Dall'origine Della Vita Alla Comparsa Dell'uomo
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Enamel Ultrastructure of Multituberculate Mammals: an Investigation of Variability
CO?JTRIBI!TIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF PALEOK.1-OLOCiY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN VOL. 27. NO. 1, p. 1-50 April I, 1985 ENAMEL ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MULTITUBERCULATE MAMMALS: AN INVESTIGATION OF VARIABILITY BY SANDRA J. CARLSON and DAVID W. KRAUSE MUSEUM OF PALEONTOLOGY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR CONTRlBUTlONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF PALEON I OLOGY Philip D. Gingerich, Director Gerald R. Smith. Editor This series of contributions from the Museum of Paleontology is a medium for the publication of papers based chiefly upon the collection in the Museum. When the number of pages issued is sufficient to make a volume, a title page and a table of contents will be sent to libraries on the mailing list, and to individuals upon request. A list of the separate papers may also be obtained. Correspondence should be directed to the Museum of Paleontology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109. VOLS. 11-XXVI. Parts of volumes may be obtained if available. Price lists available upon inquiry. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF PALEONTOLOGY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Vol . 27, no. 1, p. 1-50, pub1 ished April 1, 1985, Sandra J. Carlson and David W. Krause (Authors) ERRATA Page 11, Figure 4 caption, first line, should read "(1050X)," not "(750X)." ENAMEL ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MULTITUBERCULATE MAMMALS: AN INVESTIGATION OF VARIABILITY BY Sandra J. Carlsonl and David W. Krause' Abstract.-The nature and extent of enamel ultrastructural variation in mammals has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study we attempt to identify and evaluate the sources of variability in enamel ultrastructural patterns at a number of hierarchic levels within the extinct order Multituberculata. -
AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by Number 267 Tnz AMERICAN Musumof Natural History April 30, 1927
AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by Number 267 Tnz AMERICAN MUsuMOF NATuRAL HIsTORY April 30, 1927 56.9(117:78.6) MAMMALIAN FAUNA OF THE HELL CREEK FORMATION OF MONTANA BY GEORGE GAYLORD SIMPSON In 1907, Barnum Brown' announced the discovery, in the Hell Creek beds of Montana, of a small number of mammalian teeth. He then listed only Ptilodus sp., Meniscoessus conquistus Cope and Menisco8ssus sp., without description. In connection with recent work on the mammals of the Paskapoo formation of Alberta, this collection was referred to the writer for further study through the kindness of Mr. Brown and of Dr. W. D. Matthew, and a brief consideration of it is here presented. The material now available consists of two lots, one collected in 1906 by Brown and Kaisen, the other part of the Cameron Collection. The latter has no definite data as to locality save "the vicinity of Forsyth, Montana, and Snow Creek," and is thus from a region intermediate between the locality of the other Hell Creek specimens and that of the Niobrara County, Wyoming, Lance, but much nearer the former. Brown's collection is from near the head of Crooked Creek, in Dawson County, about eleven miles south of the Missouri River, Crooked Creek joining the latter about four miles northeast of the mouth of Hell Creek, along which are the type exposures of the formation. The mammals agree with the other palaeontological data in being of Lance age, although slightly different in detail from the Wyoming Lance fauna. The only localities now known for mammals of Lance age are the present ones, the classical Niobrara County Lance outcrops whence came all of Marsh's specimens, and an unknown point or points in South Dakota where Wortman found the types of Meniscoessus conquistus Cope and Thlzeodon padanicus Cope. -
Systematic Revision of the Genus Prochetodon (Ptilodontidae, Multituberculata) from the Late Paleocene and Early Eocene of Western North America
