full text]
  • Coll055-Endmatter.Pdf
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/coll/055 America n Mathematica l Societ y Colloquiu m Publication s Volum e 55 Noncommutativ e Geometry , Quantu m Field s an d Motive s Alai n Conne s Matild e Marcoll i »AMS AMERICAN MATHEMATICA L SOCIET Y öUöi HINDUSTA N SJU BOOKAGENC Y Editorial Boar d Paul J . Sally , Jr., Chai r Yuri Mani n Peter Sarna k 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primar y 58B34 , 11G35 , 11M06 , 11M26 , 11G09 , 81T15, 14G35 , 14F42 , 34M50 , 81V25 . This editio n i s published b y th e America n Mathematica l Societ y under licens e fro m Hindusta n Boo k Agency . For additiona l informatio n an d Update s o n thi s book , visi t www.ams.org/bookpages/coll-55 Library o f Congres s Cataloging-in-Publicatio n Dat a Connes, Alain . Noncommutative geometry , quantu m fields an d motive s / Alai n Connes , Matild e Marcolli , p. cm . — (Colloquiu m publication s (America n Mathematica l Society) , ISS N 0065-925 8 ; v. 55 ) Includes bibliographica l reference s an d index . ISBN 978-0-8218-4210- 2 (alk . paper ) 1. Noncommutativ e differentia l geometry . 2 . Quantu m field theory , I . Marcolli , Matilde . IL Title . QC20.7.D52C66 200 7 512/.55—dc22 200706084 3 Copying an d reprinting . Individua l reader s o f thi s publication , an d nonprofi t librarie s acting fo r them , ar e permitted t o mak e fai r us e o f the material , suc h a s to cop y a chapte r fo r us e in teachin g o r research .
    [Show full text]
  • Noncommutative Geometry Models for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Lecture I
    Noncommutative Geometry models for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Lecture I Matilde Marcolli Villa de Leyva school, July 2011 Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, I Plan of lectures 1 Noncommutative geometry approach to elementary particle physics; Noncommutative Riemannian geometry; finite noncommutative geometries; moduli spaces; the finite geometry of the Standard Model 2 The product geometry; the spectral action functional and its asymptotic expansion; bosons and fermions; the Standard Model Lagrangian; renormalization group flow, geometric constraints and low energy limits 3 Parameters: relations at unification and running; running of the gravitational terms; the RGE flow with right handed neutrinos; cosmological timeline and the inflation epoch; effective gravitational and cosmological constants and models of inflation 4 The spectral action and the problem of cosmic topology; cosmic topology and the CMB; slow-roll inflation; Poisson summation formula and the nonperturbative spectral action; spherical and flat space forms Matilde Marcolli NCG models for particles and cosmology, I Geometrization of physics Kaluza-Klein theory: electromagnetism described by circle bundle over spacetime manifold, connection = EM potential; Yang{Mills gauge theories: bundle geometry over spacetime, connections = gauge potentials, sections = fermions; String theory: 6 extra dimensions (Calabi-Yau) over spacetime, strings vibrations = types of particles NCG models: extra dimensions are NC spaces, pure gravity on product space becomes gravity
    [Show full text]
  • Dirac Operators: Yesterday and Today
    Dirac Operators: Yesterday and Today Dirac Operators: Yesterday and Today Proceedings of the Summer School & Workshop Center for Advanced Mathematical Sciences American University of Beirut, Lebanon August 27 to September 7, 2001 edited by Jean-Pierre Bourguignon Thomas Branson Ali Chamseddine Oussama Hijazi Robert J. Stanton International Press www.intlpress.com Dirac Operators: Yesterday and Today Editors: Jean-Pierre Bourguignon Thomas Branson Ali Chamseddine Oussama Hijazi Robert J. Stanton Copyright © 2005, 2010 by International Press Somerville, Massachusetts, U.S.A. All rights reserved. Individual readers of this publication, and non-profit libraries acting for them, are permitted to make fair use of the material, such as to copy a chapter for use in teaching or research. Permission is granted to quote brief passages from this publication in reviews, provided the customary acknowledgement of the source is given. Republication, systematic copying, or mass reproduction of any material in this publication is permitted only under license from International Press. ISBN 978-1-57146-184-1 Paperback reissue 2010. Previously published in 2005 under ISBN 1-57146-175-2 (clothbound). Typeset using the LaTeX system. v Preface The Summer School ”Dirac Operators: Yesterday and Today” was an ambitious endeavour to show to a public of advanced students a tableau of modern mathematics. The idea was to make available a topic, of considerable importance for mathematics itself because of its deep impact on many mathematical questions, but also for its interactions with one of mathematics historic partners, physics. The Dirac operator was undoubtedly created by Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac to deal with an important physical question.
