DOCSLIB.ORG

Taxonomic Revision of Ustilago, Sporisorium and Macalpinomyces

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Taxonomic Revision of Ustilago, Sporisorium and Macalpinomyces Persoonia 29, 2012: 116–132 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158512X661462 Taxonomic revision of Ustilago, Sporisorium and Macalpinomyces A.R. McTaggart1,2,3,5, R.G. Shivas1,2, A.D.W. Geering1,2,5, K. Vánky4, T. Scharaschkin1,3 Key words Abstract Morphological characters within the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex are defined explicitly. The genera Sporisorium and Anthracocystis are emended to reflect morphological synapomorphies. smut fungi Three new genera, Langdonia, Stollia and Triodiomyces are described based on soral synapomorphies and host systematics classification. The new classification of the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex incorporates 142 new taxonomy taxonomic combinations. Ustilaginaceae Ustilaginomycotina Article info Received: 18 May 2012; Accepted: 9 October 2012; Published: 17 December 2012. INTRODUCTION genera, Langdonia, Stollia and Triodiomyces are proposed to accommodate newly resolved clades (Fig. 1). The three genera of smut fungi, Ustilago, Sporisorium and Ma- calpinomyces, form a complex that has eluded resolution by Definitions of soral characters in the morphology (Langdon & Fullerton 1975, Vánky 1991, Piepen- Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex bring et al. 1998) and molecular phylogenetic analysis (Stoll The interpretation of soral morphology is inconsistent for many et al. 2003, 2005). Two suggestions to reconcile the taxonomy descriptions of smut species. For example, Sporisorium cons- of the complex have been proposed. The first was to break up anguineum, Macalpinomyces spermophorus and M. viridans the current taxa into several smaller genera and subgenera, were described with columellae, but these structures are not and the second to unify the three genera into a single genus, homologous with columellae in Sporisorium s.str. (McTaggart et Ustilago (Vánky 2002, Piepenbring 2004). The former solu- al. 2012a). Soral characters need accurate definition to prevent tion is dependent on finding morphological synapomorphies misinterpretation. that can delimit the genera, and the latter solution dismisses the wide morphological diversity within the group (McTaggart Columellae et al. 2012b). A columella is defined as a structure formed by both fungal and Synapomorphic morphological characters and host plant clas- host material, which proliferates after hyphal-induced growth sification delimited clades in the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpi- of the host meristem, and connects the sorus to the host. The nomyces complex (McTaggart et al. 2012a). The current study columella is invariably the same length or slightly shorter than defines these synapomorphic characters and proposes a new the length of the sorus. There are two types of true columellae classification for many species currently placed in Ustilago, within the complex. Stout columellae are a synapomorphy for Sporisorium and Macalpinomyces. This approach preserves Sporisorium s.str. (Clade 1), and filiform, flexuous columellae the well-known genera Ustilago, Sporisorium and Macalpino- are a synapomorphy for Anthracocystis (Clade 4) (McTaggart myces, and enables the classification to reflect morphological et al. 2012a). The non-homologous columella-like structures diversity in the complex. found in other clades have different origins and do not satisfy the definition of columellae. In particular, care should be taken PHYLOGENY not to confuse the columella with remnants of the inflorescence, such as in Ustilago drakensbergiana. Phylogenetic analyses resolved eight clades within the Usti- lago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex (McTaggart et Sterile cells al. 2012a). Six of the clades had unique morphology or host Sterile cells are defined as the cells formed from partitioning characters. Sporisorium and Anomalomyces were accepted non-sporogenous hyphae within the sorus. Sterile cells are genera. Here Anthracocystis is reinstated, and three new an apomorphic character of the complex and were present in