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Patrician Culture, Public Ritual and Political Authority in Virginia, 1680-1740

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Patrician Culture, Public Ritual and Political Authority in Virginia, 1680-1740 W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1984 Patrician culture, public ritual and political authority in Virginia, 1680-1740 Carter L. Hudgins College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Hudgins, Carter L., "Patrician culture, public ritual and political authority in Virginia, 1680-1740" (1984). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623745. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-anbb-xp10 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation o f techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)". I f it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication o f either blurred copy because o f movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. 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University Mkrdnlms international 300 N. Zeeb Road Arm Arbor, Ml 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. 8417054 Hudgins, Carter Lee PATRICIAN CULTURE, PUBLIC RITUAL AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY IN VIRGINIA, 1680-1740 The College of William and Mary in Virginia PH.D. 1984 University Microfilms International 300 N . Zeeb Road, Ann Artoor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1984 by Hudgins, Carter Lee All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages\/ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print______ 3. Photographs with dark background______ 4. Illustrations are poor copy______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy______ 6. Print shews through as there is text on both sides of page______ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages\/ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print______ 11. Page(s) ___________lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)___________seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered___________. Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages______ 15. Other____________________________________________________________________ University Microfilms International Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. PATRICIAN CULTURE, PUBLIC RITUAL AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY IN VIRGINIA, 1680-1740 A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty o£ the Department o£ History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Carter L. Hudgins 1984 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved, April 1984 f - Kevin P. Kei: William M. Kelso Thoma£fl>Cf9 tdh1i Memorial Foundation Johnjg.. Selby s P. Wh:xtenburg Anne E. Yen^sch Department of Anthropology ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ©1984 CARTER LEE HUDGINS All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. I did this for Donna, whether she liked it or not and without whom it would have been done sooner, and for Carter and Cary, who often told me I should have been doing something else. ill Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE ....................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................... xi LIST OF TABLES............................................... xiii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................. xiv ABSTRACT...................................................... xv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION: HISTORY, ARCHAEOLOGY, AND THE MATERIAL LIFE OF EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY VIRGINIA.......................................... 2 CHAPTER II. "EVERY MAN'S PROPER HOUSE AND HOME" ............... 36 CHAPTER III. "SUNDRY THINGS, OLD AND NEW"....................... 77 CHAPTER IV. PATRICIAN CULTURE, PLEBIAN POLITICS ............ 99 CHAPTER V. MONEY AND M A N N E R S ............................... 155 CHAPTER VI. EXACTLY AS THE GENTRY DO IN ENGLAND .............. 194 CHAPTER VII. HONOR AND SHAME ................................. 281 CHAPTER VIII. CONCLUSION: "NOW NOTHING ARE SO COMMON" .......... 337 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................. 354 VITA......................................................... 373 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREFACE There is deeply embedded In the historiography of early Virginia the notion that the material accoutrements of gentility appeared in the colony only after a cohesive social and political elite emerged in the first decades of the eighteenth century. According to this explanation, individual fortunes built on the profits planters extracted from tobacco and slaves coaxed the trappings of a distinctive patrician material culture to Virginia. This dissertation takes a somewhat different view of why the colony's wealthier men left rambling, earth-hugging, tar-smeared, clapboard- covered wooden houses in the second quarter of the eighteenth century for symmetrical, classically-inspired dwellings and changed their notions about what was most appropriate to put inside them. The awesome brick mansions Virginia's eighteenth century gentlemen constructed along the banks of the colony's great rivers and their often sumptuous furnishings were not merely the result of the successful political rise of the great planters; they were, in large part, a cause of it. This dissertation analyzes the transformation of Virginia's houses and domestic furnishings between 1680 and 1740. The artifacts that comprised the material culture of late seventeenth and early v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. eighteenth century Virginia, from coaches and couches to plates and periwigs, are the object of the analysis that follows. This study, however, has a broader purpose than to demonstrate that the colony's "persons of distinction" transformed their lifestyle dramatically in the first decades of the eighteenth century while the day-to-day routines of Virginia's middling and poorer citizens changed less profoundly. Material things that men and women owned in late seventeenth and early eighteenth century Virginia are the center of this study because artifacts are
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