DOCSLIB.ORG

Research on the Evaluation of E-Government Service Quality, This Research Wants to Introduce a New Method Based on the Perspective of Providers and Users

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Research on the Evaluation of E-Government Service Quality, This Research Wants to Introduce a New Method Based on the Perspective of Providers and Users WASEDA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SHOOL OF ASIA-PACIFIC STUDIES DOCTORAL THESIS 原題名 Evaluating the Quality of e-Government Service: the Original Title Case of Vietnam 英訳 電子政府サービスの品質評価：ベトナムの事例 In Japanese 氏 名 姓 Last Name Middle Name 名 First Name Name NGUYEN MANH HIEN 学籍番号 4011S302-0 Student ID International Development / Policy Studies Major Info-Com., e-Gov. & CIO Policy II 2015 年 09 月 TOKYO, JAPAN WASEDA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SHOOL OF ASIA-PACIFIC STUDIES DOCTORAL THESIS 原題名 Evaluating the Quality of e-Government Service: the Original Title Case of Vietnam 英訳 電子政府サービスの品質評価：ベトナムの事例 In Japanese Name NGUYEN Manh Hien Committee Examiners Chairperson of the Doctoral Thesis Advisor Prof. Dr. Toshio OBI Guidance Committee Deputy Advisor Prof. Dr. Hitoshi MITOMO Member of the Screening Committee 1 Committee Prof. Dr. Koichiro AGATA Member of the Screening Committee 2 Committee Prof. Dr. Yoshio TOZAWA Member of the Screening Committee 3 2015 年 09 月 TOKYO, JAPAN TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. i ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ x Abstract of the Thesis ..................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................... 3 1.1.1. Applications of ICT ....................................................................................... 3 1.1.2. From Government to e-Government ............................................................. 5 1.1.3. The Importance of Service Quality ............................................................... 9 1.2 Research Motivation ...................................................................................... 10 1.3 Research Objective and Scope ...................................................................... 13 1.4 Research Questions ........................................................................................ 15 1.5 Outline of the Thesis ...................................................................................... 16 2. Literature Review ................................................................................................. 18 2.1 E-Government Benchmark ........................................................................... 18 2.1.1. Definition of e-Government ........................................................................ 18 2.1.2. E-Government Definition in this Research ................................................. 20 2.1.3. Functions of E-Government ........................................................................ 21 2.1.4. Benefits and Roles of e-Government .......................................................... 23 2.2 E-Governance ................................................................................................. 24 2.3 Service Quality ............................................................................................... 25 2.3.1. Introduction and Conceptualization ............................................................ 25 2.3.2. Definitions ................................................................................................... 27 2.3.3. Perspectives of Service Quality ................................................................... 29 2.3.4. Service Quality Models ............................................................................... 30 2.3.5. Observations and Evaluations ..................................................................... 42 2.4 Service Quality in the Public Sector ............................................................. 46 2.4.1. Total Quality Management .......................................................................... 48 2.4.2. Common Assessment Framework (CAF) ................................................... 49 2.4.3. ISO 9000 ..................................................................................................... 50 i 2.4.4. The Balanced Scorecard .............................................................................. 51 2.4.5. Lean and Six Sigma ..................................................................................... 51 2.5 E-Government Service Quality .................................................................... 53 2.5.1. E-Service ..................................................................................................... 54 2.5.2. E-Service in the Public Sector ..................................................................... 62 2.5.3. E-Service Quality ........................................................................................ 63 2.5.4. E-Service Quality Approaches .................................................................... 64 2.5.5. Dimensions of e-Service Quality ................................................................ 67 2.6 Evaluations of E-Government Service Quality ........................................... 70 2.6.1. ACSI E-Government Satisfaction Index ..................................................... 71 2.6.2. European Customer Satisfaction Index (ECSI) ........................................... 73 2.6.3. Evaluation of e-Government in Japan ......................................................... 74 2.6.4. User Satisfaction of e-Government Service ................................................ 74 2.6.5. E-Government Service Quality Models ...................................................... 75 2.7 Waseda – IAC E-Government Ranking ...................................................... 80 2.7.1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 80 2.7.2. Ranking Indicators ...................................................................................... 81 2.8 Findings from Literature Review ................................................................. 84 2.8.1. The First Finding: Service Quality Model and Approaches ........................ 85 2.8.2. The Second Finding: Information Quality and Service Quality ................. 88 2.8.3. The Third Finding: Customers‘ Perspective – One-Way Impact ................ 89 2.8.4. The Fourth Finding: The Impacts of the Waseda Ranking .......................... 89 2.8.5. The Fifth Finding: Service Quality and e-Service Quality Models............. 