Macalpinomyces eriachnes, Anomalomyces panici, and Clades 1 Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, GPO Box 5012, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia; 1, 2, 3, 7 and 8 (McTaggart et al. 2012a). Sterile cells also occur corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]. in other groups of smut fungi, including Tilletia in the Exobasidio 2 Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecosciences Precinct, mycetes, and are not a valuable character for higher levels of GPO Box 267, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia. classification. Cells found in the peridium are not formed from 3 EEBS, Faculty of Science and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia. partitioning hyphae and are referred to as peridial cells. Peridial 4 Herbarium Ustilaginales Vánky (HUV), Gabriel-Biel-Str. 5, D-72076 Tübin- cells are generally irregular and in chains, and are only found gen, Germany. in taxa with a fungal derived peridium. 5 Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, Queensland Sterile cells formed from non-sporogenous hyphae within the 4001, Australia. sorus are a useful character for delimitation of genera within © 2012 Nationaal Herbarium Nederland & Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non-commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No derivative works: You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. A.R. McTaggart et al.: Taxonomic revision of Ustilago, Sporisorium and Macalpinomyces 117 Moesziomyces bullatus Macalpinomyces eriachnes 100/100 Lan. aristidicola Lan. fraseriana Lan. confusa Langdonia 1.0 Lan. aristidae /78 Mac. eragrostiellae Spo. veracruzianum Mac. spermophorus Ustilago austroafricana 97/92 Mac. viridans Ust. ixophori Mac. neglectus CLADE 7 1.0 Ust. crameri Spo. panici Ust. affinis Ust. drakensbergiana Ust. syntherismae Ust. echinata Melanopsichium pennsylvanicum Ustilago esculenta sub-clade Ust. esculenta Ust. schmidtiae Ust. tragana 89/96 Spo. aegyptiacum /75 Spo. modestum Ustilago davisii Ust. filiformis sub-clade Ust. davisii Ust. schroeteriana Ust. trichophora Ust. nuda Ust. avenae Ust. hordei CLADE 6 Ust. phrygica Ust. tritici Ust. bullata Ustilago 84/97 Ust. pamirica Ust. turcomanica sensu stricto 0.96 Ust. bromivora sub-clade Ust. calamagrostidis Ust. striiformis Ust. sporoboli-indici 0.96 Ust. cynodontis Ust. sparsa Ust. xerochloae 80/87 Tri. lituana Tri. triodiae Tri. altilis Triodiomyces 0.99 Tri. inaltilis Anomalomyces panici Ant. mexicana Ant. provinciale Ant. elionuri Ant. loudetiae-pedicellatae Ant. bothriochloae Ant. apludae Ant. abscondita Ant. cymbopogonis-bombycini Ant. heteropogonicola Ant. everhartii Ant. apludae-aristatae Ant. sehimatis Ant. anthistiriae Ant. mutabile Ant. trispicatae Ant. hwangense 85/90 Ant. chrysopogonis Ant. themedae-arguentis Anthracocystis 1.0 Ant. polliniae Ant. caledonica Ant. setariae Ant. whiteochloae Ant. cenchri-elymoidis Ant. xerofasciculata Ant. penniseti Ant. anthracoideispora Ant. enteromorpha Ant. ovaria Ant. cenchri Ant. panici-leucophaei Ant. destruens Ant. formosana Ant. fallax Ant. tumefaciens 81/95 Stollia bursa Stollia 0.96 Stollia ewartii Ust. bouriquetii /84 Ust. maydis Mac. mackinlayi Mac. arundinellae-setosae Ust. vetiveriae CLADE 2 Spo. trachypogonis 100/99 Mac. simplex Systemic Mac. trichopterygis group 1.0 Mac. tristachyae Spo. scitamineum Spo. nealii Spo. andropogonis Spo. occidentale Spo. tenue Spo. holwayi Spo. lanigeri Spo. vermiculum Spo. queenslandicum Spo. trachypogonicola Spo. vanderystii Spo. paspali Spo. porosum Spo. rarum Spo. ryleyi Spo. wynaadense Spo. erythraeense Spo. doidgeae 90/92 Spo. pulverulentum Sporisorium Spo. cruentum sensu stricto 1.0 Spo. moniliferum Spo. sorghi Spo. foveolati Spo. nervosum Spo. mitchellii Spo. iseilematis-ciliati Spo. culmiperdum Spo. spinulosum Spo. dimeriae-ornithopodae Spo. lepturi Spo. monakai Spo. manilense Spo. arthraxonis Spo. lacrymae-jobi Spo. pseudechinolaenae Spo. ophiuri Spo. reilianum Spo. fastigiatum Fig. 1 Phylogram obtained from a phylogenetic analysis by McTaggart et al. (2012a). Maximum likelihood support values (> 70 %) from RAxML 1 000 boot- strap replicates and PhyML aRLT values shown above the nodes. Posterior probabilities (> 0.95) from