Communicating with Asia: the Future of English As a Global Language Edited by Gerhard Leitner, Azirah Hashim and Hans-Georg Wolf Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06261-0 - Communicating with Asia: The Future of English as a Global Language Edited by Gerhard Leitner, Azirah Hashim and Hans-Georg Wolf Index More information

Index

Abdullah, Kamsiah, 185 Ashram, Nasreen M., 14 Abidi, S.A.H., 161 Asian Corpus of English (ACE), 287 , 294 Abramova, Elena Ivanovna, 221 Asian English (Englishes), 7 , 40 , 121 , 134 , acquisition, see language acquisition 265 , 279 acrolect, 22 , 57 , 108 – 9 Asia-Pacifi c Economic Cooperation Adams, Corinne, 61 (APEC), 2 , 301 Adamson, Bob, 290 Asia-Pacifi c region, 301 Africa, 3 , 158 , 286 Asif, Qazi, 18 African languages, 3 , 88 , 286 Asmah Haji Omar, 8 , 43 , 46 , 171 , 175 , 178 , Agrawal, Kirtee, 277 180 , 183 , 207 Ahmad, Aijaz, 278 Assamese, 58 , 60 Ahmad, Zainul Abidin Bin, 184 Association of Southeast Asian Nations Aikant, Satish C., 274 (ASEAN), 2 , 4 , 282– 4 , 287– 8 , Ainu, 227 294 , 310 Akagi, Akio, 32 Atambayev, Almazbek, 239 Akami, Tomoko, 297 Atkinson, David, 16 Aleut, 227 Audio-Lingual Method, 32– 3 Alexander the Great, 1 Auer, Peter, 24 Aliani, Renata, 300 , 301 Australia, 292 , 298 , 303– 4 , 307 , 311 Alisjahbana, Takdir S., 283 Aboriginal, 286 , 298 Allen, William, 159 language education, 291 Alpatov, Vladimir M., 236 language policy, 307 Al-Quran , 94 , 96 Australian English, 111 , 286 , 293 Alsagoff, Lubna, 49 , 83 Austroasiatic language family, see language Altaic language family, 226 families AmE, see American English Awab, Su’ad, 139 America, 103 , 121 , 124 Azad Jammu, 15 American English (AmE), 6 , 7 , 20 , 40 , 56 , 61 , Azerbaijani, 222 68 , 71 , 108– 9 , 112 , 120 , 142 , 290 Azirah Hashim, 1 , 8 , 168 , 286 Americanization, 34 , 120 – 34 Amherst, Lord, 272 Baba Malay, 211 , 214 , see also Malay Amur, 219 , 227 Babu English, 57 Anand, Mulk Raj, 275 , 276 Babu, P., 59 , 62 Anglicism (loan words), 86 , 90 , 92 , 211 , 274 Bacon, Francis, 272 Aquino, Benigno, 289 Bahasa Indonesia, 8 , 168 , 170 – 87 , 283 , see Arabic Corpus of English and Malay also Malay (ACEM), 88 – 101 Bahasa Malasia, 170 – 87 Arabic loans in English, 4 , 88– 91 , 95 , 99– 100 Bahasa Malaysia, see also Malay Arefyev, Аlexandre L., 232 , 233 , 234 , 235 , Bahasa Melayu, 170 – 87 , see also Malay 236 , 238 , 242 Báihuàwén Yùndòng, see Vernacular Language ASEAN , see Association of Southeast Asian Movement Nations Bakhtikireyeva, Uldanai M., 234 Ash, Sharon, 123 Baku, 185 353

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06261-0 - Communicating with Asia: The Future of English as a Global Language Edited by Gerhard Leitner, Azirah Hashim and Hans-Georg Wolf Index More information

354 Index

Balasubramanian, T., 62 borrowing, 6 , 22– 3 , 25 , 33 , 38 , 88 , 158 , 160 , Balinese, 167 171– 3 , 176– 7 , 182 , 200 , 234 , see also Balochistan, 15 loan (loan word) Baltistan, 15 Bosco, Joseph, 255 , 265 Bamgboṣe, Ayọ, 72 Brahman, 159 Bangkok Declaration, 282 Brahmo Samaj, 272 Bangladesh, 275 Brazil, David, 57 Bangru, 163 Brezhnev, Leonid, 220 , 229 Bansal, Raj K., 59 , 62– 3 , 65 British Council, 2 , 3 , 5 , 10 , 14 , 17 Bao, Zhiming, 71 , 122 British English (BrE), 56 , 59 , 62– 3 , 121 , Basham, Arthur L., 158 122 , 125 basilect, 22 , 70 , 108 British India, 270 , 273 Baskaran, Loga, 50– 2 British Standard English, see British English Batam Island, see Riau Islands Brown, Adam, 50 , 52 , 70 , 122 , 133 Batu Pahat, 207 , 208 Brunei, 133 , 135 , 288 Bauer, Robert Stewart, 195 Brunei Malay, 183 , 186 , see also Malay Baumgardner, Robert J., 14 Buddhism, 155 – 71 Bautista, Maria Lourdes S., 1 , 103 , 105 , 108 , Bukhari, Khial, 25 109 , 113 Burmese, 286 Bazaar Malay, 177 , 211 , see also Malay Burnell, A. C., 22 Beckman, Mary, 61 Butler English, see also Babu English Beeson, Mark, 298 Butt, Craig, 309 Beg, Muhammad Abdul Jabbar, 86 , 88 Belait, 182 Calcutta Hindi, see Hindi Belarusian, 217 , 224 , 238 Caldwell, Robert P., 158 Bengali, 58 , 156 , 164 , 275 call centre industry, 289 Benitez, I., 106 Cambodia, 284 , 286 Bentinck, Lord, 273 Campbell, Stuart n.d., 88 Bernard, Jacques, 283 Canada, 5 , 279 Bhatia, Tej K., 156 Canagarajah, Suresh, 157 Bhatt, Rakesh M., 58– 9 , 64 , 72 Cannon, Garland, 88 Biber, Douglas, 77– 9 , 82 Cantonese, 4 , 8 , 45 , 152 , 188 – 204 , 206 , 207 , Bible, 101 , 177 208 , 211 , 212 , 214 , 258 , 285 Bicol, 284 Carney, John, 257 Bihar, 161 Castelli, Christina, 120 Bikol, 103 Castells, Manuel, 308 Bilbow, Grahame T., 252 Castles, Stephen, 308 bilingualism, 4 , 6 , 49 , 105– 6 , 138 , 155 , 159 , Cavallaro, Francesco, 50 , 70 164– 5 , 226 , 231 , 235 , 238 , 244 , see Cebuano, 103 , 105 , 106 , 284 also multilingualism CEFR, see Common European Framework of biliteracy, 196 Reference Bindi, 164 , see also Mumbai Hindi, Bombay Central Asia Hindi, Hindi Kazakh language, 232 – 5 Bintan Island, see Riau Islands Kyrgyz language, 238 – 41 Bisazza, John A., 293 Turkic languages, 3 Bloomfi eld, Leonard, 160 Turkish language, 241 – 3 Bobaljik, Jonathan David, 217 Uzbek language, 235 – 8 Boberg, Charles, 123 Central Asian Russian, see Russian Boersma, Paul, 126 CEPA, see Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Bokhorst-Heng, Wendy, 71 , 74 , 288 Economic Partnership Arrangement Bollywood, 168 Cha, Yun-Kyung, 310 Bolshevik, 220 , 227 Chakma English, 58 Bolton, Kingsley, 1 , 4 , 49– 50 , 286 , 290 Cham language, 171 Bombay Hindi, 164 , see also Hindi Chand, V., 123 , 133 Borrow, Thomas, 158 Chang, Han Pi, 207

