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History of Men Test Cricket: an Overview Received: 14-11-2020
International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education 2021; 6(1): 174-178 ISSN: 2456-0057 IJPNPE 2021; 6(1): 174-178 © 2021 IJPNPE History of men test cricket: An overview www.journalofsports.com Received: 14-11-2020 Accepted: 28-12-2020 Sachin Prakash and Dr. Sandeep Bhalla Sachin Prakash Ph.D., Research Scholar, Abstract Department of Physical The concept of Test cricket came from First-Class matches, which were played in the 18th century. In the Education, Indira Gandhi TMS 19th century, it was James Lillywhite, who led England to tour Australia for a two-match series. The first University, Ziro, Arunachal official Test was played from March 15 in 1877. The first-ever Test was played with four balls per over. Pradesh, India While it was a timeless match, it got over within four days. The first notable change in the format came in 1889 when the over was increased to a five-ball, followed by the regular six-ball over in 1900. While Dr. Sandeep Bhalla the first 100 Tests were played as timeless matches, it was since 1950 when four-day and five-day Tests Director - Sports & Physical were introduced. The Test Rankings was introduced in 2003, while 2019 saw the introduction of the Education Department, Indira World Test Championship. Traditionally, Test cricket has been played using the red ball, as it is easier to Gandhi TMS University, Ziro, spot during the day. The most revolutionary change in Test cricket has been the introduction of Day- Arunachal Pradesh, India Night Tests. Since 2015, a total of 11 such Tests have been played, which three more scheduled. -
The Swing of a Cricket Ball
SCIENCE BEHIND REVERSE SWING C.P.VINOD CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune BACKGROUND INFORMATION • Swing bowling is a skill in cricket that bowlers use to get a batsmen out. • It involves bowling a ball in such a way that it curves or ‘swings’ in the air. • The process that causes this ball to swing can be explained through aerodynamics. Dynamics is the study of the cause of the motion and changes in motion Aerodynamics is a branch of Dynamics which studies the motion of air particularly when it interacts with a moving object There are basically four factors that govern swing of the cricket ball: Seam Asymmetry in ball due to uneven tear Speed Bowling Action Seam of cricket ball Asymmetry in ball due to uneven tear Cricket ball is made from a core of cork, which is layered with tightly wound string, and covered by a leather case with a slightly raised sewn seam Dimensions- Weight: 155.9 and 163.0 g 224 and 229 mm in circumference Speed Fast bowler between 130 to 160 KPH THE BOUNDARY LAYER • When a sphere travels through air, the air will be forced to negotiate a path around the ball • The Boundary Layer is defined as the small layer of air that is in contact with the surface of a projectile as it moves through the air • Initially the air that hits the front of the ball will stick to the ball and accelerate in order to obtain the balls velocity. • In doing so it applies pressure (Force) in the opposite direction to the balls velocity by NIII Law, this is known as a Drag Force. -
Contributions to an Anthropological Approach to the Cultural Adaptation of Migrant Agents
Contributions to an Anthropological Approach to the Cultural Adaptation of Migrant Agents Rafael Heitor Bordini A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London. Department of Computer Science University College London 1999 Abstract This thesis proposes the use of Cultural Anthropology as a source of inspiration for solutions to the problem of adaptation of autonomous, intelligent, computational agents that migrate to societies of agents with distinctive features from the ones of the society where those agents were originally conceived. This has implications for interoperation of disparate Multi-Agent Systems. In particular, the cognitive approach to anthropology is argued to be a suitable theoretical foun dation for this topic. Fieldwork practice in social anthropology is also indicated as an useful source of ideas. A pragmatic theory of intensionality is incorporated in this anthropological approach, resulting in a mechanism that allows agents to ascribe intensional ontologies of terms to societies that use unfamiliar means of communication; also, taxonomical relations among the terms in such ontologies can be retrieved, by means of a process inspired by the counterpart activity of ethnographers. This is presented using the Z notation for formal specification of systems, and illustrated on a set of terms from the game of cricket. Subsequently, a simulation of a game of cricket is described where one of the players is unfamiliar with the game, and therefore needs to learn the game by observing the other players. A reasonable behaviour for such a player is obtained, and the simulation offers grounds for further anthropologically-based studies. -