Bayesian inference shown below the nodes. Resolved genera within the complex are listed on the right hand side. Unresolved clades are numbered according to McTaggart et al. (2012a). Type species of known genera are in bold. 118 Persoonia – Volume 29, 2012 the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex. Taxa that Challinor, A.D.W. Geering, M.D.E. & R.G. Shivas, BRIP 51811; Western lack sterile cells occur in two monophyletic groups, namely Australia, Kununurra, Mulligan Lagoon Road, Sorghum timorense, 9 Apr. Anthracocystis and the subgroup, Ustilago s.str. (McTaggart 2008, A.R. McTaggart, V.L. Challinor, A.D.W. Geering,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vascular Plant Survey of Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve, Malawi
    YIKA-VWAZA TRUST RESEARCH STUDY REPORT N (2017/18) Vascular Plant Survey of Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve, Malawi By Sopani Sichinga ([email protected]) September , 2019 ABSTRACT In 2018 – 19, a survey on vascular plants was conducted in Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve. The reserve is located in the north-western Malawi, covering an area of about 986 km2. Based on this survey, a total of 461 species from 76 families were recorded (i.e. 454 Angiosperms and 7 Pteridophyta). Of the total species recorded, 19 are exotics (of which 4 are reported to be invasive) while 1 species is considered threatened. The most dominant families were Fabaceae (80 species representing 17. 4%), Poaceae (53 species representing 11.5%), Rubiaceae (27 species representing 5.9 %), and Euphorbiaceae (24 species representing 5.2%). The annotated checklist includes scientific names, habit, habitat types and IUCN Red List status and is presented in section 5. i ACKNOLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, let me thank the Nyika–Vwaza Trust (UK) for funding this work. Without their financial support, this work would have not been materialized. The Department of National Parks and Wildlife (DNPW) Malawi through its Regional Office (N) is also thanked for the logistical support and accommodation throughout the entire study. Special thanks are due to my supervisor - Mr. George Zwide Nxumayo for his invaluable guidance. Mr. Thom McShane should also be thanked in a special way for sharing me some information, and sending me some documents about Vwaza which have contributed a lot to the success of this work. I extend my sincere thanks to the Vwaza Research Unit team for their assistance, especially during the field work.
    [Show full text]
  • Grass Genera in Townsville
    Grass Genera in Townsville Nanette B. Hooker Photographs by Chris Gardiner SCHOOL OF MARINE and TROPICAL BIOLOGY JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY TOWNSVILLE QUEENSLAND James Cook University 2012 GRASSES OF THE TOWNSVILLE AREA Welcome to the grasses of the Townsville area. The genera covered in this treatment are those found in the lowland areas around Townsville as far north as Bluewater, south to Alligator Creek and west to the base of Hervey’s Range. Most of these genera will also be found in neighbouring areas although some genera not included may occur in specific habitats. The aim of this book is to provide a description of the grass genera as well as a list of species. The grasses belong to a very widespread and large family called the Poaceae. The original family name Gramineae is used in some publications, in Australia the preferred family name is Poaceae. It is one of the largest flowering plant families of the world, comprising more than 700 genera, and more than 10,000 species. In Australia there are over 1300 species including non-native grasses. In the Townsville area there are more than 220 grass species. The grasses have highly modified flowers arranged in a variety of ways. Because they are highly modified and specialized, there are also many new terms used to describe the various features. Hence there is a lot of terminology that chiefly applies to grasses, but some terms are used also in the sedge family. The basic unit of the grass inflorescence (The flowering part) is the spikelet. The spikelet consists of 1-2 basal glumes (bracts at the base) that subtend 1-many florets or flowers.