Index 355

Chang, Wei-an, 207 cluster reduction (consonant), 52 , 58 , see also Chatterjee, Bankim Chandra, 275 phonetics Chattisgarh, see India Clyne, Michael, 307 , 308 , 310 Chaudhuri, Amit, 279 COAG, see Council of Australian Chechen, 234 Governments Chen, Ping, 190 , 191 , 193 code-mixing, see code-switching Chen, Xiaojin, 211 code-switching, 5 , 7 , 23– 6 , 107 , 294 Cheng, Winnie, 252 cognitive linguistics, 249 , 250 , 252 , Cheung Chau, 253 , 259 , 266 254 , 265 Cheung, Amy, 266 cognitive sociolinguistics, 249 – 65 China Cold War, 35 Civil War, 190 Coleman, Hywel, 17 Cultural Revolution, 191 , 218 Collins, Peter, 112 culture, 209 Colombo Plan, 297 ethnic minorities, 191 , 219 colonialism, colonial, 4 , 86 , 90 , 164 , 175 – 8 , Japanese invasion, 190 267 , 273 , 280 language planning, 203 Common European Framework of Reference language reform, 190 (CEFR), 7 , 48 migration, 1 Commonwealth of Australia, 292 National Congress, 190 communicative competence, 270 National Language Law, 285 communist, Communist, 181 , 190 , 216 , 219 , National Language Movement, 190 220 , 223 , 254 National People’s Congress, 192 conceptual metaphor theory, 254 People’s Republic of, 190 , 253 conceptualization, 254 , 262 Vernacular Language Movement, 190 Confucian institutes, 238 , 285 , 291 Chinese, see also Chinese dialects, Conrad, Susan, 77– 9 , 82 Cantonese, Gan, Mandarin, consonant replacement, 212 Putonghua, Foochow, Fujian, Content and Language Integrated Learning Fukien, Hakka, Teochew, Hainanese, (CLIL), 36 Shanghainese Cook, Guy, 37 Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, 188 Council of Australian Governments identity, 199 , 208 (COAG), 300 L ăo Guóyīn, 190 Crewe, William, 70 lingua franca, 193 , 200 Crozet Chantal, 300 Romanization, 191 Crystal, David, 19 , 123 script, 190 , 208 , 213 cultural linguistics, 249 – 65 standardization, 190 cultural relativism, 269 , 271 , 272 , 274 X īn Guóyīn, 190 Cultural Revolution, see China, Cultural Chinese dialects, 190 , 194 , 203 , 205 , Revolution 207 , 211 , see also Cantonese, culture, concept of, 9 Mandarin, Putonghua, Chiu Chau, Curley, Melissa Gail, 293 Fukien, Han, Min, Hokkien, Xiang, Cyrillic alphabet, 220 , 230 , 241 Shanghainese, Gan Chiu Chau, 196 D’Souza, Jean, 169 Chng, Brendan, 46 Dakkini Hindi, 163 , 167 , see also Hindi Choi, Chi-Cheung, 266 Dave, R. B., 57 Chong, Siew Ling, 212 , 215 Davies, Christopher, 123 Chow, Vivienne, 253 Dayag, Danilo, 7 , 104– 7 , 109– 10 , 113 Chui, Hin Leung, 252 Deccan, 163 Chukchi, 226– 8 deconstructionism, 251 Chukotka, 219, 228 Dekker, Diane, 284 , 289 Chung, L.C., 294 dekulakization, 223 , 230 Clayton, Thomas, 287 Department of Islamic Development Malaysia CLIL, see Content and Language Integrated (JAKIM), 86 Learning Deterding, David, 72 , 122 – 4 , 133 , 138 , 293

356 Index

Devanaageri, 8 English as a foreign language (EFL), 17 , 32 , Devy, Ganesh N., 278 37 , 136 , 310 Deyama, Keikichi, 38 English as a lingua franca (ELF), 7 , 8 , 10 , diaspora, diasporic, 3 , 4 , 285 151 , 251 , 276 , 286 – 7 , 310 of Cantonese, 9 English as a second language (ESL), 43 , of English, 279 135– 7 , 139 , 148 , 151 of Hindi, 167 English as an international language (EIL), 36 , of Hokkien, 211 45– 6 , 233– 4 , 251 , 286 – 7 Indian language, 167 English language teaching (ELT), 5 , 14 , 28 , of Mandarin, 9 , 207 , 210 32 , 34– 5 , 37– 9 , 140 , 195 of Uzbek and Russian, 235 English literature, 108 , 267 – 81 diglossia, 70 , 71 Englishization, Englishisation, 41 , 165 , 291 discrimination, 232 , 236 , 241 , 243 , 309 English-medium instruction (EMI), 36 , 41 Doiz, Aintzane, 36 , 291 English-medium schools, see medium of Doncu, Roxana, 9 instruction Dravidian language family, see language epenthetic vowels, 21 , see also phonetics families Erikawa, Haruo, 36 Dravidianization, 158 , 159 Erlich, Jeff, 235 Dungan, 238 Eskimo, see Siberian Yupik Dussek, O.T., 184 ESL, see English as a second language Dustoor, Phiroze Edulji, 22 essentialism, 271– 2 , 274 Dusun/Bisaya, 182 Eurasian, 44 , 238 Dutch colonialism, 44 , 86 Europe, 1 , 6 , 91 , 232 , 311 , 312 Dutch East Indies, 177 , 178 Evans, Grant, 197 , 253 Duzhong, 210 Even, 226– 8 Dyachkov, Mark Vladimirovich, 221 Evenki, 226– 7 Dyrud, Lars, 66 exonormative standard, 71 , 112 , 121 Dzhusupov, Makhanbet, 234 Expanding Circle, 28 – 42 , 136 , see also Kachru’s circles model East Africa, 1 , 85 Ezekiel, Nissim, 271 East Asia, 218, 229 , 255 East India Company, 4 , 164 Fahrudin, Diding, 287 Eastern Europe, 2 , 232 Far East, 9 , 216 – 29 ecology (of languages), 121 , 156 , 164 , 167 , Farsi, 231 , 242 205 , 207 , 308 , 312 Felde, Olga V., 226 education, see language education, Feng Anwei, 290 language policy Feng Shui, 260 , 266 EFL, see English as a foreign language Fennig, Charles D., 102 , 156 EIL, see English as an international Ferguson, Charles, 88 language Féry, Caroline, 56 , 63 , 66 , 67 Elder, Cathie, 303 , 309 Feuchtwang, Stephan, 266 ELF, see English as a lingua franca Fiji, 161 , 279 Elliot, Annie B., 72 Filipino, see Tagalog E L T , see English language teaching Finegan, Edward, 77– 9 , 82 , 123 Emeneau, Murray B., 158 , 169 Fishman, Joshua, 212 EMI, see English-medium instruction Foley, Joseph A., 138 empiricism, 272 Foochow, 215 empowerment, 16 – 17 , 26 foreign language, 3 , 5 endangered languages, 227 Foster, William, 24 endonormative stabilization, standardization, Foucault, Michel, 268 54 , 69 – 84 , 137 France, 280 English French, 3– 6 , 177 , 237– 8 , 242 , 284 , 305 acquisition of, 16 , 109 , 137 , 309 , 310 Fries, Charles C., 32 , 33 international intelligibility, 293 Fuchs, Robert, 62 non-standard features, 147 Fujian, 192 , 206 prestige of, 120– 1 , 134 , 237 Fukien, 196