CONTRIBUTIONS FKOM THt \ICSEU\I OF PhLEONTOLOGY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN VOL. 27. No. 8. p. 221-236 October 13. 1987 SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF THE GENUS PROCHETODON (PTILODONTIDAE, MULTITUBERCULATA) FROM THE LATE PALEOCENE AND EARLY EOCENE OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA H Y DAVID W. KRAUSE MUSEUhI OF PALEONTOLOGY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF PALEONTOLOGY Charles B. Beck. Director Jennifer A. Kitchell. Editor This series of contributions from the Museum of Paleontology is a medium for publication of papers based chiefly on collections in the Museum. When the number of pages issued is sufficient to make a volume, a title page and a table of contents will be sent to libraries on the mailing list, and to individuals upon request. A list of the separate issues may also be obtained by request. Correspond- ence should be directed to the Museum of Paleontology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48 109. VOLS. II-XXVII. Parts of volumes may be obtained if available. Price lists are available upon inquiry. SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF THE GENUS PROCHETODOA' (PTILODONTIDAE, MULTITUBERCULATA) FROM THE LATE PALEOCENE AND EARLY EOCENE OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA Abstract.-Prochetoclorz is one of four valid genera in the multituberculate family Ptilodontidae. Although originally described from a single late Tiffanian locality, specimens of Proclzeiodorz are now known from 33 localities ranging in age from middle Tiffanian to middle Clarkforkian distributed throughout the northern part of the Western Interior of North America. These additional specimens permit the identification of two new species, Proclzetodon fo-xi and P. taxus, and revised diagnoses for both the genus and the type species, P. -
Vertebrate Paleontology of the Cretaceous/Tertiary Transition of Big Bend National Park, Texas (Lancian, Puercan, Mammalia, Dinosauria, Paleomagnetism)
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1986 Vertebrate Paleontology of the Cretaceous/Tertiary Transition of Big Bend National Park, Texas (Lancian, Puercan, Mammalia, Dinosauria, Paleomagnetism). Barbara R. Standhardt Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Standhardt, Barbara R., "Vertebrate Paleontology of the Cretaceous/Tertiary Transition of Big Bend National Park, Texas (Lancian, Puercan, Mammalia, Dinosauria, Paleomagnetism)." (1986). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 4209. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/4209 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a manuscript sent to us for publication and microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to pho tograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. Pages in any manuscript may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. Manuscripts may not always be complete. When it is not possible to obtain missing pages, a note appears to indicate this. 2. When copyrighted materials are removed from the manuscript, a note ap pears to indicate this. 3. -
SKULL STRUCTURE and AFFINITIES of the M ULTITUBERCULATA (Plates I-V)
ZOFIA KIELAN -JAWOROWSKA SKULL STRUCTURE AND AFFINITIES OF THE M ULTITUBERCULATA (Plates I-V) Abstrac t. - The skull structure of two Upper Cretaceous multituberculate genera from the Gobi Desert, Mongo lia: Kamptobaatar KIELA N-JAWOROWSKAand Slo anbaatar KIELA N-JAWO ROWSKA is described in detail. The lateral wall of the braincase and the occipital region of multi tuberculat e skulls are described for the first time.The ant erior lamina of the petrosal in the mu ltitube rculates consists of two parts : the ventra l part and the ascend ing part. The ascending par t of the anterior lamina, previously unknown in the mult ituberculates, is present in Kamp tobaatar and it may be shown that the ascending part occup ies most of the lateral wall of the bra incase. The orbitosphenoid is large and not ent irely ossified, whilst the alisphenoid is reduced to a comp arat ively small, ventral element, which is, however, more extensive than that of the rnonotremes, The followin g reptilian element s: ectopterygoid, tabu lar and post-temporal fossa are found in the studied skulls. The multitubercula te bra incase is compared with tho se of the Docodonta (Morganucodon), Tr iconodonta and Monotremata and it is shown that the general pattern of the bra incase structure in these four orders is the same. However, the Multituberculata are more allied to the Mon otremata than they are to the Docodonta and the Triconodon ta. The opin ion that the Docodonta, Triconodonta, Multituberculata and Monotremata for m a subclass Prototheria, equi valent to the Theria , is supported. -
Multituberculate Mammals from the Cretaceous of Uzbekistan