    [Show full text]
  • Kingdom Class Family Scientific Name Common Name I Q a Records
    Kingdom Class Family Scientific Name Common Name I Q A Records plants monocots Poaceae Paspalidium rarum C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Aristida latifolia feathertop wiregrass C 3/3 plants monocots Poaceae Aristida lazaridis C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Astrebla pectinata barley mitchell grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Cenchrus setigerus Y 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Echinochloa colona awnless barnyard grass Y 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Aristida polyclados C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Cymbopogon ambiguus lemon grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Digitaria ctenantha C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Enteropogon ramosus C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Enneapogon avenaceus C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eragrostis tenellula delicate lovegrass C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Urochloa praetervisa C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Heteropogon contortus black speargrass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Iseilema membranaceum small flinders grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Bothriochloa ewartiana desert bluegrass C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Brachyachne convergens common native couch C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Enneapogon lindleyanus C 3/3 plants monocots Poaceae Enneapogon polyphyllus leafy nineawn C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Sporobolus actinocladus katoora grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Cenchrus pennisetiformis Y 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Sporobolus australasicus C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eriachne pulchella subsp. dominii C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Dichanthium sericeum subsp. humilius C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Digitaria divaricatissima var. divaricatissima C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eriachne mucronata forma (Alpha C.E.Hubbard 7882) C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Sehima nervosum C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eulalia aurea silky browntop C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Chloris virgata feathertop rhodes grass Y 1/1 CODES I - Y indicates that the taxon is introduced to Queensland and has naturalised.
    [Show full text]
  • DRAFT 25/10/90; Plant List Updated Oct. 1992; Notes Added June 2021
    DRAFT 25/10/90; plant list updated Oct. 1992; notes added June 2021. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE CONSERVATION VALUES OF OPEN COUNTRY PADDOCK, BOOLARDY STATION Allan H. Burbidge and J.K. Rolfe INTRODUCTION Boolardy Station is situated about 150 km north of Yalgoo and 140 km west-north-west of Cue, in the Shire of Murchison, Western Australia. Open Country Paddock (about 16 000 ha) is in the south-east corner of the station, at 27o05'S, 116o50'E. The most prominent named feature is Coolamooka Hill, near the eastern boundary of the paddock. There are no conservation reserves in this region, although there are some small reserves set aside for various other purposes. Previous biological data for the station consist of broad scale vegetation mapping and land system mapping. Beard (1976) mapped the entire Murchison region at 1: 1 000 000. The Open Country Paddock area was mapped as supporting mulga woodlands and shrublands. More detailed mapping of land system units for rangeland assessment purposes has been carried out more recently at a scale of 1: 40 000 (Payne and Curry in prep.). Seven land systems were identified in open Country Paddock (Fig. 1). Apart from these studies, no detailed biological survey work appears to have been done in the area. Open Country Paddock has been only lightly grazed by domestic stock because of the presence of Kite-leaf Poison (Gastrolobium laytonii) and a lack of fresh water. Because of this and the generally good condition of the paddock and presence of a wide range of plant species, P.J.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Using the Checklist
