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I . Il ~ ,:1 I Lrl J R ··;' l I. CANADA National Research Council Conseil national de recherches I A.ssociate Committee on Geodesy and Geophysics Comite associe de geodesie et de geophysique Subcommittee on Hydrology Sous-comite t:le l'hydrologie I I I ~ I. I l FLUVIAL PROCESSES I AND SED-;MENTATION I l J Prepared and published for the Subcommittee on Hydrology by the Inland Waters Directorate Department of the Environment PROCEEDINGS OF HYDROLOGY SYMPOSIUM HELD AT I UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA, EDMONTON MAY 8 AND 9, 1973 HARZA-EBASCO Susitna Joint Venture Document Number Susitna Hydroelectric Project Supplemental Report FERC Letter of 4/12/8i f lease Returri To Page -31_ Item _5 I ~ft'f'Htu1el1T f'ntirrnnl I ~"r~~2~_J'2e~~£L2l~L~1•••~·" ,- J. - I , II ~I I I [I t I I [,I II t I . il ~ ,:1 I lrl J r ··;' . Ui U &., :£1 PHYSICAL CONSEQUENCES OF HUMAN INTERFERfNCE rOTH RIVERS "'.,. A. K' err1 I SYNOPSIS The age of awareness of the environment has ar':ived. The PI"'eger physical cc,ls6quences upon the envirorunent of human interference Xl. uences with rivers forms t,e overall framework of the pape:.~. This frame­ s. On y a ues tals que, work is established by dealing first with overall concepts and with specific topics SUdl as flood flows and volumes ~ minimum llirl volumes u relation flows and volumes, water quality, and water uses .r~lated to the IJ1 environment. The balance of the paper deals with fluvial processes and sedimentation. Stress is placed on local, upstr\~am and do\·m­ ides proces- stream effects of water diversions into and out of the river "'Irm , ,inm hydro,:" system, and of technical works for specific purposes, such as dams, ,ticuIH~:re est dikes and river training systems. sl, C, ertaine 1 .que les Experience gained in Canada and in other parts of the world is described, and comments are made concerning modifications re­ quired when applying experience gained elsewhere to Canadian projects. [ I Finally, the paper discusses the direction in which ft~ture research and basic data collection in Canada should proceed in order to improve quantitative predictions of the consequences of I interfering with natural river systems. I INTRODUCTION Human interference with rivers has becom;~ Widespread in Canada and elsewhere. Hydro, navigation and flood control works are becoming more n:'~A~~us, more interconnected and more multi­ DD purpose in nature, and the use of streams and water bodies fal' recreation, fish, Wildlife, pollution control ~ndwater supply are r now part of the world around us and are of ever-increasing I importance. The first stage of human interference involves man-made changes to the land surfaces of the drainage basins, which in turn affect sedimentation, pollution and overland flc.,W. The next I level of intervention involves the movement of human activities on­ ~B to floodplains. Interference with rivers proper begins with works ISenior Studies Engineer, Shawinigan Engineering Company Limited, I I Montreal, Canada. o 665 I Pltection Rh er' in Manitoba, Lake Diefenbaker on the South Saskatchewan Rive:r }. ·ger scale in Saskatchewan, Brazeau and Bighorn in the North Saskatchewan irs which River basin in Alberta, the Bennett Dam on the Peace River, and tream reaches major reservoirs on the Columbia River in ihi:tish Columbia. vllume and erl}rence in­ In the U.S., navigation is more extensively developed than in her, referred Canada, irrigation is more widespread, and water supply and pol­ lution control pressures are more intense. In 1970, there were in the U.S. a total of 1,562 large reservoirs and lakes with a usable SS'hYSiCal storage of 359,360, 000 acre-·feet and a surface area of 14,831, 000 ut considerips acres, not including over 3,000 smaller reservoirs with an average il..'. ra.nSfer ~ capacity of 1,000 acre-feet (Wolman, 1970). By the late 1950's ; n:lllg ,to there were already 37 major hydro plants operating in the Tennes­ fU' ure in­ see Valley area~ an early example of a truly integrated r1.ver models, basin development scheme. Approximately 22 million Reople and a L t stre$sed. major share of the industry of the U.S. depend on the water re­ SOUTces of the DelawaI'e River, making it the first among American I ydraulic works rivers in the number of people served and the economic importance of their activities. Integrated development plans in the Ohio River basin, in the Missouri River basin, in California and in Texas are further examples of the composite character of hydraUlic \<lorks in the U.S., and \ f human interventions which have provided tremendous benefits to nlnklnd. Political and Social Interference with rivers results in definite consequences to political and social structlJ-res. Such consequences begin long be­ fore construction, and are a result