Index 357

Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 268 Gut, Ulrike, 53 Galyamov, Damir, 240 Guyana, 161 Gan, 285 Gandhi, Mahatma, 162 Habermas, Jürgen, 268 Gao, Tianru, 190 habitat, 88 , 99 , 250 , 265 , 291 Gargesh, Ravinder, 161 Hainanese, 206 , 215 Gaznavi. Mahmud, 160 Hakka, 206 , 285 GCEP, see Global Cultural Exchange Program Ham, Seung-Hwan, 310 Geertz, Clifford, 252 Hamid, Ismail, 86 Gelbmann, Mathius, 236 , 239 Han, 188 , 210 General Indian English, see Indian English Hannah, Jean, 64 George, Karimpumannil Mathai, 276 Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, see Chinese, Romanization George, Rosemary Marangoly, 276 Hardt, John P., 245 German, 2 , 3 , 99 , 231 , 234 , 237– 8 , 305 Harnsberger, James D., 63 ghost culture, 252 – 60 Haryana, 161 Gilbert, J. B., 62 Hasanova, Dilbarhon, 235 , 237 Gilgit, 15 Hassim, Eeqbal, 300 Gill, Saran Kaur, 46 , 288 Hayes, Bruce, 60 , 61 Gillard, Julia, 302 – 3 Heaton, J. B., 72 Global Cultural Exchange Program Heller, Monica, 24 , 25 (GCEP), 40 Henderson, Deborah, 299 global language, 234 , 237 , 244 , 273 , 280 , Herd, Wendy, 123 see also world language and varieties hermeneutics, 251 , 268– 9 of English Hiligaynon, 103 , 105 , 284 globalization, globalisation, 1 , 2 , 9 , 28 , 36 , 40 , Himachal Pradesh, 161 55 , 87 , 123 , 134 , 167 , 219 , 229 , 288 Hindi, see also Hindi-Urdu glottal stop, 67 , 92 , see also phonetics and Urdu, 157 , 161 glottalisation, glottalization, 52 , see also as lingua franca of India, 163 phonetics bilingual speakers, 66 Goh, Yee Teck, 121 Calcutta, 164 Gokak, Vinayaka Krishna, 275– 6 literary history, 163 Gokhale, Shridhar Balkrishna, 59 , 62– 3 media, 166 Goldsmith, John, 59 pitch accent, 68 Gonzales, Andrew B., 72 , 105 regional varieties, 164 Gonzalez, Andrew B., 103 , 107 , 110 , 118 , 284 verbal repertoire and interaction, 165 Gooneratne, Yasmine, 275 word stress, 59 Goonetilleke, Devapriya Chitra R.A., 275 Hindi-English, 24 , 63 , 165 , see also English Gopinathan, Saravanan, 49 Hindi-Urdu, 3 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 24 , 155– 6 , 160 , 161 – 4 Graddol, David, 3– 5 , 10 Hindu nationalism, 278 Grammar of Spoken Singapore English Hindu-Muslim confl ict, 277 Corpus (GSSEC), 138 Hindustani, 24 , 162 graphemics, 269 Hino, Nobuyuki, 7 , 29 , 32– 4 , 36– 9 , 40– 1 Grataloup, Christian, 2 Ho, Christine, 300 Great Britain, 5 , 8 Hoffmann, Thomas, 102 Greek, 1 , 90 , 158 , 159 Hofstede, Geert, 256 Grenoble, Lenore A., 221 , 227–8 , 230 Hokkien, 4 , 45 , 50 , 206– 07 , 211– 14 GSSEC, see Grammar of Spoken Singapore Holliday, Adrian, 29 English Corpus Hong Kong Guangdong, 193 , 200 , 206 , 285 Basic Law, 198 Gujarati, 63 , 164 Certifi cate of Education Examinations, 195 Gumperz, John Joseph, 24 , 26 , 159 English-medium schools, 195 Guo, Xi, 209 language policy, 197 Guóyŭ Yùndòng, 190 Legislative Council, 198 Gupta, Anthea Fraser, 70 , 71 , 84 , 123 , 133 population census, 196 Gupta, R., 121 Standing Committee on Language Gussenhoven, Carlos, 66 Education and Research, 197