90 2.8.6. The Sixth Finding: Lack of Indicators and Variables on the Evaluation..... 91 2.8.7. The Seventh Finding: e-Government Evaluation Model ............................ 92 2.8.8. The Eighth Finding: New Methodology on Evaluation .............................. 93 3. Research Approach ............................................................................................... 95 3.1 Problem Statement ........................................................................................ 95 3.2 Theoretical Background ................................................................................ 96 3.2.1. Information System Success Model ............................................................ 98 3.2.2. Update Information System Success Model ............................................... 99 3.2.3. Technology Acceptance Model ................................................................. 102 3.2.4. Service Marketing Perspective .................................................................. 106 3.3 Research Proposal ........................................................................................ 108 ii 3.3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 108 3.3.2. Perceived Organizational Impact – POI .................................................... 109 3.4 Chief Information Officer - CIO ................................................................ 113 3.4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 113 3.4.2. The Need for CIOs .................................................................................... 114 3.4.3. Definitions ................................................................................................. 114 3.4.4. Roles of CIOs ............................................................................................ 116 3.4.5. Clinger-Cohen Core Competencies & Learning Objectives ..................... 118 3.4.6. The Influence of CIO on e-Government Service Quality ......................... 119 3.5 Constructs Development ............................................................................. 120 3.5.1. Constructs Introduction ............................................................................. 120 3.5.2. Constructs Validation ................................................................................ 122 3.6 The Evidences of POI from the Waseda e-Government Ranking ........... 125 3.6.1. e-Government Promotion .......................................................................... 125 3.6.2. Management Optimization .......................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Technical Intern Training Program
    Technical Intern Training Program Immigration Services Agency, Ministry of Justice Human Resources Development Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Contents of the Revision of the Technical Intern Training Program To strengthen management and supervisory system as well as protect technical intern trainees in order to accomplish the purpose of the Program through which Japan contributes to the development of human resources who would assume the development of the economy of their home country. 1. Main points to strengthen the management and supervisory system （MOJ, MHLW Old system Under the new Act (Technical Intern Training Act) Joint Jurisdiction） (1)The duties and responsibilities of supervising and (1) Apply a license system to supervising organizations, a notification system to implementing organizations are unclear, and the implementing organizations, and a accreditation system to every technical intern implementation systems are insufficient. training plan (2)The Japan International Training Cooperation (2) Establish “Organization for Technical Intern Training (OTIT)” (authorized legal Organization (JITCO), a private organization, conducts entity), which will perform duties such as requesting supervising organizations for on-site inspections without any legal authority. reports and conducting on-site inspections (3) Establish a mechanism for reporting and penalties against violations of human (3)The system to protect technical intern trainees is not rights and similar acts, and provide more effective support to technical intern sufficient. trainees in transferring to other implementing organizations (4)The guidance and supervision of, and cooperation (4) Request the competent government agencies and prefectural governments for between the competent government agencies is not cooperation based on industrial laws and establish a regional council consisting of sufficient.
    [Show full text]
  • Recommendations of the Advisory Panel on Communications
    Recommendations of the Advisory Panel on Communications Concerning Territorial Integrity For Practical Initiatives to Strengthen Communication Based on Changes in the Domestic and Overseas Environment Advisory Panel on Communications Concerning Territorial Integrity July 29, 2019 Table of Contents Ⅰ Recommendations 3 Ⅱ Reviews by the Advisory Panel 1 Background and Development of Events 8 2 Needs and Objectives of Holding this Session of the Advisory Panel 11 3 Reviews in the Respective Policy Areas (1) Overseas Communications 13 (2) Domestic Awareness 16 (3) National Museum of Territory and Sovereignty 19 (4) Material Research 23 4 Integrative Promotion of Measures in the Respective Policy Areas 27 Reference Members of the Advisory Panel on Communications Concerning Territorial Integrity 28 Meetings of the Advisory Panel on Communications Concerning Territorial Integrity 29 2 Ⅰ Recommendations 1 Background and Challenges Related to the Initiatives on Domestic and Overseas Communications Concerning Territorial Integrity Since the first appointment of a Minister in charge of Territorial Issues in December 2012, the Government of Japan has been taking initiatives to strengthen domestic and overseas communications concerning territorial integrity with regard to Takeshima and the Senkaku Islands, in addition to the Northern Territories, which was already being addressed under a cross-governmental framework. In July 2013 and June 2015, the Advisory Panel submitted a report and recommendations on such initiatives to the Minister in charge of Territorial Issues. Taking into consideration the direction of policies suggested in these documents, the Government has taken measures related to overseas communications, domestic awareness and material research. In January 2018, the National Museum of Territory and Sovereignty was established as an institutional hub for public communication, both domestically and internationally.
