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1588375 B932.Pdf UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG Department of Earth Sciences Geovetarcentrum/Earth Science Centre Characterizing provenances of glacial sediments in northeastern Svalbard using in-situ Rb-Sr systematics Filip Johansson ISSN 1400-3821 B932 Master of Science (120 credits) thesis Göteborg 2016 Mailing address Address Telephone Telefax Geovetarcentrum Geovetarcentrum Geovetarcentrum 031-786 19 56 031-786 19 86 Göteborg University S 405 30 Göteborg Guldhedsgatan 5A S-405 30 Göteborg SWEDEN Abstract 2 1. Introduction 3 2. Background 5 2.0. Glacial history of Svalbard 5 2.1. Bedrock geology of Svalbard 9 2.2. Rb-Sr systematics 17 3. Method 19 3.1. Laboratory work 19 3.2. ICP-MS procedures 19 3.3. Calculations 20 4. Results 21 4.1. SEM– backscattered electron images 21 4.2. Geochronology 28 4.4. Initial-87Sr signatures 38 4.5. 87Rb/87Sr signatures in the Kapp Ekholm stratigraphy 40 5. Discussion 42 5.1. Geochronology 42 5.2. Provenance potentials using initial-87Sr 44 5.3. Rb-Sr provenance signatures in the Kapp Ekholm stratigraphy 46 6. Conclusions 47 7. Acknowledgements 48 8. References cited 49 Appendix A: Geological maps with sample locations 54 Appendix B: LA-ICP-MS/MS Rb-Sr data 56 1 Abstract Reconstructions of ice-sheet configurations in Svalbard inferred from geomorphological, isostatic and terrestrial exposure-dating are contradictory with regards to the structure of ice-domes and ice-flow. This identifies the need for accessing high resolution provenance data in the sedimentary archive as an additional proxy for ice-sheet reconstructions. While Sr-isotopic composition in glacial sediments has been demonstrated to reflect ice-sheet dynamics, this approach has remained relatively unexplored since technological limitations in conventional mass-spectrometry have restricted the acquisition of this data to bulk analyses. Recent developments in Laser Ablation-ICP-MS/MS facilitate in-situ determination of 87Sr/86Sr composition and Rb-Sr geochronology, circumventing the isobaric overlap between 87Sr and 87Rb with a reaction-gas chamber sandwiched between the double quadrupoles. This novel approach avoids the prior sample dissolution that has previously inhibited sediment source distinctions detailed enough to allow for ice-flow reconstructions. In-situ technology acquires 87Rb/86Sr and 87Sr/86Sr data for single detrital clasts, thus avoiding the problem of mixed geochemical signatures from unquantifiable contributions of petrogenic end-members associated with bulk analyses. Since the geomorphological archive in northeastern Svalbard produce contradictory reconstructions with regards to the ice-flow, there is a need for differentiating between the bedrock sources of glacial sediments in this area. By characterizing the Rb-Sr isotopic signatures in the bedrock, this study present a framework enabling future studies to differentiate between sources of glacial sediments in northeastern Svalbard. Geographically distinct regions are identified by the obtained initial-87Sr signatures, allowing for distinction between west Ny Friesland (0.8-1.13) and east Ny Friesland-Nordaustlandet (0.72-0.77) as sediment sources. The extremely high initial-87Sr signatures from west Ny Friesland (>0.8) appears to be restricted to the bedrock affected by the retrograde metamorphism associated with the Billefjorden fault zone. Since this shear zone extends along Wijdefjorden, which acted as an ice-stream conduit during periods of glaciation, glacial detritus derived from this source can be distinguished by its Sr-isotopic composition. The method was applied in the glacial stratigraphy of Kapp Ekholm in Billefjorden, a fjord located in connection to Ny Friesland. A subglacial till known to originate from an ice-flow emerging from Ny Friesland provided a testbed, where the in-situ 87Sr-signatures in granitic clasts successfully replicate those obtained from the bedrock located in the fjord head. Caledonian metamorphism has reset the Rb- Sr geochronometer in northeastern Svalbard, and is too synchronous to allow for provenance discrimination by bedrock ages. However, the Rb-Sr geochronology has contributed to constrain the timing of Caledonian metamorphism in northeastern Svalbard by revising the previously inconclusive Rb- Sr ages in this area. The Rb-Sr ages obtained agrees well with previous metamorphic ages from Ar-Ar and U-Pb titanite dating, supporting the robustness of in-situ Rb-Sr systematics applied in Svalbard. 