Indoor Tournament Rules 2016/2017 Pitch Two Sets Of
Indoor Tournament Rules 2016/2017 Pitch Two sets of wickets, 16 yards apart. Equipment: Kwik cricket or wooden bats and ‘Incrediballs or similar’ are to be used so batters may wear gloves, wicket-keepers can use full protection. Teams: 6 players will make up a team. There is no limit on squad size. The Start The schedule for matches will be published before hand and teams are advised to adhere strictly to this to ensure a smooth transition between games (and so that we do not over run) Team captains will toss a coin to decide which team has the choice of either batting or fielding first. The Game Each match will last for 5 overs. Like in normal cricket once you are out (dismissals listed below) you are out. Overs will consist of 6 balls. Scoring (& some dismissals) o If the ball strikes the side wall and the ‘back’ wall (behind the wicket keeper) 1 run is scored - batters may also be caught off these walls o Each time the batters run 2 runs will be scored o So if they hit either of the walls stated above and run once 3 runs will be scored i. if the ball strikes either of these walls and a player is run out only the completed run is scored. ii. 1 overthrow will be scored each time the fielding side’s attempted run out strikes either side or back wall (4 runs if it hits the boundary wall – see below) o when the ball strikes the ‘Boundary Wall’ (the wall behind the bowler and (anything attached to it) – without hitting either side wall – it is immediately ‘dead’ the scores awarded depend on where it hits the wall, thus: i. -
Cricket Injuries
CRICKET INJURIES Cricket can lead to injuries similar to those seen in other sports which involve running, throwing or being hit by a hard object. However, there are some injuries to look out for especially in cricket players. Low Back Injuries A pace bowler can develop a stress fracture in the back. This can develop in the area of the vertebra called the pars interarticularis (“pars”) in players aged 12- 21. Parsstress fractures are thought to be caused by repetitive hyper-extension and rotation of the spine that can occur in fast bowling. The most common site is at the level of the 5th lumbar vertebra (L5). Risk Factors Factors in bowling technique that are thought to increase the risk of getting a pars stress fracture are: • Posture of the shoulders and hips when the back foot hits the ground: completely side-on and semi-open bowling actions are the safest. A mixed action (hips side-on and shoulders front-on or vice versa) increases the risk of injury. Interestingly, recent research is suggesting the completely front-on action may be unsafe as rotation of the spine tends to occur in the action following back foot impact. Up until now, front-on was thought to be the safest. • Change in the alignment of the shoulders or of the hips during the delivery stride. • Extended front knee at front foot contact with the ground. • Higher ball release height. The other general risk factor for injuries in bowlers is high bowling workload: consecutive days bowling and high number of bowling sessions per week. -
Bowling Performance Assessed with a Smart Cricket Ball: a Novel Way of Profiling Bowlers †
Proceedings Bowling Performance Assessed with a Smart Cricket Ball: A Novel Way of Profiling Bowlers † Franz Konstantin Fuss 1,*, Batdelger Doljin 1 and René E. D. Ferdinands 2 1 Smart Products Engineering Program, Centre for Design Innovation, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia; [email protected] 2 Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2141, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-3-9214-6882 † Presented at the 13th conference of the International Sports Engineering Association, Online, 22–26 June 2020. Published: 15 June 2020 Abstract: Profiling of spin bowlers is currently based on the assessment of translational velocity and spin rate (angular velocity). If two spin bowlers impart the same spin rate on the ball, but bowler A generates more spin rate than bowler B, then bowler A has a higher chance to be drafted, although bowler B has the potential to achieve the same spin rate, if the losses are minimized (e.g., by optimizing the bowler’s kinematics through training). We used a smart cricket ball for determining the spin rate and torque imparted on the ball at a high sampling frequency. The ratio of peak torque to maximum spin rate times 100 was used for determining the ‘spin bowling potential’. A ratio of greater than 1 has more potential to improve the spin rate. The spin bowling potential ranged from 0.77 to 1.42. Comparatively, the bowling potential in fast bowlers ranged from 1.46 to 1.95. Keywords: cricket; smart cricket ball; profiling; performance; skill; spin rate; torque; bowling potential 1. -