Multituberculate mammals from the Cretaceous of Uzbekistan ZOFIA KIELAN- JAWOROWSKA and LEV A. NESSOV Kielan-Jaworowska, 2. & Nessov, L. A. 1992. Multituberculate mammals from the Cretaceous of Uzbelustan. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 37, 1, 1- 17. The first western Asian multituberculates found in the Bissekty Formation (Co- niacian) of Uzbekistan are described on the basis of a lower premolar (p4), a fragment of a lower incisor, an edentulous dentary, a proximal part of the humerus and a proximal part of the femur. Uzbekbaatar kizylkumensis gen. et sp. n. is defined as having a low and arcuate p4. possibly without a posterobuccal cusp; it presumably had two lower premolars, as inferred from the presence of a triangular concavity at the upper part of the anterior wall of p4, and p3 less reduced in relation to p4 than in non-specialized Taeniolabidoidea and Ptilodontoidea. Uzbek- baatar is placed in the Cimolodonta without indicating family and infraorder. It might have originated from the Plagiaulacinae or Eobaatarinae. Key words : Multituberculata, Marnmalia, Cretaceous, Coniacian, Uzbekistan. Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska. Paleontologisk Museum, Universitetet i Oslo, Sars Gate 1, N-0562 Oslo, Norway. flec A. Hecoc, kf~cmumym3exnoiL Kopbl, Ca~~m-nemep6ypzc~uiiYnueepcumem, 199 034 Ca~~m-l7emep6ypz,Poccun (Lev A. Nessov, Institute of the Earth Crust, Sankt-Peters- burg University, 199 034 St. Petersburg. Russla]. Introduction The Multituberculata is the first mammalian order to have adapted to herbivorous niches, although many may have been omnivorous (Krause 1982). Known from the Late Triassic to the Early Oligocene (Hahn & Hahn 1983), this order of mammals was dominant throughout the Mesozoic in most of the local faunas studied. -
Masticatory Musculature of Asian Taeniolabidoid Multituberculate Mammals
Masticatory musculature of Asian taeniolabidoid multituberculate mammals PETR P. GAMBARYAN & ZOFIA KIELAN-JAWOROWSKA* Gambaryan, P.P. & Kielan-Jaworowska, 2. 1995. Masticatory musculature of Asian taeniolabidoid multituberculate mammals. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 40, 1, 45-108. The backward chewing stroke in multituberculates (unique for mammals) resulted in a more anterior insertion of the masticatory muscles than in any other mammal group, including rodents. Multituberculates differ from tritylodontids in details of the masticatory musculature, but share with them the backward masticatory power stroke and retractory horizontal components of the resultant force of all the masticatory muscles (protractory in Theria). The Taeniolabididae differ from the Eucosmodontidae in having a more powerful masticatory musculature, expressed by the higher zygomatic arch with relatively larger anterior and middle zygomatic ridges and higher coronoid process. It is speculated that the bicuspid, or pointed upper incisors, and semi-procumbent, pointed lower ones, characteristic of non- taeniolabidoid mdtitliberculates were used for picking-up and killing insects or other prey. In relation to the backward power stroke the low position of the condylar process was advantageous for most multituberculates. In extreme cases (Sloanbaataridae and Taeniolabididae), the adaptation for crushing hard seeds, worked against the benefit of the low position of the condylar process and a high condylar process developed. Five new multituberculate autapomorphies are rec- ognized: anterior and intermediate zygomatic ridges: glenoid fossa large, flat and sloping backwards (forwards in rodents), arranged anterolateral and standing out from the braincase; semicircular posterior margin of the dentary with condylar process forming at least a part of it; anterior position of the coronoid process; and anterior position of the masseteric fossa. -
New Specimens of the Multituberculate Mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for Phylogeny and Biology of Taeniolabidoids
