IJRBAT, Special Issue-(6), October 2015 ISSN 2347 – 517X (Online)

Taxonomical evaluation of umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi, Vigna mungo (L.)Verdc.,Vigna trilobata (L.)Verdc. Var. trilobata and Vigna radiata (L.)Wilczek Var. sublobata (Roxb.)Verdc. From Vidarbha region of Maharastra State.

A. K. Pedhekar Asso. Prof. & Head Deptt., of Botany, J. M. Patel College, Bhandara.- 441904.

ABSTRACT During the survey of above four species author has came to realise that the number of these species in nature has reduced fastly.Therefore their protection and conservation is very essential otherwise they are on the way of extinction. The main objective of this work is to bring them in Botanical garden and try to acclimatize them to new environmental condition and to study them in detail taxonomically, therefore the collection, identification and taxonomic description of the above mention four species is taken for detail study of the wild species with their relatives in cultivation and try to correlate their relationship on the basis of morphological studies. Key Words: Vigna species, taxonomic description, localities, ecological note.

Introduction prevailed in kumaon / garhwal himalayas Vigna radiata – mungo complex is and pachmarhi hills, central ; these a group of edible legumes originated from populations exhibited sympatric variation tropical asia. It is composed of mungbean with in wild species i.e. V. Umbellata and (vigna radiata (l.) Wilczek), black gram (v. v. Vexillata. The wild var. Silvestris, Mungo (l.) Hepper) and related wild forms. occurring in poona – khandala region These legumes are consumed not only in shows similar type of variation (sharma et the form of sprouting beans, but also in al., 1974). the forms of vegetables. The genus vigna Review of work savi is represented by seven species in Chandel (1984) presented role india (santapau & henry, 1973) viz. Vigna of vigna species in the evolution and aconitifolia (jacq.) Marechal, v. Mungo improvement of mung, ( v. Radiata (l.) (linn.) Hepper, v. Pilosa (baker), v. Radiata Wilczek) and urd bean (v. Mungo (l.) (linn.) Wilczek, v. Trilobata (linn.) Hepper); 49 accessions consist of mung, Verdcourt, v. Unguiculata (linn.) Walp, v. urd, their intermediate forms, two closely Vexillata (linn.) A. Rich. Out of these related wild species viz. V. Radiata (l.) seven species v. Mungo, v. Radiata and v. Wilczek var. Sublobata verdc. And v. Unguiculata are widely cultivated in bihar, Mungo (l.) Hepper var. Silvestris lukoki, v. Trilobata are commonly grown in wild marechal & otoul. All these state in plains and v. Vexillata and v. species/forms were grown during july-oct. Pilosa have been reported from singbhum 1978 at the iari farm at new delhi. The (south chotanagpur). wild taxon namely v. Mungo (l.) Hepper Arora et al., (1973) collected wild var. Silvestris lukoki, marechal and vigna species and reported the occurrence otoul was collected by arora et al., (1973) of two distinct types akin to mung and from the western ghats, india was found urd. Several other wild vigna species to be the present day ancestral form of including the wild forms of urd were also urd bean; their studies furnished more collected from the western ghats. Later evidences from phytogeographic sharma et al., (1977) and singh and ahuja distribution, population structure in (1977) also collected variable populations natural habitats, gene flow and possible from the poona – khandala and u. P. Hilly introgression and elucidated evolutionary regions. Chandel (1981) studied the wild relationships among wild, weedy and population at different transacts in simla cultivated vigna species. The overlapping hills (900 – 1800 m) and reported that distribution of wild, weedy and cultigen swarms of var. Sublobata were found to forms and the occurrence of occur, were intermediate with reference to archaeological remains further differentiation of taxonomic characters at substantiated the origin of mung and urd subspecies level. Similar situations beans in india. High genetic variability