    [Show full text]
  • Foundations of Mathematics and Physics One Century After Hilbert: New Perspectives Edited by Joseph Kouneiher
    FOUNDATIONS OF MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS ONE CENTURY AFTER HILBERT: NEW PERSPECTIVES EDITED BY JOSEPH KOUNEIHER JOHN C. BAEZ The title of this book recalls Hilbert's attempts to provide foundations for mathe- matics and physics, and raises the question of how far we have come since then|and what we should do now. This is a good time to think about those questions. The foundations of mathematics are growing happily. Higher category the- ory and homotopy type theory are boldly expanding the scope of traditional set- theoretic foundations. The connection between logic and computation is growing ever deeper, and significant proofs are starting to be fully formalized using software. There is a lot of ferment, but there are clear payoffs in sight and a clear strategy to achieve them, so the mood is optimistic. This volume, however, focuses mainly on the foundations of physics. In recent decades fundamental physics has entered a winter of discontent. The great triumphs of the 20th century|general relativity and the Standard Model of particle physics| continue to fit almost all data from terrestrial experiments, except perhaps some anomalies here and there. On the other hand, nobody knows how to reconcile these theories, nor do we know if the Standard Model is mathematically consistent. Worse, these theories are insufficient to explain what we see in the heavens: for example, we need something new to account for the formation and structure of galaxies. But the problem is not that physics is unfinished: it has always been that way. The problem is that progress, extremely rapid during most of the 20th century, has greatly slowed since the 1970s.
    [Show full text]
  • JHEP08(2020)001 Springer July 7, 2020 May 29, 2020
    Published for SISSA by Springer Received: March 10, 2019 Revised: May 29, 2020 Accepted: July 7, 2020 Published: August 4, 2020 Four-dimensional gravity on a covariant noncommutative space JHEP08(2020)001 G. Manolakos,a P. Manousselisa and G. Zoupanosa;b;c;d aPhysics Department, National Technical University, Zografou Campus 9, Iroon Polytechniou str, GR-15780 Athens, Greece bInstitute of Theoretical Physics, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany cMax-Planck Institut f¨urPhysik, Fohringer Ring 6, D-80805 Munich, Germany dLaboratoire d' Annecy de Physique Theorique, Annecy, France E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: We formulate a model of noncommutative four-dimensional gravity on a co- variant fuzzy space based on SO(1,4), that is the fuzzy version of the dS4. The latter requires the employment of a wider symmetry group, the SO(1,5), for reasons of covari- ance. Addressing along the lines of formulating four-dimensional gravity as a gauge theory of the Poincar´egroup, spontaneously broken to the Lorentz, we attempt to construct a four-dimensional gravitational model on the fuzzy de Sitter spacetime. In turn, first we consider the SO(1,4) subgroup of the SO(1,5) algebra, in which we were led to, as we want to gauge the isometry part of the full symmetry. Then, the construction of a gauge theory on such a noncommutative space directs us to use an extension of the gauge group, the SO(1,5)×U(1), and fix its representation. Moreover, a 2-form dynamic gauge field is included in the theory for reasons of covariance of the transformation of the field strength tensor.
