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Irish Language Court Interpreting 1801-1922 Mary Phelan Thesis submitted for the qualification of PhD Supervisor: Dr. Dorothy Kenny School of Applied Language and Intercultural Studies Dublin City University 2013 Declaration I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of PhD is entirely my own work, and that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge breach any law of copyright, and has not been taken from the work others save to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Signed ID No. 58106154 Date: 21st January 2013 i Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to Dr Dorothy Kenny for her supportive supervision, excellent suggestions and incisive feedback. Thanks are also due to my previous supervisor Professor Jenny Williams from whom I learnt a lot. This research would not have been possible without the help of a number of people. I would like to thank Professor Emeritus Leo Hickey for inadvertently sowing the seed for this study; Dr Aidan Kane, NUI Galway, for telling me about the House of Commons Parliamentary Papers database; Siobhán Dunne, DCU Library, for promptly organising access to that database; Gregory O’Connor, National Archives of Ireland, for sharing his in-depth knowledge of registered papers, country letter books and grand jury presentment books; staff at the National Archives of Ireland, National Library of Ireland and Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI). I would also like to thank the following for facilitating access to books of presentments: Gemma Eaton, PRONI; Brian McGee, Cork City and County Archives; Colm McQuinn, Fingal County Council Archives, Swords; Dr Mary Clark, Dublin City Archives, Pearse Street; Tony Storan, Limerick Studies; Martin Morris, Longford County Archives; Ivor Hamrock, Local History Department, Castlebar Central Library, Mayo; Caitlin Brown, Roscommon County Library; Mary Guinan-Darmody, Tipperary Studies, Thurles; and Joanne Rothwell, Waterford County Archives, Dungarvan.. I am grateful to Dr Emer Ní Bhrádaigh and Máire Nic Mhaoláin for answering questions to do with the Irish language, and to Dr John O’Sullivan for a discussion on newspaper court reports. I would like to thank SALIS colleagues Dr Niamh Kelly, Dr Patricia O’Byrne, Marnie Holborow, Dr Gabrielle Carty, Dr Minako O’Hagan. Also, Dr Annette Schiller, Joan Colin, Nataly Kelly, Dr Krisztina Zimányi and Professor Lorraine Leeson for their interest and support. And last, but not least, my family, who have been totally neglected. ii Irish Language Court Interpreters 1801-1922 - Mary Phelan Abstract Research on court interpreting for Irish to date is based on mentions in contemporaneous accounts, articles, anecdotes and literature, and is fragmentary in nature. While it is known that interpreters were provided, the extent of provision in different courts, and in geographical and historical terms, is unclear. This thesis draws on digitised newspaper archives, parliamentary debates, and the House of Commons Parliamentary Papers database and hard-copy grand jury presentment books, and registered papers and country letter books from the Chief Secretary’s Office, Dublin Castle, to develop a more systematic picture of court interpreter provision. It focuses in particular on the key dates 1807, 1843 and 1898 for which grand jury accounts are available. The information is analysed using Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of field, capital and symbolic power. The main findings are that salaried interpreters, whose maximum salary was laid down by law, were provided at assizes and quarter sessions, but not at petty sessions. In 1807, of 40 grand juries, at least 28 employed salaried court interpreters. In 1843, the figure had fallen to 18, and in 1898 to at least nine. Despite the presence of interpreters, there was pressure on defendants and witnesses to use English in some courts. The study also considers the appointments process, the role and remuneration of interpreters and the careers of three individual interpreters. iii Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ............................................................................................................. vii Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 Significance of the Study ....................................................................................... 2 Overview of the Thesis ......................................................................................... 3 Chapter One Context ................................................................................................... 5 Historical Context ................................................................................................. 5 Newspapers .......................................................................................................... 6 Grand Juries ........................................................................................................ 11 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 2 Review of the Literature ............................................................................ 16 Part One .................................................................................................................. 16 Historical Research on Interpreting .................................................................... 16 Historical Research on Court Interpreting .......................................................... 17 War Crimes Tribunals .......................................................................................... 19 Colonial Interpreters ........................................................................................... 20 Diplomatic Interpreters ...................................................................................... 23 Other Archival Research ..................................................................................... 24 Part Two ................................................................................................................. 25 Interpreters in Ireland 1395-1800 ...................................................................... 25 Irish language Court Interpreting ....................................................................... 27 Foreign Language Court Interpreting in Ireland ................................................. 29 Part Three ............................................................................................................... 31 Issues in Court Interpreting ................................................................................ 31 Police Interviews ................................................................................................. 33 The Role of the Interpreter ................................................................................. 35 Part Four ................................................................................................................. 37 Bourdieu.............................................................................................................. 37 Bourdieu and Legal Translation and Interpreting ............................................... 41 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 3 Research Methodology ............................................................................. 44 Irish Newspaper Archives ................................................................................... 44 Search Strategies ................................................................................................ 46 Irish Times Archives ............................................................................................ 49 Results ................................................................................................................. 51 iv Other Online Resources ...................................................................................... 52 National Archives of Ireland ............................................................................... 55 Grand Jury Presentments ................................................................................... 56 Time Frame ......................................................................................................... 59 Newspaper Corpus Content ................................................................................ 61 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 62 Chapter 4 Language and Power ................................................................................. 64 The Field of Power .............................................................................................. 64 The Field of Law .................................................................................................. 65 Language and Power ..........................................................................................
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