358 Index

Hong Kong English, 10 , 152 , 260 , 263 , 265 , 293 Indonesian, 306 , see also Bahasa Indonesia Hong, Huaqing, 71 borrowing, 182 , see also loan words Horne, Donald, 277 Youth Conference, 179 – 80 Hosali, Priya, 14 , 22 , 57 , 123 industrialization, industrialisation, 206 , Hou, Hongjian, 207 220 , 223 Huang, Yi, 202 Inner Circle, 34– 5 , 39 , 74 , see also Kachru’s Huayu, see Malaysian Mandarin circles model Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 268 institutionalization, institutionalisation, Hundt, Marianne, 113 , 116 , 118 74 , 82 , 83 Hussain, Nasreen, 14 intelligibility, 10 , 59 , 120 , 167 , 251 , 293 Hvitfeldt, Robert, 124 intercultural communication, 10 , 234– 6 , 244 , Hybridity, 233 250 – 3 , 270 , 292– 4 Hyland, Tom, 309 intercultural competence, 250 , 294 intercultural understanding, 10 , 250 , 252 , 260 , Iban, 182 264– 5 , 300 ICE-GB, see International Corpus of English International Corpus of English (ICE) the British component British component (ICE-GB), 75 , 253 ICE-HK, see International Corpus of English Hong-Kong component (ICE-HK), 253 , 254 the Hong-Kong component Philippine component (ICE-PHI), 102, 110 , ICLE, see International Corpus of Learner 111– 13 , 116 , 118 English Singapore component (ICE-SIN), 75 , Ikeda, Makoto, 36 77 , 79 , 82 Ikenaga, Katsumasa, 34 International Corpus of Learner English Ilokano, 103 , 106 (ICLE), 139 immigration, immigrant, 44 , 200 , 205– 06 , International English, 36 , 92– 3 , see 210 , 212 , 214 , 218 , 223 , 244 , 298 , 307 also English as an international Inamura, Matsuo, 34 language (EIL) India Inui, Takashi, 32 Chattisgarh, 161 Isaeva, Aliya, 233 constitution, 275– 6 , 278 Isoo, Tetsuo, 34 diaspora, 167 Italian, 3 , 305 education, 164 Itelmen, 217 , 222 , 226– 8 fi lm industry, 166 , see also Bollywood Ivanov, Nikolay, 233 linguistic diversity, 155– 6 Ivanova, Nina I., 226 linguistic situation, 156 Izumi, Shinichi, 36 multilingualism, 157 scheduled languages, 156 Jakarta, 177 , 186 , 287 syllable structure, 58 – 9 JAKIM, see Department of Islamic vernaculars, 165 Development Malaysia Indian English Jakubowicz, Andrew, 300 information structure, 65 – 8 James, D., 167 intonation, 62 – 5 Japan nativism, 278 English language teaching, 35 speech rhythm, 61 – 2 English teaching, 35 word stress, 59 – 61 language acquisition, 29 indigenization, indigenisation, 220 , 286 national language, 32 indigenous language, 13 , 26 , 49 , 137 , 175 , Japanese, 29 , 306 219 , 224 , 226 , 231– 2 , 234 , 243 , Kundoku inheritance, 31 – 3 244 , 307 language and culture, 181 Indo-Aryan, see also Indo-European native english speaking cultures, 33 – 5 language family traditional learning attitudes, 29 – 31 Indo-Aryan language family, 1 , 57 , 156 , 158– 61 yakudoku tradition, 37 Indo-European language family, 231 Jarkhand, 161 Indonesia Java, 4 , 172 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 181 history, 181 Javanese, 152 , 167 , 171– 2 , 177– 80 , language policy, 283 182 , 283

Index 359

Jawi script, 86 , 185 Korean, 6 , 38 , 218 , 223 , 226 , 231 , 236 , Jayasuriya, Kanishka, 298 299 , 306 Jenkins, Jennifer, 40– 1 , 291 Kortmann, Bernd, 140 Johansson, Stig, 77– 9 , 82 Koryak, 217 , 222 , 226 , 228 Jones, Gary M., 288 Kotajima, Yosuke, 32 Jones, Russell, 88 Kreindler, Isabelle, 221 Jongman, Allard, 123 Kretzschmar, William, 123 Joseph, K. G., 62 Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju, 169 Joshi, Svati, 273 Kristang, 44 Kuching, 207 Kachru, Braj B., 1 , 14 , 20 , 22 , 41 , 62 , 104 , Kuiper, Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus, 169 107 , 136 , 165 , 286 Kumar, Sree, 4 Kachru’s circles model, 6 , 136 Kundoku, see Yakudoku Kadayan, 183 Kunihiro, Masao, 34 Kamchatka, 217 , 219 , 228 Kuril Islands, 218 Kampong Ayer, 183 Kw’enlun, 283 Kannada, 160 , 163 Kwon, Oryang, 38 Kanno, Hiroomi, 38 Kyrgyz, 238 – 41 , 244 Kapampangan, 103 Kyrgyzstan, 238 – 41 , 244 Karakalpak, 235– 6 Kashmir, 161 Labov, William, 123 Kashmiri, 58 Ladefoged, Peter, 62 , 122 , 123 Kaufman, Richard F., 245 Laffan, Michael, 88 Kawai, Tadahito, 38 Lake, Marilyn, 297 Kawasumi, Tetsuo, 32 Lakoff, George, 266 Kazakh, 221– 2 , 231 , 232 – 5 , 236– 7 Lal, Purushottama, 277 Kazakhstan, 9 , 40 , 231 , 232 – 5 , 241 , 244 Laletina, Aleksandra Olegovna, 219 , 225 Kelantan Chinese, 212 , see also Chinese language acquisition Kelantan Malay, 212 , see also Malay Japan, 29 Kelly, Louis G., 32 Pakistan, 16 Kenntner, Gerrit, 66 Philippines, 109 keyword, cultural, 253 second language acquisition, 72 , 84 , 137 Khabarovsk, 218– 19 , 228 language attitude, 120 – 1 , 212 Khalikov, Yunus, 236 , 237 language contact, 8 , 50 , 71 , 160 , 163 , 166 , Khan, Nasiruddin, 62 210 – 12 , 244 Khasi English, 58 language education Khmer, 286 Chinese, 199 , 290 Kho, Joyce, 46 Malay, 184 , 185 Khoja, 235 Philippines, 288 Khor, Ann-Marie, 47 language education policy, 290 , 300 , see also Khrushchev, Nikhita, 220 , 229 language policy Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 15 language families Kiparsky, Paul, 160 Altaic, 226 Kipp, Sandra, 307 Austroasiatic, 156 Kirkpatrick, Andy, 1 , 4 , 7 , 10 , 121 , 135 , 251 , Austronesian, 167 , 171 , 183 284 , 286– 8 , 290 , 292– 4 , 310 Dravidian, 158– 9 , 163 Kiss, Tamas, 70 Indo-Aryan, 158 , 161 Knapp, Karlfried, 293 Indo-European, 231 Knight, Jane, 291 Paleosiberian, 222 , 226 Knowles, Gerald, 51 Tibeto-Burman, 57 , 60 , 68 Kobayashi, Yoshinori, 38 language of education, see medium of Koike, Ikuo, 37 instruction Kondo, Yusuke, 40 Language of Wider Communication (LWC), Koran, 86 , 94 , see also Al-Quran 16 , see also lingua franca Korea, 2 , 9 , 38 , 40 , 285 , see also North Korea, language planning, 10 , 156 , 159 , 170 , 181 , South Korea 184 , 194 , 203 , 215 , 304