Sport Terminology
SPORT TERMINOLOGY Baton, bell lap, decathlon, discus, false start, field, foul, hammer, heptathlon, high jump, hurdles, javelin, lane, lap, long jump, marathon, middle-distance, pole-vault, relay, record, shot put, sprint, starting blocks, steeplechase, track, track and field, Athletics triple jump, Cross Country, etc. Alley, Back Alley, Backcourt, Balk, Baseline, Carry, Center or Base Position, Center Line, Clear, Court, Drive, Drop, Fault, Feint, Flick, Forecourt, Hairpin Net Shot, Halfcourt Shot, Kill, Let, Long Service Line, Match, Midcourt, Net Shot, Push Shot, Racquet, Rally, Serve, Service Court, Short Service Line, Shuttlecock, Smash, Badminton Wood Shot etc. Baseball Pinching, Home run, Base runner, Throw, Perfect game, Strike, Put out, etc. Cue, cannon, baulk, pot scratch, long jenny, short jenny, frame, spider, short and Billiards long rest, in-off, etc. Accidental Butt, Bleeder, Bolo Punch, Bout, Brawler, Break, Buckle, Canvas, Card, Caught Cold, Clinch, Corkscrew Punch, Cornerman, Counterpunch, Cross, Cutman, Dive, Eight Count, Glass Jaw, Haymaker, Kidney Punch Liver Shot, Low Blow, Mauler, Neutral Corner, Plodder, Ring Generalship, Roughhousing, Southpaw, Spar, Boxing Stablemate, Technical Knockout, Walkout Bout, Whiskers etc. Contract bridge, duplicate bridge, tricks, suite , rubber, trump, grand slam, little Bridge slam, etc. Billiards & Snooker Pull, Cue, Hit, Object ball, Break shot, Scoring, Cushion billiards, etc. , etc. Knock. out, Round, Ring Stoppage, Punch, Upper-cut, Kidney punch, Timing, Foot Boxing work, etc. Chess Gambit, stalemate, move, resign, checkmate, etc. Hat-trick, maiden, follow-on, declare, bowled, caught, run-out, leg before wicket(LBW), stumped, striker, slips, gully, short leg, silly, mid-on, point, cover, Cricket mid-off, bouncer, beamer, googly, full toss, drive, cut, pull, hook, flick, etc. -
T20 Rules Cheat Sheet
T20 Rules Cheat Sheet ON CALL UMPIRE CONTACTS POWER PLAY Ramesh Ailaveni 480-252-0243 Overs in Innings Power Play Overs Unmil Patel 952-393-6992 19-20 6 Abhijeet Surve 651-983-5502 15-18 5 Tulsie 952-250-4178 12-14 4 SriKrishnan 612-345-1779 9-11 3 Nitin Reddy Pasula 214-226-7768 5-8 2 Basic Rules 1. During power play only 2 fielders are permitted to be outside 30 yards, fielders in catching position not required. 2. During non power play no more than 5 fielders can be outside 30 yards. 3. A batsmen can be out on free hit, if he is run out or handled the ball or hit the ball twice or obstructs the field. 4. Apply duck-worth for any interruption that requires over reductions. 5. A minimum of 5 overs constitutes a match. 6. Play can be extended beyond scheduled cut off , if there is enough light just to complete minimum overs to get a result. 7. Beamer 1. A delivery which is other than a slow paced one and passes on the full above waist height or 2. A delivery which is slow paced and passes on the full above shoulder. 3. First instance of beamer is called no ball with warning. Second instance any time in the innings is called no ball and bowler can not bowl further in that innings. 8. Bouncer - above shoulder height but not above the head. Bouncer above head is called wide. 1. If bowled in same over 1. first one allowed, second one no ball with first warning, third one no ball with final warning, fourth one no ball and bowler can not bowl further in that innings. -
Presented Here Are the ACS's Answers to a Number of General
Presented here are the ACS’s answers to a number of general questions about the statistics and history of cricket that arise from time to time. It is hoped that they will be of interest both to relative newcomers to these aspects of the game, and to a more general readership. Any comments, or suggestions for further questions to be answered in this section, should be sent to [email protected] Please note that this section is for general questions only, and not for dealing with specific queries about cricket records, or about individual cricketers or their performances. 1 THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CRICKET What are the three formats in which top-level cricket is played? At the top level of the game – at international level, and at the level of counties in England and their equivalent in other leading countries – cricket is played in three different ‘formats’. The longest-established is ‘first-class cricket’, which includes Test matches as well as matches in England’s County Championship, the Sheffield Shield in Australia, the Ranji Trophy in India, and equivalent competitions in other countries. First-class matches are scheduled to be played over at least 3 days, and each team is normally entitled to have two innings in this period. Next is ‘List A’ cricket – matches played on a single day and in which each team is limited in the number of overs that it can bat or bowl. Nowadays, List A matches are generally arranged to be played with a limit of 50 overs per side. International matches of this type are referred to as ‘One-Day Internationals’, or ODIs. -