    [Show full text]
  • How the Unwritten Law Prevails in Japan
    WARRIORS BETRAYED: How THE "UNWRITTEN LAW" PREVAILS IN JAPAN Kiyoko Kamio Knapp* I. INTRODUCTION II. OVERVIEW OF KOosHi ("DEATH FROM OVERWORK") III. LEGAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH KAROSHI A. Failureof Work Hour Regulations B. Failureof the Workers' Compensation System 1. Overview 2. An Illustration of the System's Failure IV. WEAK ENFORCEMENT OF LAW IN JAPAN A. The Role of Law in the United States B. The Role of Law in Japan V. CORPORATE DOMINANCE IN JAPAN VI. RISE OF INDIVIDUALISM AMONG JAPANESE YOUTH VII. THE FIGHT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY A. The Need for More Forceful Laws B. Possibilitiesof Working Within the Existing System 1. Learning about Law 2. Participatingin the System VIII. CONCLUSION * LL.M. candidate in Asian and Comparative Law, University of Washington School of Law, 1997; J.D., Northwestern School of Law of Lewis and Clark College, 1996. The author wishes to dedicate this article, with appreciation, to the following people: her husband, Wayne Knapp, Professor Bill Williamson, Mr. Tadashi Matsumaru and many other Japanese lawyers who are working hard on behalf of karoshi victims and their families. Unless otherwise noted, the author is responsible for the accuracy of all Japanese translations. Japanese authors are cited as they appear on the publication. Some authors followed the traditional Japanese style of placing the author's surname first, followed by the first name; others follow the Western style. For authors in the former category, only surnames are used for subsequent abbreviated references. IND. INT'L & COMP. L. REV. [Vol. 6:3 [C]an't it be said that today's armies of corporate workers are in fact slaves in almost every sense of the word?' [T]he freedom of an individual to live and die naturally without being subjected to destruction by others is the foundation of all human rights.2 I.
    [Show full text]
  • Karoshi and Karou-Jisatsu in Japan: Causes, Statistics and Prevention Mechanisms
    Asia Pacific Business & Economics Perspectives, Winter 2016, 4(2). Karoshi and Karou-jisatsu in Japan: causes, statistics and prevention mechanisms Behrooz Asgari Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University Beppu, Japan [email protected] Peter Pickar and Victoria Garay Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University Beppu, Japan ABSTRACT It has been long known that Japan has a penchant for work and loyalty. While hard work and loyalty are generally a positive trait, there is a fine line between productivity and overwork which results in negative side effects and health issues, often leaning to premature death or suicide. This effect has been known in Japan as “karoshi”, a word meaning death due to overwork; or in the case of suicide due to overwork, “karo-jisatsu”. This paper aims to explore the surrounding causes, background, current data and prevention mechanisms that afflict Japan and its culture of “salary-man sudden death syndrome”. Keywords: karoshi, karo-jisatsu, syndrome BACKGROUND Japan has a long history of loyalty and servitude stemming from its pre-war days and Code of Bushido, where “citizens lived in circumstances bordering on poverty” (Herbig & Palumbo, 1994). During these times, daily necessities were in short, with only the basics to live being in supply. The mentality of this time was to “self-sacrifice for the country” (Herbig & Palumbo, 1994) in an expression of loyalty, so the country could move forward in their endeavors. This generation was known as the “have” generation and their traits of loyalty and self-sacrifice were transferred forward to the ensuing generation. The post-war generation known as the “do” generation, appeared when the first baby-boom phenomenon “reached maturity in the height of Japan’s economic growth in the 1960’s” (Herbig & Palumbo, 1994) and readily applied their previous generations way of thinking to the business world.