360 Index

language policy, 46 , 48 , 54 , 197 , 202 , Low, Ee-Ling, 1 , 7 , 44 , 50– 3 , 70 , 122 , 124 , 220 – 2 , 229 , 244 , 275 , 289 , 304 , 133 , 136 , 138 , 286 307 , see also language Lowenberg, Peter Harper, 70 education policy Luzon, 102 language reform, 189 , 190 language shift, 205 , 207 , 212 , 215 , 217 , 229 MABBIM, see Majlis Bahasa Brunei, Lao, 167 Indonesia, Malaysia L ăo Guóyīn, see Chinese Macao, 193 , 199 – 204 Laos, 4 , 284 Macaulay, Lord Thomas Babington, 164 , 272– 3 Lasagabaster, David, 36 , 291 Mackenzie, Christopher, 300 Latha, P., 62 , 63 MacLagan, Margaret, 52 Latin, 32 , 91 , 158 , 159 , 176 , 178 , 227 Madhavi, V., 62 Latin alphabet, 177 , 220 , 230 , see also Roman Madrasi Hindi, 164 , see also Chennai, Hindi alphabet Magadan, 219 , 223 Lau, Joseph Chi Chun, 255 Magellan, Ferdinand, 283 Lau, Yuet Lin, 202 Maguindanaon, 103 learner English, 5 , 137 – 9 , 142– 4 , 146 , 147 – 8 , Mahanta, S., 60 149 , 151 – 2 Mahboob, Ahmar, 14 , 16 , 19 , 20 , 22 Lee Kuan Yew, 121 Mahesh, M., 63 , 67 Leech, Geoffrey, 77– 9 , 82 , 113 , 116 , 118 Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Leitner, Gerhard, 2 , 4 , 5 , 8 , 45 , 47– 8 , 87 , 88 , Partnership Arrangement (CEPA), 197 99 , 100 , 292 , 310 Mair, Christian, 113 , 116 , 118 , 148 Lenin, Wladimir Iljitsch, 220– 1 , 223 Majlis Bahasa Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia Leung, Sylvia, 200 , 203 (MABBIM), 186 , see also Malay Lewis, Ivor, 24 Mak, Bernie Chun Nam, 252 Lewis, M. Paul, 16 , 102 , 156 , 283 Makati, 107 Lexicography, 10 Malacca, 44 , 172 , 175 , 185 , 200 , 214 Lexicology, lexicological, lexicographic, Malay, see also Bahasa Melayu, Bahasa 90 – 1 , 99 , 249 , 260 Malaysia, Bahasa Indonesia Li, Wei, 285 dialects, 182 Li, Chor Shing David, 291 Dutch infl uences, 176 – 8 Li, Yuming, 190 , 194 , 209 history, 170 – 4 Liddicoat, Anthony, J., 300 as language (or medium) of instruction, 44 Lim, Beng Soon, 8 as lingua franca, trade language, 175 Lim, Lisa, 71 , 122 , 124 , 138 , 268 pidginized form, 183 lingua franca spelling, 176 – 8 , 185 Cantonese, 200 standardization, 183 – 5 English, see English as a lingua franca Malaya, 4 , 44 , 85– 6 , 91 , 184 , 207 , 209 , 297 Hindi, 163 Malayalam, 45 , 49 , 63 , 276 , 280 Malay, 86 , 171 Malayalee English, 60 , 62– 3 Putonghua, 193 Malaysia Russian language, 216– 17 English development, 45 linguistic landscape, 47 , 70 , 164– 5 , 208 , 213– 14 English pronunciation, 50 Lising, Jenifer Loy V., 110 , 113 linguistic landscape, 47 literacy, 5 , 9 , 18 , 33 , 48 , 166 , 179 , 223 , 243 , post-independent, 45 – 7 297 – 300 , 302 , 305 , 309 Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), 88 literary analysis, 269 Malaysian English, 5 , 50 – 4 Liu, Tik-sang, 266 Malaysian Mandarin, 9 , 212 , 215 , see also Liu, Xianbing, 200 Mandarin Lo Bianco, Joseph, 10 , 299 – 302 , 305 , 307 , Malcolm, Andrew, 303 309 , 311 Mandarin, 9 , 49 , 189 , 205 , 207– 08 , 210 , 213 , loan (loan word), see also borrowing see also Putonghua, Huayu local languages, 2 , 4 , 6– 7 , 50 , 70 , 83– 4 , 99 , Manglish, see Malaysian English 107 , 139 , 175– 7 , 220 – 1 , 286 , 310 Mansoor, Sabiha, 14 , 16 Lord, Robert, 195 Marathi, 62– 3 , 164 , 279

Index 361

Marco Polo, 172 Mother Tongue-based Multilingual Education markedness model, 24– 5 (MTB-MLE), 289 Marshall, Konrad, 309 Mozumi, Jitsuo, 32 Martin, Peter M., 183 MTB-MLE, see Mother Tongue-based Masbatenyo, 103 Multilingual Education Masica, Colin, 20 , 57 Muar, 208 Mattys, Sven L., 53 Mufwene, Salikoko, 286 Mauranen, Anna, 251 , 310 Mughal, 1, 24, 278 Mauritius, 161 Mukherjee, Aditi, 169 MCA, see Malaysian Chinese Association multilingualism, 49 , 155 – 68 , 225– 7 , 244 , 278 , McKay, Sandra Lee, 71 , 74 304 , 308 McKinsey, T., 27 multi-word verbal combinations (MVCs), 7 , McLellan, James, 294 71 – 84 media Mumbai Hindi, 164 , see also Hindi in English, 18 Murut, 182 in Hindi, 166 Mustafa, Zubeida, 14 in Malaysia, 99 MVCs, see multi-word verbal combinations in Russian language, 236 , 239 Myanmar, 4 , 284 in Singapore, 208 Myers-Scotton, Carol, 24 , 25 Medium of Instruction (MOI), 14–16 , 44 , 104 , mythology, 256 , 269 178 , 183 , 192 , 195 , 198 , 200 , 207– 10 , 214 , 224 , 272 , 287 , 288 , 291 Nagarkar, Kiran, 279 Mehrotra, Raja Ram, 22 Naik, M. K., 277 Meierkord, Christiane, 293 Nair, N. G., 62 Meiraba, T., 63 Nakano, Koichi, 30 Meitei, 63 Nakano, Michiko, 40 Melayu, 8 , 170 – 87 , 283 , see also Malay NALSAS, see National Asian Languages and Meraj, Shaheen, 14 , 16 Studies in Australian Schools mesolect, 22 , 70 , 108 Nanai, 226 , 228 Mesthrie, Rajend, 64 , 72 Nanay, 227 metrical theory of stress, see phonetics Narayan, R. K., 276 Middle East, 1 – 3 , 85 Narita, Hajime, 36 migration, migrant, see immigration National Asian Languages and Studies in Miller, Mark, 308 Australian Schools (NALSAS), Milner, Anthony, 4 , 171 , 297 , 298 300– 1 , 306 Min, 192 , 200 , 285 National Institute of Education Corpus Minangkabau, 172 , 179 of Spoken Singapore English Mindanao, 102 (NIECSSE), 138– 9 , 148 Moeliono, Anton M., 180 national language Mogul Empire, 160– 1 , 164 China, 285 Mohamed Pitchay Gani bin Mohamed Abdul Indonesia, 179 , 283 Aziz, 184 Japan, 32 Mohan, Lal Sam, 213 Malaysia, 44 , 49 , 184 Mohsin, Moni, 23 Pakistan, 274 MOI, see medium of instruction Philippines, 103 , 284 Moluccas, 175 , 177 nationalism, 103 , 189 , 220 , 222 , 267 , Mongol, 231 277– 8 , 281 monophthongization, see phonetics native language, 29 , 37 , 70 , 217 , 219– 24 , 227– Montolalu, Lucy R., 283 30 , 237– 8 , 272– 3 , 277 , 280– 1 , 289 Moon, Russell, 61 native varieties of English (NE), 22 , 56 Morikoshi, Kyoko, 40 nativisation, 54 Morioka, Kenji, 32 nativism, 271 , 277 – 80 , 281 morphemics, 269 , see also morphology Naughten, Zoe, 303 morphology, 22 , 93 , 138 , 146 , 148 , 151 , Naya, Tomoichi, 34 160– 1 , 184 Nayab, Durre, 27

