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Introduced Birds and Mammals in Western Australia J.L

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Introduced Birds and Mammals in Western Australia J.L Introduced Birds and Mammals in Western Australia J.L. LONG Board Australia TECHNICAL SERIES 1. • WANNEROO PERTH AREA JOHN FORREST SHOWING NATIONAL PARK • GREENMOUNT • DARLINGTON NORTH PERTH • WEMBLEY UJ 0 z • THE DELL •HAC KETT GULLY • GRAYLANDS <( • FORRESTFIELD 0:: Cottes 1 oe • • WATTLE GROVE • BICKLEY 0 z ...J 0:: <( BIBRA LAKE 0 b FORRESTDALE • 0 2 4 6 I I I I MILES INTRODUCED BIRDS AND MAMMALS IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA By J.L. Long CONTENTS Introduction . 3 Birds . 3 Species established in W.A. .3 Species introduced but not established .8 Other introductions . 10 Mammals . 12 Species established in W.A. .. 12 Species which may be established or become feral occasionally . 23 Species which have failed to become established 24 References . 27 Acknowledgments . 30 The author.-J.L. LONG, Research Technician, Agriculture Protection Board, Jarrah Road, South Perth, Western Australia, 6151. D.AJS; 09/72-500 DISTRIBUTION OF KOOKABURRA ... ~,::7 e HINGENEW e e IRWIN'-. ' .- .. ~..RRINO e NANGEENAN e KELLERBERRIN e OANGIN e HOLT ROCK e LAKE GRACE • LAKE KING e RAVENSTHORPE ISLAND INTRODUCTION become established by expansion of its natural range, as it has done in most other countries of the Reliable predictions of the consequences of world. liberating a species in a place where it has not lived previously are largely impossible. There are many In recent years, Indian crows and sparrows have examples throughout the world of introduced or reached our shores with increasing frequency. feral mammals and birds becoming liabilities rather Usually arriving by ship, these unwanted than the sporting, aesthetic or economic assets immigrants have so far been unable to establish originally intended. Generally those that have themselves. become abundant in new areas, such as the rabbit, feral donkey and goat, have become pests. Legislation designed to prevent the establishment of pest species in Western Australia Introduced species can cause damage to has been fairly successful. Only two species have indigenous plant life, compete with native animals become established in relatively recent times-the for food and shelter, assist in the spread of exotic goldfinch in the late 1920s, and the red-browed infectious diseases as well as cause agricultural waxbill about 1958. However, considering these damage to crops and pastures. establishments and the fact that various potentially dangerous species such as Java The data presented in this paper gives the sparrows and spice finches are being kept in history, spread and range of those species known aviaries in W .A., further legislation may provide a to have been introduced or become feral in more adequate safeguard. Western Australia. Maps have been included for most species showing either spread, distribution, None of the pest species which have been or location of reports. Place names used in the text introduced in the eastern States of Australia and can be located either on these maps or on the scale other places in the world, have so far gained a map included in the pocket on the inside back foothold in W .A. Constant vigilance and intelligent cover. legislation will be needed in the future to keep these species out. BIRDS SPECIES ESTABLISHED IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA At least twenty seven species of foreign birds have been introduced into the wild in this State. Kookaburra (Dacelo gigas) Many more may have been released, but the details have not been well documented. Eleven species are Kookaburras were acclimatized from the now established, most of them being restricted in Zoological Gardens from 1897 onwards. Between range, but many are still in the process of 1897 and 1912 hundreds were imported by the spreading. Acclimatization Society, and "distributed in every direction". They became established in a number The first introductions to Western Australia of areas in the southern portion of the State were acclimatizations from the Zoological before 1912 (le Souef, 1912). Gardens. The kookaburra from eastern Australia and the two species of Asian doves were released Earlier independent introductions may have before 1900. Most of the species released at this occurred; some birds were reported in the time, however, failed to establish themselves, but Mullewa area in 1896 (Jenkins 1959). By 1920, some e.g. pheasant and peafowl, were successful the kookaburra was becoming a familiar bird when introduced again at a later date. between the Darling Range and the ocean (Kingsmill, 1920). Some species have established themselves after escaping from captivity and it is thought that the This species is now firmly established in the goldfinch and red-brewed waxbill have become south west forested country from Jurien Bay (125 established in this manner. The pigeon has escaped miles N. of Perth) to the Albany district (237 from domestication. Other species which have miles S.E. of Perth). A colony is established on