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The Popular Front in Europe THE POPULAR FRONT IN EUROPE Also by Paul Preston THE COMING OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR SPAIN, THE EEC AND NATO (with Denis Smyth) THE TRIUMPH OF DEMOCRACY IN SPAIN THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR THE SPANISH RIGHT IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, AUTHORITARIANISM, FASCISM AND MILITARY CONSPIRACY The Popular Front in Europe Edited by Helen Graham Lecturer in the Department of Spanish. Portuguese and Latin American Studies University of Southampton Paul Preston Professor of Modern History Queen Mary College. University of London M MACMILLAN PRESS © Helen Graham and Paul Preston 1987 Chapter 7 ©Donald Sassoon 1987 Chapter 8 ©Jonathan Haslam 1987 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended), or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33-4 Alfred Place, London WC1E 7DP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First edition 1987 Reprinted 1989 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The Popular Front in Europe. 1. Popular fronts-History I. Graham, Helen II. Preston, Paul, 1946-- 320.94 HX40 ISBN 978-0-333-48425-8 ISBN 978-1-349-10618-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-10618-9 Contents Notes on the Contributors VI List of Abbreviations vii The Popular Front and the Struggle Against Fascism 1 Helen Graham and Paul Preston 2 The Object Lesson: The Division of the German Left and the Triumph of National Socialism 20 Stephen Salter 3 The Austrian Left and the Popular Front 35 Martin Kitchen 4 The French Popular Front, 1936-37 58 David A. L. Levy 5 The Creation of the Popular Front in Spain 84 Paul Preston 6 The Spanish Popular Front and the Civil War I 06 Helen Graham 7 Togliatti, Italian Communism and the Popular Front 131 Donald Sassoon 8 The Soviet Union, the Comintem and the Demise of the Popular Front, 1936-39 152 Jonathan Haslam Index 161 v Notes on the Contributors Helen Graham lectures in the Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Southampton. She is editor (with Martin Alexander) of The French and Spanish Popular Fronts: Comparative Perspectives and has recently completed a D.Phil on the eclipse of the Spanish Socialist Party during the civil war. Jonathan Haslam is a Senior Research Fellow in Politics at King's College, Cambridge. He was Visiting Associate Professor of History at Stanford (1986-87) and Visiting Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley (1987-88). He is the author of Soviet Foreign Policy, I930-33, The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe, I933-39, and The Soviet Union and the Politics of Nuclear Weapons in Europe, I969-87. Martin Kitchen is Professor of History at the Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada. He is the author of Fascism, The Corning of Austrian Fascism, British Policy towards the Soviet Union during the Second World War, and The Origins of the Cold War in Comparative Perspective (with Lawrence Aronsen). David A. L. Levy formerly taught French politics and history at the University of Salford. His D.Phil thesis, 'The Marseilles Working Class, 1936-38', was presented in 1982. He now works for the BBC. Paul Preston is Professor of Modern History and Director of the Centre for Contemporary Spanish Studies at Queen Mary College, University of London. He is the author of The Coming of the Spanish Civil War and The Triumph of Democracy in Spain. Stephen Salter is a Lecturer in the Department of History, University of Sheffield, with research interests in twentieth-century German history. Donald Sassoon lectures in history at Westfield College, University of London. He is the editor of On Gramsci and Other Writings and the author of The Strategy of the Italian Communist Party, Contemporary Italy and numerous articles on Italian politics and history. vi List of Abbreviations ASM the Madrid section of the Spanish Socialist Party CEDA the Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rightist Groups -mass clerical-conservative party. CGT French Trade Union Confederation (anarcho-syndicalist to 1914, socialist 1921 to early 1936, socialist and communist 1936 onwards) CGTU French Communist Trade Union Federation ( 1921 to early 1936) CNT Spanish anarcho-syndicalist trade union DDP German Democratic Party (left liberal) DVP German People's Party (conservative) FJS Spanish Socialist Party's youth movement which amal- gamated with the communist youth in April 1936 FNTT landworkers' section of the UGT (see below) KPD German Communist Party KP6 Austrian Communist Party NSBO Nazi Labour Front NSDAP German National Socialist Party (Nazis) PCE Spanish Communist Party PCF French Communist Party PCI Italian Communist Party POUM left communist dissident party in Spain PSI Italian Socialist Party PSOE Spanish Socialist Party SFIO French Socialist Party SPD German Social Democratic Party SP6 Austrian Social Democratic Party UGT Spanish Trade Union Federation (socialist) vii .
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