362 Index

Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 233 Pakistani English, 13 , 14 , 20 – 6 Negidal, 227 Paleosiberian language family, 222 , 226 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 276 , 278 Pallava script, 171– 2 Nelson, Gerald, 76 , 118 , 119 , 281 Pampangan, see Kapampangan Nemade, Bhalchandra, 277 , 280 Pandey, Pramod, 7 , 58– 60 , 63 , 66– 7 Nespor, Marina, 57 Pandit, Prabodh B., 159 , 169 Nesselhauf, Nadja, 72 Pangasinan, 103 Netherlands, 33 , 177 Panini, Paṇiṇi, 160 New Colombo Plan, 297 Pashto, 22 , 24 New Literatures in English, 269 Patkin, John, 287 New Zealand, 2 , 5 Pavlenko, Aneta, 231 New Zealand English, 111 Peace Corps, 240 , 243 Ng, Bee Chin, 49 , 50 , 70 Pearl River Delta, 193 NIECSSE, see National Institute of Education Pelly, Christine, 70 Corpus of Spoken Singapore English Penan, 182 Nihalani, Paroo, 123 Peranakan, 179 , 184– 5 , 214 Nilep, Chad, 23 , 25 Persian, 1 , 20 , 24 , 156– 7 , 160 – 6 Nivkh, 226 , 227 , 228 Persian language branch, 231 Nobel Prize committee 275 Persianization, 160 Norman, Jerry, 189 Perso-Arabic script, 157 North Africa, 3 Pesantren, 287 North Korea, 217 P ḗtursson, Magnús, 52 Phan, Le-Ha, 46 Oda, Masaki, 41 Philippine English, 7 , 102 offi cial language Philippines of Hong Kong, 198 constitution, 284 of India, 274 education, 104 of Kazakhstan, 232 history, 103 of Kyrgyzstan, 238 number of speakers of English, 103 of Macao, 200 offi cial languages, 103 of Philippines, 103 phonetics, phonetic , xi , 13 , 20 – 2 , 57 , 61 , 66 , Russian, 217 , 220 , 225 125 , 159 , 190 – 1 , 211 – 12 , 234 of Turkmenistan, 242 metrical theory of stress, 60 of Uzbekistan, 236 monophthongization, 141 , 143 – 4 Ohala, John J., 62 postvocalic-r, 122 – 3 , 126 – 31 , 132 – 4 Okudaira, Akiko, 282 , 284 TH-stopping, 52 Ong, Cheng Teik, 70 phonology, phonological , xi , 7 , 13 , 20 – 2 , Ooi, Vincent, 121 43 – 4 , 50 , 52 – 4 , 57 , 59 , 67 , 70 , 84 , 109 , Orientalism, 274 120 , 122 – 3 , 131 – 2 , 134 , 138 , 140 , 142 , Oroch, 226 , 228 147 – 9 , 152 , 159 , 183 , 188 – 91 , 211 – 12 orthoepism, 91 distinct vowel features, 123 orthography, 86 , 289 morphology and syntax, 146 Osman, Nabil, 99 prosodic marking, 53 , 57 Ostler, Nicholas, 283 , 285 rhoticity, 122 Otani, Yasuteru, 28 Singapore English pronunciation, 122 Otsu, Yukio, 36 Phoon, Hooi San, 52 Outer Circle, 119 , 136 , see also Kachru’s Pickering, Lucy, 61 circles model pidgin, pidginized, 22 , 183 , 211 , 212 overgeneralization, 72 pied-piping, 102 – 19 , see also syntax Owada, Kazuharu, 40 Pierrehumbert, J. B., 66 Ozog, Conrad, 183 Pilipino, see Tagalog, Filipino Pillai, Stefanie, 51 , 53 Pakir, Anne, 49 – 50 , 70 , 211 Platt, John, 43 , 70 , 122 Pakistan plurilingual, see multilingual English-medium schools, 19 Poedjosoedarmo, Gloria R., 8 , 121 , 123 , FATA, 15 133 , 183