    Guidelines for using the checklist Cymbopogon excavatus (Hochst.) Stapf ex Burtt Davy N 9900720 Synonyms: Andropogon excavatus Hochst. 47 Common names: Breëblaarterpentyngras A; Broad-leaved turpentine grass E; Breitblättriges Pfeffergras G; dukwa, heng’ge, kamakama (-si) J Life form: perennial Abundance: uncommon to locally common Habitat: various Distribution: southern Africa Notes: said to smell of turpentine hence common name E2 Uses: used as a thatching grass E3 Cited specimen: Giess 3152 Reference: 37; 47 Botanical Name: The grasses are arranged in alphabetical or- Rukwangali R der according to the currently accepted botanical names. This Shishambyu Sh publication updates the list in Craven (1999). Silozi L Thimbukushu T Status: The following icons indicate the present known status of the grass in Namibia: Life form: This indicates if the plant is generally an annual or G Endemic—occurs only within the political boundaries of perennial and in certain cases whether the plant occurs in water Namibia. as a hydrophyte. = Near endemic—occurs in Namibia and immediate sur- rounding areas in neighbouring countries. Abundance: The frequency of occurrence according to her- N Endemic to southern Africa—occurs more widely within barium holdings of specimens at WIND and PRE is indicated political boundaries of southern Africa. here. 7 Naturalised—not indigenous, but growing naturally. < Cultivated. Habitat: The general environment in which the grasses are % Escapee—a grass that is not indigenous to Namibia and found, is indicated here according to Namibian records. This grows naturally under favourable conditions, but there are should be considered preliminary information because much usually only a few isolated individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogeny of Ustilago and Sporisorium Species (Basidiomycota, Ustilaginales) Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Sequences1
    Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 976 Molecular phylogeny of Ustilago and Sporisorium species (Basidiomycota, Ustilaginales) based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences1 Matthias Stoll, Meike Piepenbring, Dominik Begerow, Franz Oberwinkler Abstract: DNA sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear rDNA genes were used to determine a phylogenetic relationship between the graminicolous smut genera Ustilago and Sporisorium (Ustilaginales). Fifty-three members of both genera were analysed together with three related outgroup genera. Neighbor-joining and Bayesian inferences of phylogeny indicate the monophyly of a bipartite genus Sporisorium and the monophyly of a core Ustilago clade. Both methods confirm the recently published nomenclatural change of the cane smut Ustilago scitaminea to Sporisorium scitamineum and indicate a putative connection between Ustilago maydis and Sporisorium. Overall, the three clades resolved in our analyses are only weakly supported by morphological char- acters. Still, their preferences to parasitize certain subfamilies of Poaceae could be used to corroborate our results: all members of both Sporisorium groups occur exclusively on the grass subfamily Panicoideae. The core Ustilago group mainly infects the subfamilies Pooideae or Chloridoideae. Key words: basidiomycete systematics, ITS, molecular phylogeny, Bayesian analysis, Ustilaginomycetes, smut fungi. Résumé : Afin de déterminer la relation phylogénétique des genres Ustilago et Sporisorium (Ustilaginales), responsa- bles du charbon chez les graminées, les auteurs ont utilisé les données de séquence de la région espaceur transcrit interne (ITS) des gènes nucléiques ADNr. Ils ont analysé 53 membres de ces genres, ainsi que trois genres apparentés. Les liens avec les voisins et l’inférence bayésienne de la phylogénie indiquent la monophylie d’un genre Sporisorium bipartite et la monophylie d’un clade Ustilago central.
    [Show full text]
  • FT Fitzroy Region Plant Index
    Fitzroy Region Plant Index Common name Species name Page Angleton grass* Dichanthium aristatum cv. Floren FT01, FT02, FT05, FT11, FT13, FT16, FT19, FT23, FT29 armgrass Urochloa spp. (syn. Brachiaria FT17, FT22, FT30 spp.) balloon cottonbush Gomphocarpus physocarpus FT13 Bambasti panic* Panicum coloratum FT01, FT02, FT05, FT11, FT13, FT19, FT23 barbwire grass Cymbopogon refractus FT04, FT12, FT13, FT14, FT15, FT16, FT19, FT20, FT21, FT22, FT24, FT27, FT28, FT30 bauhinia Lysiphyllum sp. FT01, FT03, FT06, FT11, FT19, FT24, FT29 belah Casuarina cristata FT06 bellyache bush* Jatropha gossypiifolia FT09 bendee Acacia catenulata FT17 Bisset creeping bluegrass Bothriochloa insculpta see creeping bluegrass* black speargrass Heteropogon contortus FT02, FT03, FT04, FT07, FT08, FT10, FT12, FT13, FT14, FT15, FT16, FT19, FT20, FT21, FT22, FT24, FT25, FT26, FT27, FT28, FT30, FT31 black tea tree Melaleuca bracteata FT19, FT23 black wattle Acacia salicina FT19 blackbutt Eucalyptus cambageana FT04, FT16 blackdown yellow-jacket Corymbia bunites FT15 blady grass Imperata cylindrica FT08, FT10 bloodwood Corymbia clarksoniana, FT03, FT14, FT20, FT21, FT23, FT28, C. erythrophloia FT24 blue gum Eucalyptus tereticornis FT08, FT02 bonewood Macropteranthes leichhardtii FT06, FT29 boonaree Alectryon oleifolium FT19 bottletree Brachychiton rupestris FT06, FT29 Land types of Queensland - 1 - Fitzroy Region Version 3.1 Common name Species name Page bottlewasher grasses Enneapogon spp. FT02, FT04, FT12, FT14, FT15, FT17, FT19, FT20, FT21, FT22, FT23, FT24, FT25, FT28,