    [Show full text]
  • Mimetic Gravity
    Mimetic Gravity Ali Chamseddine American University of Beirut, Lebanon & Radboud University Excellence Professor Modern Trends in Particle Physics, Nathfest 80, May 17 2019, Northeastern University, Boston, MA. Modified Gravity • Modifications of gravity in most cases involve adding new fields. • Modifications of GR or adding new fields are needs to solve well known problems in cosmology, such as adding an inflaton, curvaton, quintessence, or F( R) gravity (equivalent to φR+ f(φ) ) or as in Hordinski model using scalar with higher safe derivatives. • In some modified theories utilize breaking diffeomorphism invariance such as in unimodular gravity, or Horava‐Lifschitz gravity Dark Matter • Various new particles and interactions are proposed to account for the missing mostly non‐baryonic matter in the universe. • Examples: Supersymmetric neutralino, axions, WIMP, dilaton, • Lack of direct evidence for dark matter made some physicists to propose modification of GR at large scales. • Most modifications of GR are made to solve one problem at a time, and do not address solving the problems simultaneously. Scale factor for metric • GR is not invariant under scale transformations of the metric • Newton constant will be redefined. If we take Ω(x) then it will get kinetic term. It is related to determinant of metric. • Unimodular gravity assumes |det(g)|=1 breaking diffeomorphism Invariance. Scale factor • In string theory the metric is accompanied by a dilaton and axionin the form of antisymmetric tensor. New degrees of freedom. • How can one isolate physics of scaling factor? • Let Then it is scale invariant under This imply Mimetic gravity (with S. Mukhanov) • The system ( has 11 components subject to the constraint leaving 10 degrees, same as GR.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Commutative Geometry, Non-Associative Geometry and the Standard Model of Particle Physics
    Non-commutative geometry, non-associative geometry and the standard model of particle physics Latham Boyle and Shane Farnsworth Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada Received 1 October 2014 Accepted for publication 28 October 2014 Published 10 December 2014 New Journal of Physics 16 (2014) 123027 doi:10.1088/1367-2630/16/12/123027 Abstract Connes’ notion of non-commutative geometry (NCG) generalizes Riemannian geometry and yields a striking reinterepretation of the standard model of particle physics, coupled to Einstein gravity. We suggest a simple reformulation with two key mathematical advantages: (i) it unifies many of the traditional NCG axioms into a single one; and (ii) it immediately generalizes from non-com- mutative to non-associative geometry. Remarkably, it also resolves a long- standing problem plaguing the NCG construction of the standard model, by precisely eliminating from the action the collection of seven unwanted terms that previously had to be removed by an extra, non-geometric, assumption. With this problem solved, the NCG algorithm for constructing the standard model action is tighter and more explanatory than the traditional one based on effective field theory. Keywords: non-commutative geometry, non-associative geometry, standard model of particle physics Introduction Since the early 1980s, Connes and others have been developing the subject of non-commutative geometry (NCG) [1, 2]. Its mathematical interest stems from the fact that it provides a natural generalization of Riemannian geometry (much as Riemannian geometry, in turn, provides a natural generalization of Euclidean geometry). Its physical interest stems from the fact that it Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence.
    [Show full text]
  • Unification of Gauge and Gravity Chern-Simons Theories in 3
    Unification of Gauge and Gravity Chern-Simons Theories in 3-D Space time Chireen A. Saghir, Laurence W. Shamseddine Physics Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon Abstract Chamseddine and Mukhanov showed that gravity and gauge theories could be unified in one geometric construction provided that a metricity condition is imposed on the vielbein. In this paper we are going to show that by enlarging the gauge group we are able to unify Chern-Simons gauge theory and Chern-Simons gravity in 3-D space-time. Such unification leads to the quantization of the coefficients for both Chern-Simons terms for compact groups but not for non-compact groups. Moreover, it leads to a topological invariant quantity of the 3 dimensional space-time manifold on which they are defined. arXiv:1703.08237v3 [hep-th] 2 Jul 2017 1 Introduction Topological Field Theories (TFTs) are metric independent theories that de- fine topological invariants of the manifold M. In general, we can distinguish between a topological field theory of Schwarz type and of Witten or cohomo- logical type. In Schwarz type theories the action is explicitly independent on the metric δS =0 (1) δgµν Examples of such theories are Chern-Simons theories and BF theories. The other type is Witten type topological field theories like the Donaldson-Witten theory which was formulated by Witten in 1988 [1] and is used to compute Donaldson invariant. In a ground breaking paper [2], Witten (1989) showed that Chern-Simon gauge theories provide a physical description of a wide class of invariants of 3-manifolds and of knots and links in this manifold.