Index 363

Polzenhagen, Frank, 249 , 252 , 254– 5 , 257 , Riau Islands, 139 260 , 264– 6 Riau-Johor Sultanate, 175 Poo, Mu-chou, 266 Richards, Jack C., 32 Portuguese, 4 , 6 , 44 , 91 , 176– 7 , 203– 4 Ricoeur, Paul, 268 postvocalic-r see phonetics Ritchie, William C., 8 , 168 Powell, Richard, 105– 6 Roach, Peter, 58– 9 , 62 pragmatics, 86 , 250– 2 Robbie B. H. Goh, 268 Prahalad, Coimbatore Krishnarao, 167 Robinson, Justyna, 249 Prakrit, 271 Rodgers, Theodore S., 32 preposition stranding, 7 , 102 – 19 , see Roman alphabet, 236 , see also Latin alphabet also syntax Rosa, Alexandre, 200 Primorye, 219 , 228 Ross, John, 112 pronunciation, see also Received Roy, Rammohun, 272 Pronunciation, 7 , 50 , 52 , 54– 6 , 58 , 62 , RP, see Received Pronunciation 91 , 109 , 121 – 4 , 126 , 131 – 2 , 178 , 185 , Rubdy, Rani, 71 , 74 190 , 209 Rudd, Kevin, 292 , 300– 2 Proshina, Zoya, 9 , 218 , 219 Rumi script, 185 prosody, 7 , 56 – 68 , see also phonology Rusdi, Taib, 293 Punjabi, 17 , 58 , 161 , 163 Rushdie, Salman, 279– 81 Punjabi English, 60 Russia Puri, Vijay, 61, 63 , 68 administration, 216 , 219 Putin, Vladimir, 223 , 228 , 229 New Economic Policy, 222 Putonghua, see also Mandarin relationship to China, 218 – 19 in Hong Kong, 195 – 9 relationship to Japan, 218 – 19 in Macao, 202 Russian Far East, 216 , 219 , 222 – 4 , 226 – 9 phonological origin of, 188 – 9 Russian promotion of, 190 – 2 Central Asian, 234 usage of, 192 – 4 language of instruction, 222 , 223 Pütz, Martin, 249 as a lingua franca, 217 Russian Civil War, 222 Qing Dynasty, 189 Russian Far East, see Russia Qipchaqs, 235 Russian Federation, 224 – 6 , 229 , 242 Qiufang, Wen, 290 Sabitova, Zinaida K., 234 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, 276 Sachdev, Itesh, 156 Raffl es, Sir Thomas, 177 Sadanandan, S., 60 Rafi qzad, Khaililullah, 293 Saito, Hidezaburo, 33 Rahim, Hajar Abdul, 139 Saito, Yoshifumi, 36 Rahman, Tariq, 7– 8 , 13 – 27 , 275 Sakha, 218–1 9 , 225– 7 Rajasthan, 160 , 161 Sakhalin Island, 218 , 223 , 226 Ramesh, S., 121 Saleemi, Anjum, 14 Rampton, Ben, 26 Salter, Peta, 300 , 311 Ranta, Elina, 251 , 310 Sanskrit, 156–61, 164–71, 172, 174, 182, 278 Rao, Raja, 275 Sanskritization, 158 Rappa, Antonio, 284 Santos, B. S., 199 Razak report, 45 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, 9 Razumovskaya, Veronica A., 218 , 229 Saravanan, Vanithamani, 121 Received Pronunciation (RP), 22 , 140 Scarino, Angela, 300 , 303 regional lingua francas, 282 – 7 Schatzberg, Michael G., 265 register variation, 79 – 83 , 148 , 152 scheduled language, 156 Reid, Anthony, 86 Schiffman, Harold, 168 , 169 Reif, Monika, 249 Schilling-Estes, Natalie, 123 relativism, 269 , 271– 2 , 274 Schlyter, Birgit N., 244 , 245 Reynolds, Henry, 297 Schneider, Edgar W., 54 , 71– 2 , 84 , 112 , rhoticity, 20 , 122 , 133 137– 8 , 140

364 Index

Scott, Charles Payson G., 88 sociolinguistics, 72 , 250 , see also cognitive Scott, Janet Lee, 255 sociolinguistics Scrimgeour, Andrew, 309 Sokolovsky, Yaroslav V., 218 Script Reform Committee, 191 South Africa, 161 , 177 Seargeant, Philip, 38 South America, 158 second language, 5 , 43 , 53 , 87 , 135 , South Asia, 1 , 3 , 9 , 164 , 166 , 271 , 279 161 , 210 South Korea, 217 , 280 , 302 second language acquisition (SLA), 72 , Sovereignty, 195– 6 , 200 , 202 84 , 137 Soviet republics, 232 – 44 Seidlhofer, Barbara, 40 , 41 Soviet Union, 220 , 222– 5 , 229 Seilhamer, Mark Fifer, 50 Spanish, 3 , 6 , 103 , 238 , 284 semantics, semantic, 22 , 92 , 95 , 166 , 173 , 211 , Speak Good English Movement, 50 , 74 , 83 250 , 252 , 269 Speak Mandarin Campaign, 49 , 215 Sereno, Joan, 123 spelling, see also orthography Sethi, J., 60 conventions and variation, 91 – 2 Seven-Years’ War, 90 Malay, 178– 9 , 185 Shanghainese, 285 , see also W u Singapore English, 122 Sharifi an, Farzad, 250– 1 , 294 , 312 SPELT, see Society of Pakistani Shekhar, G., 62 English-Language Teachers Shellabear, William. G., 211 Spender, Stephen, 277 Sheng, Yan, 200 , 202 Spice Islands, see Moluccas Shimaoka, Takashi, 34 spirit money, 262 , see also ghost culture Sibayan, Bonifacio P., 104 Sri Lanka, 2 , 6 , 40 , 274 , 275 Siberian Yupik, 226 , 228 Sridhar, Kamal K., 137 Siddique, Sharon, 4 Sridhar, S. N., 137 , 159 , 169 Sierra, Juan M., 36 , 291 Srivijaya, 171 – 4 Sikandar, Aliyah, 14 SSE, see Standard Singapore English Silk Road, 1 Standard Singapore English (SSE), 50 , 70– 1 , Silver, Rita, 288 see also Singapore English Simons, Gary F., 102 , 156 standardization, 8– 9 , 178 – 80 , 183 – 6 , 190– 2 Simplifi cation, 70 , 72 , 191 Stanlaw, James, 41 Sindhi, 16 State Language Commission (SLC), 191, Singapore 192, 193 English-medium education, 76 stereotype, 40 , 251 language ideology, 72 – 83 Stilz, Gerhard, 9 – 10 , 252 , 267 – 81 Singapore and Malayan English (SME), 43 stress patterns, 59 – 61 Singapore Colloquial English (SCE), see Sturak, Katharine, 303 Singlish substrate language, 62 , 135 , 138– 9 Singapore English, 51 – 5 , 122 – 5 Suenobu, Mineo, 41 Singh, Rajendra, 24 Suleimenova, Eleonora D., 234 Singlish, 5 , 50 , 69 , see also Singapore Sultaniarova, Anar, 233, 234 English Sumatra, Sumatera, 170– 2 , 175 Sino-British Joint Declaration, 195 Summer Institute of Linguistics, 103 Sishu, 209 Sun, Hongkai, 191 , 193 , 194 Sjoberg, Andree, 159 Sundanese, 178 Sjoberg, Gideon, 159 Sungai Melayu, 171 SLA, see second language acquisition Surinam, 161 Slaughter, Yvette, 10 , 296 – 312 Suryadinata, Leo, 283 Slavic, 229 , 233 , 235– 6 , 240 Sussex, Ronald, 207 , 292 SLC, see State Language Commission Swahili, 280 , 283 SME, see Singapore and Malayan English Syariah, 86 , 90 , 92 Smith, Larry E., 36 , 293 syntax, syntactic, 38 , 55 , 57 , 59 – 60 , 69 – 70 , Smith, Nicholas, 113 , 116 , 118 76 , 79 , 83 , 89 , 109 , 113 – 4 , 117 – 8 , 140 , Sneddon, James, 170– 1 , 175– 6 , 178 , 181– 2 145 , 147 – 8 , 159 Society of Pakistani English-Language Sytnik, Lana, 228– 9 Teachers (SPELT), 14 Szczepanski, Kallie, 241