    [Show full text]
  • Tokyo Orientation 2013 Send Your Money Abroad with Goremit
    Tokyo Orientation 2013 Send your money abroad with GoRemit Easy to apply and remit funds Fast service to over 170 countries Bilingual customer service Free registration Contacts 0120-227-503 (weekdays 9:00-17:00) Website www.goremit.jp Shinsei PowerFlex Bank Account Choose your favorite color for your personal cash card FREE ATM withdrawal at over 65,000 ATMs nationwide You can withdraw cash free of charge at ATMs of partner financial institutions including Seven Bank as well as Shinsei Bank. For a detailed brochure, please contact the call center or access Shinsei Bank website. Call Center Toll-free, 0120-956-037 Round-the-clock Access Website www.shinseibank.com/english/ 2013-06 WELCOME TO JAPAN, AND WELCOME TO CO NNECT MAGAZINE! We’re proud to present the Tokyo Orientation edition of AJET 日本へ、そしてConnect誌へようこそ! Connect magazine. Each month, Connect brings you features and stories about life in Japan written by JETs all across the 今回、AJET Connect誌の東京オリエンテーションについ country. This edition is a little different, though. This one’s for てお話しできることを嬉しく思います。毎月、Connectは日 you, the new guys. It’s our hope for this issue that we can offer 本全国にいるJETたちの日本での生活についての特色や体 you some wise words and helpful hints for Orientation and 験談をお届けします。ですが、今回は少し違います。これは 新しいメンバーとなる皆さんのためのものです。私たちが beyond, along with explaining key points about all that AJET has 皆さんにオリエンテーションを通して懸命な言葉と有益な to offer you during your time here. We’ve all been where you are 情報をお教えすることができるように、そしてまたそれ以上 right now, and know how crazy it is. Take a breather, have a seat, に、皆さんがここで過ごされる時間の中でAJETが要点につ
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Current Status and Issues Surrounding Energy in East Asia
    Chapter 4 Issues and challenges for Japan’s external economic policy This chapter outlines the importance of Japan’s involvement in the issues of East Asia and the concrete orientation of Japan’s multi-tiered external economic policy from the perspective of promoting even closer economic relations between Japan and East Asia and utilizing East Asia’s dynamism for the revitalization of Japan’s economy. Section 1 Measures for the issues of East Asia <Key Points> 1. Current status and issues surrounding energy in East Asia While international energy security has improved on the whole, with the growing diversification of supply sources on a global level, there is an increasing energy demand and dependence on external sources of energy in the East Asian region. This tendency will be exacerbated with future economic growth and there are concerns about the expansion of the impact in the case of risk emergence. In addition, due to the rapid economic growth in the East Asian region in recent years, there has been a tendency towards increased energy-related CO2 emissions in the region. In the future, it will be necessary to heighten energy security in East Asia at the same time as properly considering the issue of global warming. In order to control the increasing demand for energy in the East Asian region and also the increased dependence on external sources, and thus to reduce risk, it will first be necessary to ensure the effective use of resources such as natural gas and coal that exist within the region and to improve the efficacy in using energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Effects of Covid-19
    X L R 8 COMPANIES ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF COVID-19 HOW THE WORLDS 15 LARGEST ECONOMIES CHANGED AFTER COMING INTO CONTACT WITH A GLOBAL PANDEMIC 757 3RD A V E N U E , 2 0 TH FLOOR NEW YORK, NY 10016 PUBLISHED: JUNE 15, 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 INTRODUCTION 5 METHODOLOGY 5 CASE STUDIES 6 United States Of America 6 Economic Background 6 Response 8 Current / Post Pandemic Functionality 14 China 14 Economic Background 14 Response 16 Current / Post Pandemic Functionality 19 Japan 19 Economic Background 19 Response 21 Current / Post Pandemic Functionality 27 Germany 27 Economic Background 27 Response 28 Current / Post Pandemic Functionality 31 India 31 Economic Background 31 Response 32 Current / Post Pandemic Functionality 36 United Kingdom 36 Economic Background 36 Response 37 Current / Post Pandemic Functionality 46 France 46 Economic Background 46 Response 47 Current / Post Pandemic Functionality 50 Brazil 50 Economic Background 50 Response 51 2 Current / Post Pandemic Functionality 61 Italy 62 Economic Background 62 Response 62 Current / Post Pandemic Functionality 66 Canada 66 Economic Background 66 Response 67 Current / Post Pandemic Functionality 89 Russia 90 Economic Background 90 Response 90 Current / Post Pandemic Functionality 93 South Korea 93 Economic Background 93 Response 94 Current / Post Pandemic Functionality 95 Australia 95 Economic Background 95 Response 96 Current / Post Pandemic Functionality 99 Spain 99 Economic Background 99 Response 100 Current / Post Pandemic Functionality 108 Mexico 109 Economic Background 109 Response 109 Current / Post Pandemic Functionality 111 GLOBAL ANALYSIS OF COVID-19 EFFECTS 112 REFERENCES 117 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The COVID-19 pandemic has spread with alarming speed, infecting millions, and bringing economic activity to a near-standstill as countries imposed tight restrictions on movement to halt the spread of the virus.
