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Mehobel Measuring Homelessness in Belgium MEHOBEL MEASURING HOMELESSNESS IN BELGIUM Evelien Demaerschalk (LUCAS KU Leuven) - Patrick Italiano (ULg) - Nicole Mondelaers (La Strada) - Katrien Steenssens (HIVA KU Leuven) - Wouter Schepers (HIVA KU Leuven) - Tuba Bircan (HIVA KU Leuven) - Axis 4: Federal public strategies Project BR/154/A4/MEHOBEL – Measuring Homelessness in Belgium NETWORK PROJECT MEHOBEL MEASURING HOMELESSNESS IN BELGIUM Contract - BR/154/A4/MEHOBEL FINAL REPORT PROMOTORS: Prof. dr. Ides Nicaise (HIVA KU Leuven) Prof. dr. Tine Van Regenmortel (HIVA KU Leuven) Prof. dr. Marc Jacquemain (Ulg) Prof.dr. Koen Hermans (LUCAS KU Leuven) AUTHORS: Evelien Demaerschalk (LUCAS KU Leuven) Patrick Italiano (ULg) Nicole Mondelaers (La Strada) Katrien Steenssens (HIVA KU Leuven) Wouter Schepers (HIVA KU Leuven) Tuba Bircan (HIVA KU Leuven) BRAIN-be (Belgian Research Action through Interdisciplinary Networks) 2 Project BR/154/A4/MEHOBEL – Measuring Homelessness in Belgium Published in 2018 by the Belgian Science Policy Avenue Louise 231 Louizalaan 231 B-1050 Brussels Belgium Tel: +32 (0)2 238 34 11 - Fax: +32 (0)2 230 59 12 http://www.belspo.be http://www.belspo.be/brain-be Contact person: Emmanuèle Bourgeois Tel: +32 (0)2 238 34 94 Neither the Belgian Science Policy nor any person acting on behalf of the Belgian Science Policy is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. The authors are responsible for the content. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without indicating the reference : Demaerschalk, E., Italiano, P., Mondelaers, N., Steenssens, K., Schepers, W., Nicaise, I., Van Regenmortel, T., & Hermans, K - Measuring Homelessness in Belgium - Final Report. Brussels : Belgian Science Policy 2018 – 250 p. (BRAIN-be - (Belgian Research Action through Interdisciplinary Networks) BRAIN-be (Belgian Research Action through Interdisciplinary Networks) 3 Project BR/154/A4/MEHOBEL – Measuring Homelessness in Belgium TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY ‘MEASURING HOMELESSNESS IN BELGIUM’ 7 RÉSUMÉ ‘LA MESURE DU SANS-ABRISME EN BELGIQUE’ 11 ABBREVIATIONS AND TRANSLATIONS 13 1. INTRODUCTION 15 1.1. DEFINITION OF HOMELESSNESS ............................................................................................................... 16 1.2. STRATEGIES TO FIGHT HOMELESSNESS ................................................................................................... 22 1.3. MEASURING HOMELESSNESS ................................................................................................................... 24 1.4. THE NEED FOR A MONITORING STRATEGY ................................................................................................ 26 2. MEASURING HOMELESSNESS: INSPIRATION FROM EUROPE 28 2.1. COUNTS .................................................................................................................................................... 28 2.2. SURVEYS ................................................................................................................................................... 32 2.3. REGISTERS ............................................................................................................................................... 34 2.4. CENSUS (MARKET SURVEYS) .................................................................................................................... 38 2.6. TRAJECTORIES .......................................................................................................................................... 43 2.7. INSPIRING EUROPEAN PRACTICES............................................................................................................ 44 3. EXPLORATORY STUDY IN BELGIUM: METHODOLOGY 67 3.1. A HYBRID METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO ADDRESS A COMPLEX PHENOMENON ................................ 67 3.2. INTERVIEWS AND CONTACTS WITH DATA EXPERTS .................................................................................. 68 3.3. FOCUS GROUPS WITH DATA COLLECTORS ............................................................................................... 69 3.4. FOCUS GROUPS WITH STREET LEVEL WORKERS IN AN URBAN CONTEXT ................................................ 69 3.5. INTERVIEWS WITH STREET LEVEL WORKERS IN A MORE RURAL CONTEXT ............................................... 69 3.6. EXPLORATION OF THE PREVALENCE OF HOMELESSNESS IN A (MORE) RURAL CONTEXT ........................ 70 3.7. MEETING WITH TARGET GROUP REPRESENTATIVES ................................................................................ 70 3.8. INTERVIEWS WITH HIDDEN HOMELESSNESS ............................................................................................. 