2 1. Introduction In recent years, our perception of ice-sheet behavior in Svalbard has profoundly changed with the concept of highly dynamic fast flowing ice-streams and inactive inter-ice-stream areas. Ice-sheet configurations in Svalbard are known to have differed considerably during the late Quaternary, where a shift towards a more channeled erosive flow-style constrained to fjord settings initiated in the mid- Pleistocene. Hence glacial sediments form a crucial archive for establishing a comprehensive account of the ice-sheet dynamics throughout multiple glacial cycles exhibiting different modes. Provenance studies in Svalbard however, are complicated by the recurrent tectonothermal activity that has affected Svalbard’s northeastern basement rocks. Repeated and partial resetting of the bedrock’s geochemical fingerprints causes inherited and mixed geochemical and geochronological signatures, making accurate pin-pointing of bedrock sources for glacial sediments with established lithological and heavy mineral provenance methods intricate. Hence there is a recognized need for a method non-prone to inheritance with microscale sample resolution that can avoid inclusions, zonations and alteration-zones of single sediment clasts. This study aims to explore the potentials of Rb and Sr isotopic signatures in bedrock as a method for deriving the provenance of glacial sediments in northeastern Svalbard, by utilizing novel laser- ablation ICP-MS in-situ Rb-Sr systematics. Within this scope an Rb-Sr isotopic map for Svalbard’s northeastern basement rocks was constructed to investigate the possibility to discriminate between bedrock sources for glacial sediments in this area, using the Rb-Sr system’s geochronometer and initial- 87Sr signatures. A detailed Rb-Sr isotopic description of northeastern Svalbard’s bedrock linked to glacial sedimentary archives in Svalbard and the Barents Sea would benefit reconstructions of Pleistocene glaciations with regards to ice-flow patterns and sources of ice-rafted debris. In addition, this study will add novel geochronological data to complement the tectonothermal history of Svalbard, since existing Rb-Sr ages of Ny-Friesland and Nordaustlandet are inconclusive. Ice-flow reconstructions in the Barents Sea and Svalbard archipelago are essential in order to disclose the configuration of ice-domes and channeling of ice-streams in the Svalbard-Barents ice-sheet (Hormes et al., 2011 & 2013; Gjermundsen et al., 2013; Platton et al., 2015). However, there is a need to establish a detailed provenance framework enabling discrimination between northeastern Svalbard’s bedrock regions in order to distinguish the bedrock sources of glacial sediments with the precision required to enable ice-flow reconstructions. Initial-87Sr signatures have previously been applied to shelf sediment to trace IRD deposits and reconstruct ice-sheet dynamics around Svalbard (e.g. Tütken et al., 2000; Farmer et al., 2003); however, lack of comprehensive bedrock descriptions and geological context with regards to the 87Sr-signatures leaves room for ambiguity in pin-pointing provenance. Geochemical and isotopic signatures as provenance tracers proves especially beneficial when individual grains can be coupled to geologically meaningful information, since petrogenic end-members are difficult to pinpoint with unquantifiable geochemical mixtures acquired from bulk samples (e.g. Faure & Taylor, 1983; Gwaizda et al., 1996; Hemming et al., 1998). Here we target the highly concerned Ny Friesland and Nordaustlandet regions in northeastern Svalbard, since these are flanking postulated ice-dome areas with conflicting ice-flow data (fig. 1) (Lambeck et al., 1995; Landvik et al., 2005; Dowdeswell et al., 2010; Hogan et al., 2010; Hormes et al., 2011). Geochronology can be used to distinguish between sediment sources provided a suitable bedrock context, and have proven very useful for tracing the definite sources for e.g. Heinrich events (Hemming et al., 1998). Utilizing the established method of heavy mineral geochronology is complicated in Svalbard by severe inheritance in both metamorphic and intrusive rocks (Johansson et al., 1995 & 2001). Varying degrees of inherited ages and associated geochemical signatures complicate provenance studies, especially since provenance studies commonly disposes of limited amount of sample material. The Rb-Sr system when applied in-situ is promising since it operates on major rock forming mineral phases and is less prone to preserve inherited ages, and is accompanied with the initial-87Sr signature which provides a 3 petrogenic indicator for the tectonic environment forming the rock. With new advancements in LA-ICP- MS it is now possible to couple single grains down to the sand-size fraction to metamorphic and magmatic ages and associated 87Sr signatures. An attempt to apply Rb-Sr systematics as a provenance tool for the late Weichselian till of the well documented Kapp Ekholm stratigraphy in inner Isfjorden provided a testbed for the method, since the area is one of the best constrained with regards to ice-flow and depositional
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