    [Show full text]
  • CELEBRATE in STYLE Weekender’S Guides for Gifts and Winter Activities
    DECEMBER 2014 Japan’s number one English language magazine CELEBRATE IN STYLE Weekender’s Guides for Gifts and Winter Activities HAKONE Art, Onsens, and the Wonders of Nature HEALTH CHECK Japan’s High-Performance Health Care ROUGH JUSTICE Forced Confessions in the Japanese Legal System ALSO: Cheeky Parade Does New York, the Deep Roots of One of Tokyo’s Oldest Beauty Salons, Agenda,www.tokyoweekender.com Movies, and DECEMBER More... 2014 hether it’s a lazy weekend or a busy instant email confirmation of your order. You day at the office, there are times can even arrange for catering services. A great Wwhen we find ourselves craving selection of meals is just a few clicks away. good food, yet hungry for online convenience. Maishoku lets you search its entire selection Take your pick from a variety of cuisines: of restaurants online—conveniently filtered by • Italian • Mexican • Thai location, cuisine, opening hours, price, and • Korean • Chinese • Vegetarian delivery distance. You can see the most popular • Indian • Japanese items by restaurant, order in seconds, and get • American • Vietnamese We have over 200 restaurants to choose from and deliver to all 23 wards of Tokyo! Please enter the code xmas14week at checkout to receive your 15% discount All major credit cards accepted: www.maishoku.com 03-6433-5271 [email protected] *Offer ends January 5, 2014, and is for all orders up to ¥10,000 DECEMBER 2014 www.tokyoweekender.com DECEMBER 2014 CONTENTS 18 HAKONE Majestic views, luxurious onsen ryokan, and art around every corner 6 8 12 HEALTH
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Will Japan-U.S.-Australia-India Security Cooperation Be Realized
    July 2018 Edition Will Japan-U.S.-Australia-India Security Cooperation be Realized? Different Perceptions for Order and Implications for Japan Tomohiko Satake Senior Fellow, Defense Policy Division, Policy Studies Department Senior Fellow, Policy Simulation Division *This is an English translation from the original version in Japanese published in July 2018. Introduction China’s expanding influence in recent years is drawing attention to quadrilateral security cooperation, or cooperation among the three regional democratic nations of Japan, the United States, and Australia plus India. The framework, often referred to as “QUAD” or “QSD” (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue), was proposed in 2007 by then Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. After the proposal, quadrilateral working-level consultations were held in May 2007, but the framework was essentially shelved due to Australia’s subsequent withdrawal and Prime Minister Abe’s resignation. When the second Abe government came into power, Prime Minister Abe once again presented the concept, this time as the creation of Asia’s “democratic security diamond.” It has not, however, materialized into concrete policies. Now, this concept is once again gaining traction with India’s increasing wariness of China’s deepening relationships with South Asian countries and advancement into the Indian Ocean, along with the enhancement of Japan-U.S.-Australia and Japan-U.S.-India security relations. In October 2017, Minister for Foreign Affairs Taro Kono indicated in an interview that Japan will aim to hold strategic dialogues among Japan, the United States, Australia, and India at the foreign minister and summit levels. In November, officials from the foreign ministries of Japan, the United States, Australia, and India met in Manila in the Philippines to discuss initiatives for a free and open Indo-Pacific order based on the rule of law.