escaped from captivity but have not become Bald Island ( off the south coast). It has not spread established include the canary, bullfinch and eastwards as a permanent inhabitant beyond chaffinch. Moora, Bolgart and the Great Southern railway. Odd birds constantly penetrate further inland but The cattle egret, although it was introduced in apparently never form established colonies. Such the north of Western Australia, is thought to have temporary invasions have been noted at 3 DISTRIBUTION OF FERAL PIGEONS Key Numbers .and no e s e Towns in which Pigeon reported l Oongara 2 1-lingenew 3 rtoreva 4 Perenjori 5 Carnamah 6 Coorow 7 Buntine 8 Oalwal linu 9 Kalannie 10 llongan Hills 11 Koorda 12 Oencubbin 13 Oukin 14 Mukinbudin 15 Oowerin 16 Minni vale 17 Wyalkatchem 18 Trayning 19 Kununoppin 20 Nungarin 21 Sul la Bulling 22 Coolgardie GI MHKATHARRA 23 Boulder I 24 Bindoon 25 Chi t ter-tnq 26 Northam 27 recker-inq 28 Cunderdin 29 Ta11Y11in 30 Kellerberrin 31 llidgi enoc ltha 32 Chidlows 33 York 34 Bruce Rock 35 Quairading 36 Uadderin Hill 37 Corrigin 38 Pingel ly 39 Kondin'in 40 Hyden 41 Karlgarin 42 Mandurah 43 Pinjarra 44 Boddi ngton 45 Vealering 45 ilickepin 47 Cuballing 48 flarrogin 2• 30 49 Harvey 50 Lake Grace 51 Picton 4e 52 Wagin 53 Du!OO leyung !o 54 Oardanup 55 Collie lie 56 8usselton 78 57 ~tdrgaret River 58 Bridgetown 59 Tafroellup H ,. 60 Cranbrook 61 Fremantle MOORA 8 110 12EI 1311 140 1101\ 21i20 1 sJ6• 11• 200 ID SOUTHERN CROSS 31• e TOOOYAY O MERREOIN 26• 2 7e2Se29• Joe 32• 330 36• NORSEMAN ID 37• 40e4i Ho Jt• 45• 44• 411 .. 47@ 488 50. 52• 53• 550 ESPERANCE 9 KATANNIN<i, 4 Kellerberrin, Nangeenan, Dangin, Lake Grace, They are mentioned in 1920 as being continually Lake King, Holt Rock, Gnowangerup and Borden. despatched to applicants in various country districts, where they do well especially if pine trees The kookaburra appears to have been are available for nesting (Kingsmill, 1920). In 1929 independently introduced to the Mingenew and they were reported to have spread "far and wide" Irwin districts and is still spreading; it has been following the road lines (Colebatch, 1929). seen at Arrino south of Dongara (Serventy & Apparently they did not spread far beyond the Whitten, 1962). Recently a bird was reported as Perth metropolitan area but, since the mid 1930s far east as Ravensthorpe, but the species is not have steadily increased their range. (Sedgwick, known to breed there. 1957). Both species are now established at some isolated centres such as Kalgoorlie. Feral pigeon (Columba livia) S. chinensis reached Rottnest Island about 1937 Little appears to be known about the (Storr, 1965) and in 195 8 it was reported at introduction of pigeons to Western Australia. They various centres along the eastern railway to were probably brought in by the early settlers and Wooroloo. Sporadic sightings were reported have since frequently escaped from captivity. They southwards as far as Quindalup, with isolated were certainly in the colony before 1890 when occurrences elsewhere such as Dongara, Kalgoorlie escaped birds which had built up flocks on and Katanning (Sedgwick, 1957; Serventy & Rottnest Island were destroyed because of Whittell, 1962). pollution of the rainwater supply (Storr, 1965). S. senegalensis has extended its range further In 1951 they were reported to be living free than the Indian species (Sedgwick, 1 957). It among city buildings at Perth and Fremantle reached Rottnest Island about 1930 (Storr, 1965) (Serventy & Whitten, 1951), and were already and in 1958 was established at a number of centres feral in a number of country areas. In 1962 they in the wheatbelt between Geraldton and were reported as feral on Garden Island and were Tambellup and east to Beacon and Merredin. present throughout the Perth metropolitan area, in Isolated colonies exist at Kalgoorlie and Esperance a number of country towns and on farms. They (Sedgwick, 1957; Serventy & Whitten, 1962). had been found nesting in native trees at Nangeenan, Moora, Trayning, and Yorkrakine Damage by these species is occasionally Rock (Serventy & Whittell, 1962). In recent years reported in the metropolitan area, usually by pigeons have been reported living away from market gardeners and nursery owners. The birds towns in bush areas at North Baandee and east of are accused of eating germinating seedlings. Kununoppin. Neither species is protected under the Fauna Act, but they are not declared vermin. Surveys in 1968-69 showed that feral pigeons were widely distributed in the metropolitan area Goldfinch ( Carduelis carduelis) and adjacent areas from Fremantle to Midland and Armadale and also in 77 country towns in W.A. It is known that Goldfinches were liberated in (Long, 1971). Wes tern Australia before 1912 as they are included on a list of liberations by the Acclimatization Although pigeons are a nuisance in cities Committee at that time (le Souef, 1912). It was throughout the world, they have been declared presumed that these did not survive, though vermin only in the Toodyay area of Western goldfinches were reported at Graylands between Australia in response to a request in 1950.
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