New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids FANG-YUAN MAO, YUAN-QING WANG, and JIN MENG Mao, F.-Y., Wang, Y.-Q., and Meng, J. 2016. New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61 (2): 429–454. Multituberculates are the most diverse and best known group of Mesozoic mammals; they also persisted into the Paleogene and became extinct in the Eocene, possibly outcompeted by rodents that have similar morphological and pre- sumably ecological adaptations. Among the Paleogene multituberculates, those that have the largest body sizes belong to taeniolabidoids, which contain several derived species from North America and Asia and some species with uncertain taxonomic positions. Of the known taeniolabidoids, the poorest known taxon is Sphenopsalis nobilis from Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China, represented previously by a few isolated teeth. Its relationship with other multituberculates thus has remained unclear. Here we report new specimens of Sphenopsalis nobilis collected from the upper Paleocene of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, during a multi-year field effort beginning in 2000. These new specimens document substantial parts of the dental, partial cranial and postcranial morphologies of Sphenopsalis, including the upper and lower incisors, partial premolars, complete upper and lower molars, a partial rostrum, fragments of the skull roof, middle ear cavity, a partial scapula, and partial limb bones. With the new specimens we are able to present a detailed description of Sphenopsalis, comparisons among relevant taeniolabidoids, and brief phylogenetic analyses based on a dataset consisting of 43 taxa and 102 characters. -
Late Paleocene) Mammals from Cochrane 2, Southwestern Alberta, Canada
New earliest Tiffanian (late Paleocene) mammals from Cochrane 2, southwestern Alberta, Canada CRAIG S.SCOTT, RICHARD C.FOX, and GORDON P.YOUZWYSHYN Scott, C.S., Fox, R.C., and Youzwyshyn, G.P. 2002. New earliest Tiffanian (late Paleocene) mammals from Cochrane 2, southwestern Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47 (4): 691–704. New mammalian fossils at Cochrane 2, Paskapoo Formation, Alberta, Canada, document five new species and two new combinations: Ptilodus gnomus sp.nov.and Baiotomeus russelli sp.nov.(Multituberculata), Thryptacodon orthogonius comb.nov.and Litomylus grandaletes sp.nov.(“Condylarthra”), Pararyctes rutherfordi sp.nov., Bessoecetor septentrionalis comb.nov.,and Paleotomus junior sp.nov.(Eutheria incertae sedis).These new taxa supplement a taxo − nomically diverse Cochrane 2 local fauna, representing one of the most species rich Paleocene mammalian localities in the world.An earliest Tiffanian age is estimated for the locality based on the presence of the index taxa Plesiadapis praecursor, Nannodectes intermedius, and Ectocion collinus.The Cochrane 2 local fauna fails to demonstrate a decrease in species number relative to those of late Torrejonian localities from the United States, as would be predicted by current paleoclimate scenarios; the rarity of earliest Tiffanian localities in North America suggests sampling error as a partial ex− planation for the apparent incongruity. Key words: Multituberculata, “Condylarthra”, Eutheria, Paleocene, Paskapoo Formation, Canada. Craig S. Scott [[email protected]] and Richard C. Fox [[email protected]], Laboratory for Vertebrate Paleon− tology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9; Gordon P. Youzwyshyn [[email protected]], Grant MacEwan Community College, Edmonton, Canada, T5J 4S2. -
Mammalian Distal Humerus Fossils from Eastern Montana, USA with Implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene Mass Extinction and the Adaptive Radiation of Placentals
Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals Lauren B. DeBey and Gregory P. Wilson ABSTRACT Postcrania of Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mammals offer insights into richness, body size, and locomotor ecology that supplement patterns from well-sampled dental assemblages. Here, we describe and morphotype 50 distal humeri from Lancian–Puer- can assemblages of eastern Montana. Using geometric morphometric analysis of a taxonomically broad sample of humeri from extant small-bodied therians of diverse locomotor modes, we constrain locomotor inferences of some morphotypes. We use this database to preliminarily assess body-size and locomotor diversity across the K- Pg boundary. The seven Lancian humerus morphotypes include the multituberculates ?Mesodma sp., ?Cimolodon nitidus, and ?Meniscoessus robustus and the metatherian ?Didelphodon vorax. Morphotype richness decreased to four or five across the K-Pg boundary and rebounded in the late Puercan to six, mostly eutherian, morphotypes. Puercan morphotypes include the multituberculate ?Stygimys kuszmauli, the “plesi- adapiform” primate ?Purgatorius, small and large archaic ungulates, a possible palaeo- ryctid, and a very large eutherian. Humerus size data imply a decrease in body size across the K-Pg boundary, followed by an increase by the late Puercan, a trend consis- tent with the dental fossil record. Geometric morphometrics analysis and functional morphology imply greater locomotor diversity among K-Pg mammals than previously recognized: we infer that most Lancian and Puercan multituberculates were arboreal; the Lancian eutherian was arboreal or semifossorial; the early Puercan palaeoryctid was semifossorial and the small archaic ungulate was terrestrial; and the late Puercan “plesiadapiform” primate was arboreal and the large archaic ungulate was scansorial. -