GROUND, WEATHER and LIGHT GUIDANCE for UMPIRES (IN the RECREATIONAL GAME) Version 1 2016
GROUND, WEATHER AND LIGHT GUIDANCE FOR UMPIRES (IN THE RECREATIONAL GAME) Version 1 2016 92018 ECB Ground Weather and Light.indd 1 15/03/2016 15:58 92018 ECB Ground Weather and Light.indd 2 15/03/2016 15:58 The aim of this Guidance is to assist umpires to decide, under the MCC Laws of Cricket, if play should be allowed to start, continue or resume, solely as a consequence of weather or weather-related conditions. Save where otherwise expressly noted, this Guidance does not address other situations when ground conditions may need to be assessed. The Guidance provides generic advice and umpires will be required to use their judgement based upon the weather and ground conditions they experience. 1.0 INTRODUCTION One of the greatest challenges for cricket umpires at all levels of the game is the management of ground, weather and light as set out in Laws 3.8, 3.9 and 7.2. These Laws require umpires to suspend play, or not to allow play to start or resume, when, in their opinion, the conditions are dangerous or unreasonable. Law 3.8(b) states that ‘Conditions to make that assessment. However, shall be regarded as dangerous if no Guidance can anticipate the full there is actual and foreseeable risk to range of conditions that umpires the safety of any player or umpire’. may face and the key test for all decisions is that quoted above from This is the standard that must be Law 3.8(b). applied to all decisions relating to the ground, weather and light. -
KCL USA Stamp
KERALA CRICKET LEAGUE Umpire Cheat Sheet Item Description Ground Setup Matting, Boundary/30-yard circle markings should have been completed 15 minutes before scheduled start time Playing 11 Collect names of playing 11 from both teams before start of play and verify photo IDs, if required Toss time is 15 minutes before scheduled start time. Visitors call the toss. Teams not having 7 players (in Toss colored jersey) on the field by scheduled game time will automatically forfeit the toss. Total Play time 4.8 Minutes Per Over. 120 Minutes per innings for a full 25 over game. Drinks Break 5 minutes drinks break at the end of 13th/12th over. Innings Break 15 minutes break at the end of first innings Boundary is a straight line between two adjacent cones. Confirm with both teams about runs/boundaries, if there Boundaries Are any goal posts/trees in the ground. Overs Per Bowler Maximum overs per bowler = Total overs Played/5. In a full 25 overs game, one bowler can bowl a max of 5 overs. Fielding teams will provide balls for their innings. Please make the ball has KCL USA stamp. Only one new ball Balls can be used per innings. If balls are lost during the game, use similar old balls. Minimum 4 players should be inside 30-yard circle at all times. Maximum 5 players on the leg side and 2 players Field Restrictions behind square leg (excluding wicket Keeper). Mandatory PP: First 7 overs: minimum 9players should be inside & Power Play 30-yard circle. There will no batting or bowling PP. -
Law Revisions for the 2018 Season
Law Revisions for the 2018 Season The MCC have retrised the Laws of Cricket. Please familiarise yourself with the char€es on the MCC website: www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket . The changes apply to all League cricket with Panel Umpires. Click on 'The Laws'. There are eight sections detailing the Laws of Cricket plus an eLearning section which varies every time you go to it and a set of Animations- Please pay particular attention to: THE SPIRIT OF CRICKET - Positive behaviour and respect. ,-x L! ilur$er cf Phyers - match shall continue if the number nominated players is reduced. lau 1.3, Captain not antabb to nondmte ptryers - any person associated with the team may act as his&er deputy. Law 1.3.3 Deputy for Captain at the toas - only a nominated player can act as deputy for the captain at the toss. t-* L3.l-5 CmulEtim trrl$ Ca@irs - the umFdres and captains shall comuft on tfie use of covers before fie toss. law 2.8.2 Suspension of play in dangerous or unreasonable circumstances - The Umpires shall immediately suspend play, or not atlow play to start or to recomtnence if ekher umpke considers that the corditioos of ground, weattter or light, or any other circum$ances are either dangerous or unreasonable. Change in the Laws from both umpires to either umpire. Law 2.Xl Umpke s decislon - An umpire may alter any decision provided that such alteration is made promptly. This apa6 an urnpirds decisinn, once made, is final. law 5 The bat - The thickness of the edges (40mm) and overall depth (67mm) are defined.