70 3.9. INTERVIEWS WITH YOUTH HOSTEL EMPLOYEES ....................................................................................... 71 3.10. ONLINE QUESTIONNAIRE WITH FLEMISH YOUTH HOSTELS ..................................................................... 71 3.11. ONLINE QUESTIONNAIRE IN BRUSSELS .................................................................................................. 71 3.12. EXPERT PANELS ..................................................................................................................................... 71 4. POSSIBILITIES AND CHALLENGES TO MEASURE HOMELESSNES IN BELGIUM 72 4.1. AT FEDERAL LEVEL ................................................................................................................................... 72 4.2. REGISTRATION AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS REGISTRATION: FLANDERS................................................... 91 4.3. REGISTRATION AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS REGISTRATION: BRUSSELS ................................................ 101 4.4. REGISTRATION AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS REGISTRATION: WALLONIA ................................................. 112 4.5. SWOT ANALYSIS REGISTRATION PRACTICES ........................................................................................ 120 5. SPECIFIC CHALLENGES 121 5.1. HIDDEN HOMELESSNESS ........................................................................................................................ 121 5.2. RURAL HOMELESSNESS .......................................................................................................................... 139 5.3. MIGRATION INTERTWINED WITH HOMELESSNESS .................................................................................. 145 6. BUILDING BLOCKS TO MEASURE HOMELESSNESS 146 6.1. OVERVIEW TABLE .................................................................................................................................... 163 7. FROM BUILDING BLOCKS TO STRATEGY 169 7.1. GENERAL REMARKS FROM THE STAKEHOLDERS .................................................................................... 169 7.2. POINTS OF ATTENTION FOR EACH BUILDING BLOCK ............................................................................... 172 7.3. PROPOSAL FOR A BELGIAN STRATEGY................................................................................................... 174 8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 181 9. REFERENCES 182 ANNEXES Annex I. Working paper. Estimating the homeless population, sampling strategies. Annex II. Working paper. More than a roof, a statistical profile of homeless people in Belgium BRAIN-be - (Belgian Research Action through Interdisciplinary Networks) 4 Project BR/154/A4/MEHOBEL – Measuring Homelessness in Belgium Tables Table I Factors of vulnerability and risk of housing exclusion (Edgar, 2009) 15 Table II ETHOS typology (www.feantsa.org) 20 Table III ETHOS Light (Edgar et al., 2007, p. 66) 21 Table IV Summary of the main approaches adopted to collect data on homelessness and housing exclusion 28 Table V Number of partners involved in each Relais Social 37 Table VI Housing outcomes for CTI, ICM and ACT interventions (in Benjaminsen, 2013) 48 Table VII Overall development in homelessness 2009-2013, Strategy and non-Strategy municipalities (Benjaminsen, 2013) 49 Table VIII Results from the Brussels city count of November 2016 and March 2017. Source: La Strada 105 Table IX Activity of the Walloon Relais Sociaux (IWEPS, 2016) 112 Table X Pros and cons of staying with friends and family (Robinson & Coward, 2003) 123 Table XI Methodology concerning hidden homelessness 125 Table XII Amount of homeless guests per year in Flemish Youth Hostels. Online survey, 15 answers 135 Table XIII Average duration of stay of homeless in Flemish Youth Hostels. Online survey, 14 answers 136 Table XIV Population info Diest, Scherpenheuvel-Zichem, Glabbeek, Bekkevoort and Tienen 140 Table XV Homeless clients according to ETHOS Light amongst active client files in an exploratory study in intermediate rural PCSW 141 Table XVI Amount of people living in ETHOS Light categories in an exploratory study in rural PCSW (Diest, Scherpenheuvel-Zichem, Bekkevoort, Glabbeek, Tienen) 142 Table XVII ETHOS Light categories measured by the building blocks 146 BRAIN-be - (Belgian Research Action through Interdisciplinary Networks) 5 Project BR/154/A4/MEHOBEL – Measuring Homelessness in Belgium Figures Figure 2.1 The capture-recapture method 39 Figure 2.2 Note on website of http://scotland.shelter.org.uk/get_advice/advice_topics/eviction 53 Figure 2.3 Number of applications and assessments as homeless in Scotland (Shelter Scotland, 2016) 54 Figure 2.4 Applications assessed in 2014-2015 by main reason for application: Scotland
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