Jaw Shape and Mechanical Advantage Are Indicative of Diet in Mesozoic Mammals ✉ Nuria Melisa Morales-García 1 , Pamela G
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-01757-3 OPEN Jaw shape and mechanical advantage are indicative of diet in Mesozoic mammals ✉ Nuria Melisa Morales-García 1 , Pamela G. Gill1,2, Christine M. Janis 1,3 & Emily J. Rayfield 1 Jaw morphology is closely linked to both diet and biomechanical performance, and jaws are one of the most common Mesozoic mammal fossil elements. Knowledge of the dietary and functional diversity of early mammals informs on the ecological structure of palaeo- communities throughout the longest era of mammalian evolution: the Mesozoic. Here, we analyse how jaw shape and mechanical advantage of the masseter (MAM) and temporalis (MAT) muscles relate to diet in 70 extant and 45 extinct mammals spanning the Late 1234567890():,; Triassic-Late Cretaceous. In extant mammals, jaw shape discriminates well between dietary groups: insectivores have long jaws, carnivores intermediate to short jaws, and herbivores have short jaws. Insectivores have low MAM and MAT, carnivores have low MAM and high MAT, and herbivores have high MAM and MAT. These traits are also informative of diet among Mesozoic mammals (based on previous independent determinations of diet) and set the basis for future ecomorphological studies. 1 School of Earth Sciences, Wills Memorial Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. 2 Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK. ✉ 3 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. email: [email protected] COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY | (2021) 4:242 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-01757-3 | www.nature.com/commsbio 1 ARTICLE COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY | https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-01757-3 ur understanding of Mesozoic mammals has dramatically metric) has been used as a proxy for prey choice and feeding improved in the past three decades. -
Dome-Headed, Small-Brained Island Mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Romania
Dome-headed, small-brained island mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Romania Zoltán Csiki-Savaa,1, Mátyás Vremirb, Jin Mengc, Stephen L. Brusatted, and Mark A. Norellc aLaboratory of Paleontology, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, University of Bucharest, 010041 Bucharest, Romania; bDepartment of Natural Sciences, Transylvanian Museum Society, 400009 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; cDivision of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024; and dSchool of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FE Edinburgh, United Kingdom Edited by Neil H. Shubin, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved March 26, 2018 (received for review January 20, 2018) The island effect is a well-known evolutionary phenomenon, in describe the anatomy of kogaionids in detail, include them in a which island-dwelling species isolated in a resource-limited envi- comprehensive phylogenetic analysis, estimate their body sizes, ronment often modify their size, anatomy, and behaviors compared and present a reconstruction of their brain and sense organs. with mainland relatives. This has been well documented in modern This species exhibits several features that we interpret as re- and Cenozoic mammals, but it remains unclear whether older, more lated to its insular habitat, most notably a brain that is sub- primitive Mesozoic mammals responded in similar ways to island stantially reduced in size compared with close relatives and habitats. We describe a reasonably complete and well-preserved skeleton of a kogaionid, an enigmatic radiation of Cretaceous island- mainland contemporaries, demonstrating that some Mesozoic dwelling multituberculate mammals previously represented by frag- mammals were susceptible to the island effect like in more mentary fossils.