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A Feminist Pastoral Approach to Gender-Based Violence in Intimate Partner Relationships Within Marriage by Melaney Ann Klaasen T

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A Feminist Pastoral Approach to Gender-Based Violence in Intimate Partner Relationships Within Marriage by Melaney Ann Klaasen T A feminist pastoral approach to gender-based violence in intimate partner relationships within marriage By Melaney Ann Klaasen Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Theology (M.Th.) in Practical Theology at the University of Stellenbosch Supervisor: Prof. C.H. Thesnaar March 2018 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously, in its entirety or in part, submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: March 2018 Copyright © 2018 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ABSTRACT From my experience as a minister in the Anglican Church of Southern Africa, I have observed that gender-based violence in intimate partner relationships is prevalent in society. Pastoral care focusing on intimate partner relationships tends to address the symptoms rather than the root cause of the violence. If the pastoral care that is offered ignores or entrenches the root cause of the violence, the care that is offered may be limited. This may result in the need for an alternative approach that will provide recommendations that will facilitate a more responsible pastoral care strategy. To investigate this possibility of limitation and the resultant need for an alternative approach, I will use my own denomination as a background to this study, focussing specifically on intimate partner violence within marriage. To validate this theory of limitation and need, it is important to determine and acknowledge the root cause and risk factors of intimate partner violence, which is proposed as male dominance rooted in gender inequality. The official pastoral response of my denomination will be investigated to determine whether it acknowledges the root cause of gender-based violence. A lack of doing so will result in the diagnosis of a problem of limitation to pastoral care. This problem will be exacerbated should the said church denomination entrench the root cause through the theological framework of its pastoral practices. This possibility is investigated through the critique of certain pastoral practices. In finding this possibility of limitation to be true, a feminist pastoral approach is investigated to offer recommendations that will assist in the development of a responsible pastoral care strategy that will enhance care for victims and perpetrators of intimate partner violence within marriage. iii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za OPSOMMING In my ondervinding as ‘n leeraar in die Anglikaanse Kerk van Suider Africa, is geslagsverwante geweld wyd versprei in gemeenskappe. Pastorale sorg in hierdie verband nyg om op die simptome liewer as die hoof oorsaak te fokus. Wanneer hierdie oorsaak geignoreer of bevestig word, sal dit beperkinge op die sorg wat gebied word plaas. ’n Alternatiewe benadering tot sorg mag benodig word om voorstelle te maak vir ’n verantwoordelike pastorale sorg strategie. Ek sal my eie denominasie gebruik om die moontliheid van beperkinge te ondersoek, en sal spesifiek op geweld binne die huwelik fokus. Om waarde aan die teorie van limitasie en behoefte te gee, moet die hoofoorsaak van geslagsgeweld ondersoek word. Dit word voorgehou as manlike dominansie wat ’n oorsprong het in geslags ongelykheid. Die amptelike reaksie van my denominasie word ondersoek om vas te stel of dit die hoofoorsaak van geslagsgeweld erken en aanspreek. ’n Gebrek daaraan sal as ’n probleem van beperking van pastorale sorg voordoen. Die probleem sal vererger word as die genoemde denominasie hierdie hoofsaak bevestig of versterk deur die teologiese raamwerk van die pastorale praktyke wat dit beoefen. Hierdie moontliheid word ondersoek deur kritiek te lewer op sekere pastorale praktyke. Met die bevinding van ’n moontlike beperkinge wat waar blyk te wees, sal ’n feministiese pastorale benadering ondersoek word vir moontlike aanbevelings. Hierdie aanbevelings sal gebruik word om ’n verantwoordelike pastorale sorg strategie daar te stel wat die sorg vir slagoffers en oortreders van geslagsgeweld binne die huwelik kan verbeter. iv Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express my sincere thanks and appreciation to the following people and institutions: My spouse, John, for his support and encouragement while I was pursuing this study. I value his commitment to living according to the principles of feminism. My children, Catherine and Adam, for their patience and occasional sacrifice of parental attention. I appreciate their inclusive approach towards all people. Prof Christo Thesnaar, for his gentle guidance and support. The Church of Sweden, for making this study possible by providing a bursary. The Anglican Church of Southern Africa, for financial assistance. v Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ III OPSOMMING ............................................................................................................................................ IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... V TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................... VI CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION AND REASONING ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION ................................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 PURPOSE ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.5 GOAL................................................................................................................................................................ 7 1.6 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................. 7 1.6.1 Research methodology .......................................................................................................................... 7 1.6.2 Practical theological methodology ................................................................................................. 8 1.7 KEY WORDS ................................................................................................................................................. 11 1.8 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 14 INVESTIGATING THE ROOT CAUSE OF .......................................................................................... 14 INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE ...................................................................................................... 14 2.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 MALE DOMINANCE AS THE ROOT CAUSE OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE WITHIN ITS CONTEXT OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER AND GENDER ROLES ............................................................................... 16 2.2.1 Gender construction ............................................................................................................................ 16 2.2.2 Gender socialization ............................................................................................................................ 18 2.2.2.1 Masculinity ............................................................................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.2.2 Gender and intimate partner violence ........................................................................................................................ 23 2.2.2.3 The structural support given to intimate partner violence by patriarchy ................................................ 26 2.3 RISK FACTORS ............................................................................................................................................ 27 2.3.1 Socio-economic
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