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Understanding Heritage and Management Case UNDERSTANDING HERITAGE AND MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES WITH INTERVIEWS IN THE FIELD OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION IN CAMBODIA A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School Of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts By Swapna Anupkumar Kothari August 2014 © 2014 and Swapna Anupkumar Kothari ABSTRACT This essay documents the efforts of the Archaeological Survey of India to work in Cambodia at the Angkor Archaeological Park via three case studies. It aims to understand the management dynamics of the Indian and Cambodian conservation organizations. Using a cross-cultural perspective, it formulates an understanding of heritage management from both sides, demonstrating that while each has the best intentions there remain several differences of interpretation, stemming in part from the English and French history of these countries. The study rests on an examination of both the historical development of Indian and Cambodian preservation practices and interviews with Indian and Cambodian professionals actively involved in the field. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Swapna Kothari completed her undergraduate degree in Architecture with a distinction in the year 2011. Having a view that architecture encompassed a broad field of play, she decided to pursue a part-time job with a non-profit in her hometown, Heritage Trust, Vadodara. The job she held included reaching out to the community and being around them to see how they viewed their heritage, they lived in. She organized tours for school children while getting permissions for a coffee table book from government offices. These activities led her to apply for a master’s degree program, to get a wider perspective of the preservation field. Having attended Cornell and worked for the City of Ithaca, and other organizations in the United States via coursework, she longs to go back to India and help plan preserve its heritage. Her interest in Cambodia was revived while revisiting architectural history of South Asia stemmed from her inquisitiveness during her undergraduate years. Apart from the academic work, she has worked on preparing detailed project and condition assessment reports during her summer internship in Delhi, in 2013. There she worked for a startup conservation firm, Section CC, on a project sponsored by the World Monuments Fund for the Monuments of Madhya Pradesh (India) project. In the future her plans are to work for different Indian organizations helping make them self-sufficient, while systematically working to introduce an overall change in the thought process of the preservation field. iii To everyone who stood beside me in sick and sin, And in the completion of this research. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I have been deeply honored to have had Prof. Michael Tomlan on my thesis committee, along with guiding and pushing me forward in the past two years. His immense and vast knowledge and our discussions have helped me move in the direction I would like to continue. My second thesis committee member, Prof. Sherene Baugher, has been an extremely resourceful person, many times giving me insights that I would have completely overlooked. Discussions with her have made me think differently and go that extra length to make sure every reader and researcher understands my work easily. I am also tremendously thankful to the people who helped me in the one month I was researching in the field in Cambodia including, Joyce Clark, Sarm Chanvirak, Mr. Sood, and other A.S.I members, and Cambodian professionals from APSARA. The thesis interviews would have been incomplete without insights from Ashima Krishna, Dr. Sharad Negi, and conservation architects Tejaswini Aphale and Ajaydeep Jamwal. The resources of the Cornell library also helped push the study forward immensely. This research has been funded in part by a Barclay Jones Research Grant from Historic Preservation Planning Alumni, Inc. and the Graduate School Research Travel Grant by Cornell University, to whom I express my deep gratitude. Lastly, the work would be incomplete if I did not acknowledge my parents and my brother, who knowing my nature kept the ‘thesis’ questions to the minimum allowing me both the time and space to work on it, my way. v CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. iii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ......................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ x LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................... xvi INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: THE GEOGRAPHY AND EARLY HISTORY OF CAMBODIA .... 15 A. Geography of the Nation ................................................................................... 16 i. Importance of Water within the Country ........................................................... 18 ii. Historical Connection of Water and Land ......................................................... 20 B. History through Culture ..................................................................................... 22 i. Pre-Angkorian Cambodia .................................................................................. 22 a)Prehistoric Period ............................................................................................. 22 b)The Indianization Process ................................................................................ 23 c)The Funan Period ............................................................................................. 25 ii. Angkorian Cambodia (802-1431) ...................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 2: POST ANGKOR CAMBODIA UNTIL THE 21st CENTURY ........... 48 vi A. The ‘Middle’ Period (15th-18th century) .......................................................... 48 B. 19th and 20th centuries ........................................................................................ 52 C. The Khmer Rouge and Pol Pot .......................................................................... 59 D. The 21st century ................................................................................................. 67 CHAPTER 3: THE THREE CASE STUDY TEMPLES ............................................ 70 A. Khmer Temple Architecture .............................................................................. 70 B. Preah Khan Kompong Svay or Prasat Bakan .................................................... 80 C. Angkor Wat ....................................................................................................... 92 D. Ta Prohm ......................................................................................................... 110 CHAPTER 4: THE INDIAN PERSPECTIVE .......................................................... 123 A. Brief Outline and History of the Archaeological Survey of India ................... 123 B. Conservation Legislation in India ................................................................... 125 C. The A.S.I in Cambodia .................................................................................... 129 D. The Controversies’ Context and the Barrage of Comments ............................ 132 E. In the Indian Interviews ................................................................................... 141 F. Observations .................................................................................................... 148 CHAPTER 5: DETAILED WORK ON THE PROJECTS ....................................... 151 A. Angkor Wat ..................................................................................................... 151 B. Ta Prohm ......................................................................................................... 174 vii C. Preah Khan Kompong Svay ............................................................................ 190 CHAPTER 6: THE CAMBODIAN PERSPECTIVE ............................................... 192 A. APSARA, the Cambodian Organization ......................................................... 192 B. The Approach .................................................................................................. 197 C. Cambodian Views of Their History and Its Conservation .............................. 198 D. Cambodian Views on the APSARA Conservation Efforts ............................. 200 E. APSARA’s Relationship with the Community ............................................... 203 F. Observations .................................................................................................... 206 CHAPTER 7: CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE TOWARDS HERITAGE AND ITS MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................ 209 A. Heritage Management ..................................................................................... 209 B. The Cross-Cultural Perspective ....................................................................... 213 i. Overall Dynamics ...........................................................................................
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