Phylogenetic Structure of Understorey Plant Communities in Four Different Land-Use Systems in Sumatra (Indonesia)
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Phylogenetic structure of understorey plant communities in four different land-use systems in Sumatra (Indonesia) Phylogenetische Struktur der Unterwuchs Pflanzengesellschaften in vier verschiedenen Landnutzungssystemen auf Sumatra (Indonesien) A thesis presented to the Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Yayan Wahyu Candra Kusuma (University ID: 21363471) First Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft Second Supervisor: Dr. Katja Rembold Yayan Wahyu Candra Kusuma University ID: 21363471 Study Program: Tropical and International Forestry Göttingen, September 2015 ii Acknowledgement I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft (the Principle Investigator of the Free Floater Research Group – Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography at the University of Göttingen) and Dr. Katja Rembold (Postdoc at the same lab) for the opportunity to do my research in the CRC 990 - B06 project and also for their extraordinary support during my work for this thesis. Special thankfulness goes to Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft who always gives me new insights and superb advice in every discussion that we had. I also want to thank you to Dr. Katja Rembold for her encouragements, her guidance, her patience and motivation. She never stops reminding me with my tight schedule to finish my thesis in which I am very grateful for. In addition, I also would like to thank you to Prof. Dr. Dirk Hölscher and his colleagues in the ‘Tropical and International Forestry’ Master’s Program who taught me a lot of things about tropical ecology and helped me during my study in this program. Moreover, I also want to thank you to Melissa Abdo for helping me to check the grammatical errors, to Putri for helping me with the Deutsch translation and to all of my colleagues in the group, in particular my roommates in the ‘don’t panic’ room where we used to work together all day long. This study would have been impossible without the funding support from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for providing me with Scholarships for the past 2 years. Also, I am very much in debt to my institution where I work for the last couple of years, Center for Plant Conservation - Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Sciences for supporting me to study abroad. Last but not least, special thankfulness goes also to my family, especially my wife, my daughters, and my parents for supporting me spiritually throughout my study as well as my life in general. And also to all my Indonesian colleagues in Göttingen who always gives me homey atmosphere during the last two years, although we are far from home. iii Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................ v List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................. vii Summary .................................................................................................................... viii Zusammenfassung......................................................................................................... xi 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 14 1.1. Background ....................................................................................................... 14 1.2. Objectives of study ........................................................................................... 18 2. Methods.................................................................................................................... 20 2.1. Study area .......................................................................................................... 20 2.2. Study design ...................................................................................................... 23 2.3. Data collection .................................................................................................. 23 2.4. Data preparation ................................................................................................ 24 2.5. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction ....................................................................... 24 2.6. Metric calculations and statistical analyses ...................................................... 25 3. Results ...................................................................................................................... 28 3.1. Phylogenetic trees of understorey plant communities across land-use systems in Sumatra ......................................................................................................... 30 3.2. Phylogenetic structure of understorey plant communities across land-use systems .............................................................................................................. 37 3.3. The role of alien species on the phylogenetic structure of understorey plant communities ...................................................................................................... 38 4. Discussion ................................................................................................................ 42 4.1. Phylogenetic trees of understorey plant communities across land-use systems in Sumatra ......................................................................................................... 43 4.2. Phylogenetic structure of understorey plant communities across land-use systems .............................................................................................................. 46 4.3. Influence of alien species on the phylogenetic structure of understorey plant communities ...................................................................................................... 48 5. References ................................................................................................................ 51 6. Appendices ............................................................................................................... 67 6.1. Sample Representativeness ............................................................................... 67 6.2. List of all families in each land-use system ...................................................... 68 6.3. List of alien species found in the four land-use systems .................................. 71 iv List of Figures Figure 1. Map of the study area in Jambi province (Sumatra). Two lowland forest areas were delineated with red lines. Three human modified land-use systems (jungle rubber, rubber and oil palm plantations) occurred in mosaics located between forest areas and the city of Jambi. Core plots (grey colour) were located in all four land-use systems. ....................................... 21 Figure 2. Schematic representation of the plot design of the four land-use systems located in two landscapes (Bukit Duabelas and Harapan). (Source: modified from Kreft (2012). ........................................................................................ 23 Figure 3. Detailed plot design of one 50 x 50 m2 core plot and five 5 x 5 m2 subplots. ..................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 4. Venn diagram of all families in the four land-use systems. ......................... 29 Figure 5. Phylogenetic tree of all species found in the understory communities of four land-use systems (forest, jungle rubber, rubber and oil palm plantations).Legend shows proportion based on species (above) and the top 10 species rich families (below). ................................................................. 31 Figure 6. Phylogenetic trees for each land-use system. Dark-brown color indicates families that were absent in the system (a. forest, b. jungle rubber, c. rubber plantations, d. oil palm plantations). ............................................................ 32 Figure 7. Faith’s phylogenetic diversity (a) and species richness (b) across the four land-use systems (n = 32). One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test were used for multi comparison analysis (different letters indicate significant differences). Significant code: p < 0.001 ‘***’. .......................................... 33 Figure 8. Weighted Faith’s phylogenetic diversity (incorporate number of individuals in the calculation) (a) and Simpson index (b) across land-use systems (n = 32). One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test were used for group comparison analysis (different letters indicate significant differences). Significance codes: p < 0.001 ‘***’. ........................................................... 34 Figure 9. Mean pairwise distance (a) and mean nearest taxon distance (b) across land- use systems (n = 32). On-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test were used for multi comparison analysis (different letters indicate significant differences). Significant code: p < 0.001 ‘***’. ........................................ 35 Figure 10. Linear correlation of SR and Faith’s PD (a), MPD (c) and MNTD (d) in all plots (n = 32) and each land-use system (b, e, f, n = 8). On-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test was used for multi comparison analysis (different letters indicate significant differences). Significant codes: p < 0.001 ‘***’, p < 0.05 ‘*’, p > 0.05 ‘ns’. .............................................................................. 37 Figure 11. Net relatedness index (a) and nearest taxon index (b) among all land-use