    [Show full text]
  • Mimetic Horava Gravity and Surface Terms
    Mimetic Horava Gravity and Surface terms O. Malaeb, C. Saghir Physics Department, American University of Beirut, Lebanon Abstract We consider mimetic Horava gravity, where the scalar field of mimetic gravity was used in the construction of diffeomorphism in- variant models reducing to Horava gravity in the synchronous gauge. It will be shown that the surface terms resulting from the variation of the action constructed will cancel out; therefore, there is no need for the addition of GibbonsHawkingYork boundary term. The result- ing surface terms contain higher order space derivatives and no higher order time derivatives. arXiv:2005.02469v1 [hep-th] 5 May 2020 1 General relativity GR is a classical theory describing gravity through Ein- stein field equation. It has proven success through several phenomena: the perihelion of mercury, prediction of black holes, gravitational waves... Al- though of the huge success that GR has achieved, still it is unable to explain some points: dark matter, singularities like the big bang and the black holes... This issue has pushed physicists to modify GR in several ways. Some mod- ified theories of gravity have aimed to quantize GR as a way to explain Big bang singularities or the black holes. Approaches to quantum gravity can be classified into two groups [1].The first group starts from the classical theory of gravity and then applies the quantization steps. The covariant quantum gravity is a good example, where one starts from the path integral of the GR action and then applies the perturbation procedures for the metric around a background one. The resulting theory has been a non renormalizable one upon extending it to higher energies.
    [Show full text]
  • Noncommutative Gauge Theories and Gravity
    Noncommutative Gauge Theories and Gravity G. Manolakos∗ Physics Department, National Technical University, GR-15780 Athens, Greece E-mail: [email protected] P. Manousselis Physics Department, National Technical University, GR-15780 Athens, Greece E-mail: [email protected] G. Zoupanos Physics Department, National Technical University, GR-15780 Athens, Greece Institute of Theoretical Physics, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany Max-Planck Institut für Physik, Fohringer Ring 6, D-80805 Munchen, Germany Laboratoire d’ Annecy de Physique Theorique, Annecy, France E-mail: [email protected] First, we briefly review the description of gravity theories as gauge theories in three and four dimensions. Specifically, we recall the procedure in which the results of General Relativity in three and four dimensions are recovered in a gauge-theoretic approach. Also, the procedure is applied for the case of the Weyl gravity, too. Then, after reminding briefly the formulation of gauge theories on noncommutative spaces, we review our most recent works in which gravity models are constructed as gauge theories on noncommutative spaces. arXiv:1907.06280v1 [hep-th] 14 Jul 2019 Corfu Summer Institute 2018 "School and Workshops on Elementary Particle Physics and Gravity" (CORFU2018) 31 August - 28 September, 2018 Corfu, Greece ∗Speaker. c Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). https://pos.sissa.it/ Noncommutatve gravity G. Manolakos 1. Introduction Three out of four interactions of nature are grouped together under a common description by the Standard Model in which they are described by gauge theories.
    [Show full text]
  • Reminiscences of My Work with Richard Lewis Arnowitt
    Reminiscences of my work with Richard Lewis Arnowitt Pran Nath∗ Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA This article contains reminiscences of the collaborative work that Richard Arnowitt and I did together which stretched over many years and encompasses several areas of particle theory. The article is an extended version of my talk at the Memorial Symposium in honor of Richard Arnowitt at Texas A&M, College Station, Texas, September 19-20, 2014. My collaboration with Richard Arnowitt (1928-2014)1 to constrain the parameters of the effective Lagrangian. started soon after I arrived at Northeastern University in The effective Lagrangian was a deduction from the fol- 1966 and continued for many years. In this brief article lowing set of conditions: (i) single particle saturation in on the reminiscences of my work with Dick I review some computation of T-products of currents, (ii) Lorentz in- of the more salient parts of our collaborative work which variance, (iii) “spectator” approximation, and (iv) local- includes effective Lagrangians, current algebra, scale in- ity which implies a smoothness assumption on the ver- variance and its breakdown, the U(1) problem, formu- tices. The above assumptions lead us to the conclusion lation of the first local supersymmetry and the develop- that the simplest way to achieve these constraints is via ment of supergravity grand unification in collaboration an effective Lagrangian which for T-products of three of Ali Chamseddine, and its applications to the search currents requires writing cubic interactions involving π,ρ for supersymmetry. and A1 fields and allowing for no derivatives in the first -order formalism and up to one-derivative in the second order formalism.
    [Show full text]