    [Show full text]
  • Darwin International Airport Landscape Treatments
    Darwin International Airport Landscape Treatments FINAL REPORT - 29.06.09 ISSUE E DARWIN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT LANDSCAPE TREATMENTS FINAL REPORT Northern Territory Airports Pty Ltd PO Box 40996 CASUARINA NT 0811 CLOUSTON Associates Landscape Architects • Urban Designers • Landscape Planners Level 1, 1 Briggs Street • Darwin • NT 0801 PO Box 1118 • Darwin • NT 0801 Telephone (08) 8941 2450 • Facsimile (08) 8981 8230 Email • [email protected] ND609 • Issue E • 29.06.09 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 LANDSCAPE treatments summary 5 INTRODUCTION 6 LANDSCAPE TREATMENTS 7 HIGHLIGHT LANDSCAPE treatment SHOWCASE LANDSCAPE treatment STRUCTURE LANDSCAPE treatment UTILITY LANDSCAPE treatment habitat LANDSCAPE treatment APPENDIX - BANNED SPECIES list 20 DARWIN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT - LANDSCAPE TREATMENTS • ISSUE E JUNE 2009 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Darwin International Airport masterplan identifies a range of uses and functions that include airport operations, tourist development, environmental areas and commercial opportunities. These functions are supported by existing services and infrastructure. All this occurs within a landscape framework. It is recognised that the landscape development of the site is a significant factor in establishing a distinct character that reflects the overall development philosophy and objectives as described in the Masterplan. The landscape masterplan prepared by Greening Australia in 2005 established a landscape approach ‘that incorporates and builds on the strengths of the Rapid Creek catchment’s unique plant communities that include riparian monsoon forest, eucalypt woodland, melaleuca swamps and wetlands”. The resultant landscape deliberately introduces international and national visitors to the beauty and diversity of the Top End environment and associated flora. In order to provide clear direction to future works within the precinct, it has been recognised that a ‘kit of part’ comprising distinct landscape treatments is required.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces</I>
    Persoonia 29, 2012: 55–62 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj REVIEW ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158512X660283 A review of the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex A.R. McTaggart1,2,3,5, R.G. Shivas1,2, A.D.W. Geering1,2,5, K. Vánky4, T. Scharaschkin1,3 Key words Abstract The fungal genera Ustilago, Sporisorium and Macalpinomyces represent an unresolved complex. Taxa within the complex often possess characters that occur in more than one genus, creating uncertainty for species smut fungi placement. Previous studies have indicated that the genera cannot be separated based on morphology alone. systematics Here we chronologically review the history of the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex, argue for its Ustilaginaceae resolution and suggest methods to accomplish a stable taxonomy. A combined molecular and morphological ap- proach is required to identify synapomorphic characters that underpin a new classification. Ustilago, Sporisorium and Macalpinomyces require explicit re-description and new genera, based on monophyletic groups, are needed to accommodate taxa that no longer fit the emended descriptions. A resolved classification will end the taxonomic confusion that surrounds generic placement of these smut fungi. Article info Received: 18 May 2012; Accepted: 3 October 2012; Published: 27 November 2012. INTRODUCTION TAXONOMIC HISTORY Three genera of smut fungi (Ustilaginomycotina), Ustilago, Ustilago Spo ri sorium and Macalpinomyces, contain about 540 described Ustilago, derived from the Latin ustilare (to burn), was named species (Vánky 2011b). These three genera belong to the by Persoon (1801) for the blackened appearance of the inflores- family Ustilaginaceae, which mostly infect grasses (Begerow cence in infected plants, as seen in the type species U.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation Survey of Mount Gorongosa