Index 365

Tachibana, Hiroshi, 41 Trinidad, 161 Tadmor, Uri, 135 , 139 Trivedi, Harish, 273 , 281 Tagalog, 103 , 284 – 5 , 288 Trudgill, Peter, 64 Tagore, Rabindranath, 275 Tsui, Amy B., 252 Tahir, Aliyah, 14 , 16 Tungusic language branch, 226 Taiwan, 35 , 40 , 209 , 210 , 215 , 268 , 280 , Turkey, 243 285 , 302 Turkish, 3 , 160 , 162– 3 , 234 , 236 , 239– 40 , Tajik, 231 , 235– 7 242– 4 , 245 Tajikistan, 9 , 231 – 2 , 235 , 243 , 244 Turkmen, 241 – 3 Talaat, Mubina, 14 , 24 , 25 Turkmenistan, 9 , 231 , 241 – 4 Tamil, 49 , 167 , 168 Turkmenization, 241 , 243 Tamil English, 60 , 62– 3 Turton, Nigel D., 72 Tan, Chee Beng, 206– 7 , 209 , 211 , 214– 15 Tutong, 182 Tan, Chor Hiang, 123 , 133 Tyson, Michael J., 244 Tan, Rachel Siew Kuang, 7 , 51 , 53 Tan, Siew Imm, 7 , 72 Udege, 226 , 228 Tan, Ying-Ying, 7 , 120 , 122–4 , 133 UEC, see United Examination Certifi cate Tang, Jennifer, 51 Ueda, Norifumi, 40 Tatar, 217 , 226 , 232 , 235 Uigur, 232 , 234 Tausug, 103 UK, see United Kingdom Tay, Lian Soo, 210 Ukrainian, 217 , 224 , 238 Tay, Mary, 70 , 122 Ulch, 226– 8 teacher training, 192 , 203 , 218 Ulin, Robert C., 268 Telugu, 62 , 160 , 163– 4 UMNO, see United Malays National Temasek, 9 Organisation Teochew, 45 , 206 , 207 UNESCO, 227 , 309 , 310 textbook, 30 , 34 – 5 , 38 – 9 , 242 United Examination Certifi cate (UEC), 46 Thai, 167 United Kingdom (UK), 3 Thailand, 6 , 40 , 167 , 209 , 282– 3 , 302 United Malays National Organisation Tham, Seong Chee, 173 (UMNO), 86 , 88 Thaveeporn, V., 285 United States of America (USA), 103 Thomas, Nicholas, 293 universalism, 271 Thomasites, 103 Urdu, 14 , 16 , 18 , 23 , 25– 6 , 157 , 162 , see also Thomason, Sarah G., 86 , 88 Hindi-Urdu Thumboo, Edwin, 5 USA, see United States of America Thurgood, Elzbieta A., 211 Uttar Pradesh, 161 Tian, Xiaolin, 197 Utusan Malaysia, 88– 9 Tibeto-Burman language family, 57 , 60 , Uzbek, 235 68 , 156 Uzbekistan, 235 – 8 Tickoo, Makhan L, 43 Uzbekization, 235 Ting, Su Hie, 207 Ting-Toomey, S., 294 Vahtin, Nikolai, 228 , 230 Titova, Tatiana Alexeevna, 225 Van Dam, Nikolaos, 88 , 91 titular language, 221 , 226 , 231 , 234– 5 , Van Rooy, Bertus, 149 239 , 244 varieties of English, 6 , 10 , 22 , 43– 4 , 54 , 88 , To Yiu Tim, Timothy, 266 99 , 108 , 111 , 118 , 122 , 267 , 286 , 293 , tone, 63– 4 , 189 , 190 , 209 , 301 , see also see also world Englishes phonology Verma, D., 63 , 66 Tongue, Ray K., 70 , 122–3 Verma, Siddheswar S., 20 tool of education, 237 , 240 , 242 , see also Versteegh, Kees, 86 , 88 medium of instruction Vertovec, Steven, 308 Torikai, Kumiko, 36 Vienna Oxford International Corpus of Torres Strait Islander, 298 English (VOICE corpus), 294– 5 transnationalism, transnational, 268 , 280 , 312 Vietnam, 284–6 trilingualism, trilingual, 103 , 196 , 213 , 215 , Vietnamese, 285 234 , 236 Vijaykrishnan, K. G., 59– 60

366 Index

Visayas, 102 Wu, 285 , 287 , see also Shanghainese Viswanathan, Gauri, 273 Wu Jingjing, 287 Vogel, Irene, 57 VOICE corpus, see Vienna Oxford Xiang, 285 International Corpus of English X īn Guóyīn, see Chinese vowel confl ation, 51 Xu Zhichang, 290

Wade, Geoffrey, 86 Yada, Hiroshi, 39 Wan, Ivan, 256 Yakudoku, 32 , 33 , 35 , 37 – 8 Wang, Huidi, 213 Yakut, 223 , 226 – 7 Wang, Jun, 191 Yakutsia, see Sakha Wang, Li, 190 Yamaguchi, Toshiko, 52 Wang, Xiaomei, 9 , 207– 8 , 211– 12 , 215 Yang, Rong-cong, 198 Waray-Waray, 103 Yeltsin, Boris, 223 Warnk, Holger, 185 Yeung, Sau Ling, 202 Watanabe, Yoshinori, 36 Yoshida, Kayoko, 40 Weber, Heidi, 43 , 70 , 122 Yoshida, Kensaku, 39 Wee, Lionel, 122 , 268 , 284 Yoshida, Satoshi, 40 Weenink, David, 126 Yoshino, Masaharu, 38 Wells, John, 62 , 65 , 122 Young, Catherine, 284 , 289 White, Laurence, 53 Yu Lan Festival, 255 , see also ghost culture Williams, Jessica, 137 Yu, Simon, 40 , 42 Wilson, Jessica, 88 Yue, 193 , 285 , see also Cantonese Wilson, Robert, 159 Yukagir, 226– 8 Wiltshire, Caroline R., 57 , 59– 61 , 63 , 68 Yule, Henry, 22 Winford, Donald, 69 , 72 , 79 , 84 Yupik, 226 , 228 Winstedt, Richard Olaf, 184 Wolf, Hans-Georg, 10 , 53 , 249 – 65 Zamyatin, Konstantin, 221 , 223– 4 Wolfram, Walt, 123– 4 Zhan, Bohui, 191 Wong, Chai Lok, 195 Zhang, Shuhua, 194 Wong, Hiu Fung, 202 Zheng, Wen Long, 208 , 210 Wong, Jennie, 293 Zhōngyuán Yīnyùn , 189 word stress, 59 – 61 Zhou, Minglang, 191 , 193– 4 world Englishes, 29 , 40 , 137 , 219 , 286 , see Zhu Rongji, 290 also varieties of English and global Zhu, Lin, 202 language Zhuravleva, Ekaterina A., 234 world languages, future of, 3 – 5 Zhuyin fuhao , 208 World War II, 33 , 38 , 181 , 218 , 224 , 236 , 307 Zuraidah, Mohd Don, 51 , 52 , 53