    [Show full text]
  • BRIEFING REPORT Sister City Hachinohe, Japan
    BRIEFING REPORT Sister City Hachinohe, Japan Prepared by: TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction . .2 Hachinohe Quick Facts . .3 Japanese Government Structure . .. .4 Local Government Structure . .13 Mayor of Hachinohe Background . .16 City of Hachinohe Background . 19 Community Initiatives . 20 Recent News . .24 Culture . .27 BRIEFING REPORT Sister City Hachinohe, Japan August 15, 2018 2 Introduction The area around Hachinohe has been occupied since prehistoric times. Throughout the years, the City has been a major population hub and has even been a castle town centered on Hachinohe Castle. Today, Hachinohe is the second largest city in the Aomori prefecture with a population of over 230,000, and a major port which serves the fishing industry and a number of international cargo vessels. The City promises expansive coastlines, fresh seafood at the morning markets, or a unique nightlife at the Yatai village. This briefing will address Hachinohe’s national and local governmental structure as it relates to the United States and Federal Way, a history and guide to the people and places of Hachinohe, and the City’s strategy as it plans for its future. 2018 marks the 25th Anniversary of the Sister City relationship between Federal Way and Hachinohe, who began their partnership in February 1993. BRIEFING REPORT Sister City Hachinohe, Japan August 15, 2018 3 Hachinohe Quick Facts 2015 Population Census: 231, 257 Demographics based on age: o 0-14 years: 28,122 o 15-64 years: 136, 712 o 65+ years: 63, 614 107,604 households Hachinohe is located in the Aomori prefecture, and is the second largest city in the prefecture following Aomori City Hachinohe utilizes a strong mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 32 members.
    [Show full text]
  • [2017 Version] White Paper on Measures to Prevent Karoshi, Etc
    2017 version White Paper on Measures to Prevent Karoshi, etc. (Annual report for FY2016) [Gist] Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Chapter 1 Status of measures for working hours and mental health, etc. Figure 1-2 Developments in rate of annual paid leave taken Increase rate of annual paid leave taken to 70% or more ➢ The “Proportion of employees working for more than 60 Goal (by 2020) hours per week” has been decreasing gradually at large after peaking in 2003 and 2004. In 2016, it was 7.7% (4.29 million persons), a decline of 0.5 points over the previous year % (approx. 210,000 persons). ➢ The rate of annual paid leave taken has remained below 50% since 2000. In 2015, it was 48.7% (Figure 1-2). ➢ The proportion of establishments engaged in mental health care was 59.7% in 2015. The smaller the scale, the lower the proportion. Figure 1-1 Proportion of employees by weekly working hours Reduce the proportion of employees working for 60 hours or more per Goal (Source) Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare “General Survey on Working Conditions” (“General Survey on Wage and week to 5% or less (by 2020) Working Hours System, etc.” for years before 1999) Figure 1-3 Proportion of establishments engaged in mental health care Increase the proportion of establishments engaged in mental health Goal care to 80% or more (by 2017) Proportion of employees working for 60 hours or more per week (Source) Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications “Labor Force Survey” (not including Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima Prefectures for 2011) (Note) Figures in parentheses represent the number of employees (in tens of thousands of employees).
    [Show full text]
  • Disaster Mitigation Social Resilience: from Humans to Infrastructure
    Infrastructure Investment and Financing G20 Japan Disaster Mitigation Social Resilience: From Humans to Infrastructure Akiko Yamanaka (International Tsunami Disaster Prevention Society) May 8, 2019 | Last updated: December 10, 2020 Tags: Social cohesion and the State Natural disasters are increasing year by year and the loses caused by natural disasters amounted to 306 billion dollars in 2017 alone according to Swiss Re. Therefore, we must consider how to ensure the resiliency of society from humans to infrastructure. The theory of Preventive Diplomacy can be applied to the prevention of natural as well as human induced disasters. I would like to propose three issues regarding the people and infrastructure which can contribute to disaster mitigation such as 1. Enabling laws 2. Awareness raising and infrastructure. By providing education, lifelines and infrastructure support, we can make a difference to human security. Challenge INTRODUCTION: ENSURING SOCIAL RESILIENCE A simple glance at the world map of conflicts leaves most of us simply speechless. At the same time, natural disasters such as earthquakes, droughts, floods, avalanches, volcanic eruptions, landslides, wildfires, hurricanes, tornados, cyclones, typhoons as well as tsunamis are increasing every year. In 2017 alone, losses caused by natural disasters amounted to 306 billion dollars according to Swiss Re [1]. Therefore, we must consider how to ensure the resiliency of society from humans to infrastructure. The theory of Preventive Diplomacy can be applied to the prevention of natural, as well as human-induced disasters. PREVENTIVE DIPLOMACY Given these realities, if we are to have any hope of changing the world’s dependence (historically speaking) on war to resolve disputes, it is very important to revisit the concept and value of “Preventive Diplomacy”.
    [Show full text]