    VEGETATION SURVEY OF MOUNT GORONGOSA Tom Müller, Anthony Mapaura, Bart Wursten, Christopher Chapano, Petra Ballings & Robin Wild 2008 (published 2012) Occasional Publications in Biodiversity No. 23 VEGETATION SURVEY OF MOUNT GORONGOSA Tom Müller, Anthony Mapaura, Bart Wursten, Christopher Chapano, Petra Ballings & Robin Wild 2008 (published 2012) Occasional Publications in Biodiversity No. 23 Biodiversity Foundation for Africa P.O. Box FM730, Famona, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe Vegetation Survey of Mt Gorongosa, page 2 SUMMARY Mount Gorongosa is a large inselberg almost 700 sq. km in extent in central Mozambique. With a vertical relief of between 900 and 1400 m above the surrounding plain, the highest point is at 1863 m. The mountain consists of a Lower Zone (mainly below 1100 m altitude) containing settlements and over which the natural vegetation cover has been strongly modified by people, and an Upper Zone in which much of the natural vegetation is still well preserved. Both zones are very important to the hydrology of surrounding areas. Immediately adjacent to the mountain lies Gorongosa National Park, one of Mozambique's main conservation areas. A key issue in recent years has been whether and how to incorporate the upper parts of Mount Gorongosa above 700 m altitude into the existing National Park, which is primarily lowland. [These areas were eventually incorporated into the National Park in 2010.] In recent years the unique biodiversity and scenic beauty of Mount Gorongosa have come under severe threat from the destruction of natural vegetation. This is particularly acute as regards moist evergreen forest, the loss of which has accelerated to alarming proportions.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Botanicals Cleansing Mousse 150Ml
    Australian Botanicals Cleansing Mousse 150ml Deeply cleanse & refresh your skin with 8 super active native extracts. Kangaroo Flower, Tasmanian Blue Gum, Snowflower, Silky Oil Grass, Mountain Pepper Berry, Kakadu Plum, Davidson Plum, Quandong & vitamin B5. The secret of healthy skin begins with the perfect deep cleanse – one that is gentle enough to use every day. SkinB5’s Australian Native Botanicals Cleansing Mousse uses botanical extracts sourced from the Australian landscape to provide a thorough cleanse that is rich in potent nutrients specially selected for acne prone skin. Featuring Vitamin B5, Green Tea and Aloe Vera, this advanced formula contains a special blend of 8 anti-acne botanicals and is ideal to use in conjunction with the skinB5 skincare range. Using the power of cellular extraction, the integrity of the ingredients’ natural molecules are suspended in a liquid matrix, allowing their benefits to be harnessed in a breakthrough product designed for everyday use. Say hello to the healthy, clear, glowing skin you deserve. No matter what your skin type, a gentle & thorough cleanse is the start of a healthy looking complexion. This advanced formula uses botanical extracts sourced from the Australian landscape to provide a soothing, non-drying cleanse that is rich in active nutrients specially selected for acne-prone skin. Benefits: • Anti-pigmentation Vitamin C • Anti-acne natural extracts • Controls skin oil • UV damage protection • Cleans & revitalises pores • Australian made. Ingredients: Water, Caprylyl/Capryl Glucoside,
    [Show full text]
  • Global Relationships Between Plant Functional Traits and Environment in Grasslands
    GLOBAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PLANT FUNCTIONAL TRAITS AND ENVIRONMENT IN GRASSLANDS EMMA JARDINE A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Department of Animal and Plant Sciences Submission Date July 2017 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all I am enormously thankful to Colin Osborne and Gavin Thomas for giving me the opportunity to undertake the research presented in this thesis. I really appreciate all their invaluable support, guidance and advice. They have helped me to grow in knowledge, skills and confidence and for this I am extremely grateful. I would like to thank the students and post docs in both the Osborne and Christin lab groups for their help, presentations and cake baking. In particular Marjorie Lundgren for teaching me to use the Licor, for insightful discussions and general support. Also Kimberly Simpson for all her firey contributions and Ruth Wade for her moral support and employment. Thanks goes to Dave Simpson, Maria Varontsova and Martin Xanthos for allowing me to work in the herbarium at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, for letting me destructively harvest from the specimens and taking me on a worldwide tour of grasses. I would also like to thank Caroline Lehman for her map, her useful comments and advice and also Elisabeth Forrestel and Gareth Hempson for their contributions. I would like to thank Brad Ripley for all of his help and time whilst I was in South Africa. Karmi Du Plessis and her family and Lavinia Perumal for their South African friendliness, warmth and generosity and also Sean Devonport for sharing all the much needed teas and dub.
    [Show full text]