of pressures exerted for and against water resources d.evelopment schemes, and the assigning of responsibilities for the study, design, construction and operation of the projects to specific organizations. Biswas and Durie (1971) argue that decisions to develop water resources have been primarily made on the basis of engineering and economic feasibilities, but . that the success or failure of any resource development should be judged by its impact on people as well as by its techno-economic excellence. Dollar values frequent1y tend to dominate economic analyses, and many technological designs are based on the explicit or implicit assumption that they are closed systems. These con­ siderations must be taken into account by decision-makers. fl.the gener­ The framework for comprehensive water reSOurces planning in g on, pol... Canada was set up by the Canada Water Act which was passed by the es are playing Gover11IIlent of Canada in 1970 (Forbes and HodgeS J 1971). This eWE.• recent attempts to solve the problem of divided respons1.bilities between eJJl:away, Federal and Provincial governIIlents by stressing consultation and es·and cooperation. y, sites on tht; glt.a.tio.n.. works In the U. S. ,comprehensive planning was stat"ted by means of 1, •• er Nelson an assessment of ".,ater and related land resources i.n accordance 667 with the Water Resources Planning Act (U.S. Water Resources Council, 1972). In the European part of the Soviet Union, 80% of the popu­ lation and industrial production are situated in the southern and central regions which have only 40% of the water resources, and ever-increasing water deficiency in these regions is hindering the development of industry, agriculture and cOnnTIunities (Academy of Sciences of USSR, 1967b). Plans are being prepared for the di-­ version of northern rivers southward here, as well as in Siberia. While the consequences to the south are highly beneficial, th,ey are largely detrimental to the donor regions in the north. In the case of the recently constructed High Aswan Dam on the Nile River in Egypt, the hydropower and irrigation benefits are enormous, but serious problems have developed downstream. Besides adverse effects on fish, salinity and fertility, an enormous in­ crease in disease due to parasites has reSUlted. Some secondary adverse effects must be expected in gigantic projects of this type, but they can often be avoided by foresight and shOUld be rapidly rectified when they occur unexpectedly. Dam Failures Although dam failures are not unc0~on, running in the order of one per year per 1,000 dams, reports and research on th:'ffi are sparse, in spite of the numerous lessons to be learned. Biswas and Chatterjee (1971) point out that much remains to be learned of the effects of the complex new environments created by large dams and reservoirs.... Reference is made to the burden on the earth t S crust and the increased danger of earthquakes, to the probabi- listic nature of floods, to the true behavior of dams versus the assumed structural behavior and to the need for cuntinuous super... vision and maintenance of old dams. Concern over the environment has even resulted in strong pressUre to destroy a dam (Engineering News Record, 1972). The case in question is the Rodman Dam on the Cross--Florida Barge Canal in the U.S. Construction of this project was recently stopped by President Nixon for enVironmental reasons, when some $50 million had already been spent. Another 21 projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers are facing similar battles. Flood Control One of the pillars of human society has always been rational exploitation of water resources. Nowhere is this more evident, and yet more taken fo:r: granted, than in the case of flood cr·ntrol works. An example of well-planned flood control facilities is the Columbia River basin. The CoItuubia Treat)" between Canada and the 668 I I·> , elrces U.S. (1964) provided for the construction of three large storage projects in Canada and the Libby Project in the u.s. wi~h a total combined usable storage of more than 20 million acre-feet. By of the popu­ 1973, there will be sufficient reservoir stor"'!..ge to control floods eljmthern and of historical magnitude on tb~ main Columbia River and to reduce soll}ces j and significantly the Standard Project Flood (Nelson and Rockwood, s hindering the 1971). $Jtc~~:m~i~f Minimum Flows a~l{n Siberia. ficial, they Human interference with rivers is often first manifested by a J tho change in minimum flows. The first dam on a stream generally in­ creases the minimum flow Thus the Brazeau Reservoir in the No~:th s.] ' Dam on the Saskatchewan River basin in Canada significantly increased the benefits are magnitudes of low flows at Edmonton, even though its main purpose trl}m.
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