SEVADAL MAHILA MAHAVIDYALAYA, NAGPUR 182 Life Science – NCRTS 2015 IJRBAT, Special Issue-(6), October 2015 ISSN 2347 – 517X (Online) with respect to yield components of classification (1862-1883) as well as occurrence of wild ancestral forms preparation of key of vigna species especially wild v. Mungo var. Silvestris. incorporated in observation chapter. Similarly, wild v. Mungo var. Silvestris is 1) Measurements of floral parts – certainly of great potential importance as During the study of a source of genes for improving urd bean morphodiversity of different wild and by breeders. cultivated species selected for present Ignacimuthu and babu (1984) work it was found most essential to go for worked on phenotypic variations in floral parts measurement which could natural population of vigna radiata (l.) assist in establishing interrelationship Wilczek var. Sublobata (roxb.) Verdc. between wild and cultivated species. (leguminosae –papilionoideae). In this 2) bentham and hooker system of paper authors deal with the variability classification (1862-1883) patterns for eight quantitative, adaptive Has been followed for the taxonomic and economically important phenotypic description as well as preparation of key traits in eight natural populations of v. of vigna species incorporated in Radiata (l.) Wilczek var. Sublobata (roxb.) observation chapter. Verdc, inhabiting four different localities Observations (shenbaganur, manjam patty, payalset Taxonomic description of the species and memballam) in palney hills of western Vigna umbellata (thunb.) Ohwi & ghats in (tamilnadu). Eight natural ohashi populations inhabiting different ecological Spreading herb, twiners; root tap, habitats were sampled for the analysis of nodulose, stem squarish, smooth phenotypic variability. glabrous, racemose branching, hairy, Aims and objectives stipulate, stipule small lateral foliaceous, Review of work on wild and pennately compound trifoliate, cultivated species of vigna indicated that grooved 4cm hairy, two lateral leaflets a meagare work has been done on survey oblique entire acute, shortly stalked, of wild vignas in maharashtra in general terminal leaflets ovate, vennation and vidharbha in particular .these species reticulate unicostate, v. Radiata(l.) Wilczek.var. Sublobata axillary racemose, medium pedunclate (roxb.)Verdc., v. Umbellata,v. glabrous length 3 cm, flower typically Trilobata(l.)Verdc.var. Trilobata and v. papillionaceous shortly stalked, bracteate, Mungo are rare and uncommon in colour-faint yellow, calyx gamosepalous distribution in this region. During the with 5 sepals. Corolla-papillionaceous, survey of above four species author has colour faint yellow; androecium 1 + 9 came to realise that the number of these diadelphous. Gynoecium-monocarpellary species in nature has reduced unilocular with marginal placentation. fastly.therefore their protection and Pod legume many seeded; pod length 3-5 conservation is very essential otherwise cm, compressed, beaked, hirsute, colour they are on the way of extinction. brown to black. Seed 6-12 oblong, 2 mm The main objective of this work is long, colour pale brown to black with to bring them in botanical garden and try truncate ends. Flowering period last week to acclimatize them to new environmental of sept.-2nd week of oct. Ecological note – condition and to study them in detail growing on either sides of road in forest of taxonomically. melghat on gravelly soil. (fig no.- Methodology 1,2,3,4,5.) Plant species of the genus vigna VIGNA MUNGO (L.) VERDC. collected from various localities of Erect herb; Root tap, profusely vidarbha region from the rural area as nodulose; Stem square, glabrous reddish well as core areas of the melghat forest brown in colour, branching racemose. and some other localities. The herbarium Leaf stipulate, trifoliate, petiole long of collected four plant species was made stipel present, two lateral leaflets oblique, and the identification was comfirmed from entire, apex acute, shortly stalk, terminal botanical survey of india, centre pune. leaflet ovate to rhomboid, vennation Taxonomic description was made reticulate unicostate. Inflorescence according to bentham and hooker system axillary or terminal racemose,

SEVADAL MAHILA MAHAVIDYALAYA, NAGPUR 183 Life Science – NCRTS 2015 IJRBAT, Special Issue-(6), October 2015 ISSN 2347 – 517X (Online) glabrous medium length 3.5 to 4 cm. acute, shortly stalked; terminal leaflets Flower typically papillionaceous, shortly ovate, cunate rounded or truncate at stalked, bracteate, bright yellow; Calyx base, silky, hairy on both sides, venation gamosepalous with 5 sepals; Corolla reticulate unicostate; petiole 5-7 cm. Long papillionaceous, yellow. Androecium 1+9 hairy; Stipules ovate, oblong, acute, diadelphous; Gynoecium-monocarpellary hairy attached much above the base; unilocular with marginal placentation. Petiolule 2-3 cm. long hairy. Pod legume, many seeded, length 4.5 cm, Inflorescence axillary racemose, medium blackish to brown, glabrous. Seed pedunclate hairy, length 2.5 –3 cm. cylindrical arillate, pale brown to black. Flower typically papillionaceous, with Flowering period – 2nd week of Aug. – 1st tumid nodes; Peduncles 4-12 cm. long, week of Sept. Ecological note – cultivate hairy; Pedicels very short, bracts ovate in black cotton soil. (Fig no.-6,7,8,9,10.) oblong 3-4 cm, acute deciduous; VIGNA TRILOBATA (L.) VERDC. VAR. bracteoles linear, long 5-6 mm ciliate. TRILOBATA Calyx gamosepalous with 5 sepals. 3-4 Wild seasonal spreading herb. cm long glabrous, teethed deltoid shorter Root fibrous with nodules; stem prostrate than the tube. Corolla Papillionaceous, green, angular, solid, branching light yellow, 12 – 15 mm long. racemose, aerial; Leaf simple, petiolate, Androecium 1+9 diadelphous. Gynoecium stipulate foliaceous, alternate, length of monocarpellary unilocular with marginal petiole 7.5 cm, trifoliate, central leaflet placentation; Pod cylindric, 3 – 6 cm, having larger petiole, side leaflets having straight densely hispid, brown black in small petiole, stipules free lateral, colour, beak knob shaped. Seed 8–12, trilobed leaflets, margin entire, vennation oblong 2–3 mm. Flowering period – Sept. – reticulate multicostate, convergent, rough Nov. Ecological note – growing on the surfaced, size 4.5 X 5cm, green. banks of nalas, ponds, lakes, ditches on Inflorescence long pedunclate, axillary humus mixed soil, some time on back , flowers, shortly stalked, racemen cotton soil. (Fig no.-16,17,18,19,20,21.) with tumid nodes, peduncles 10-22cm Taxonomic key long, striate, glabrous, pedicels very BENTHAM AND HOOKER SYSTEM OF short, bracts ovate, acute, deciduous, CLASSIFICATION (1862-1883) HAS BEEN bracteoles linear-lanceolate 3 mm long; FOLLOWED FOR THE TAXONOMIC Calyx gamosepalous with 5 sepal, DESCRIPTION AS WELL AS PREPARATION glabrous teeth deltoid minutely deltoid. OF KEY OF VIGNA SPECIES. Corolla pale yellow 5-6 mm long; KEY TO THE SPECIES AND Androecuim- 1+9 diadelphous; Gynoecium VARIETIES TREATED IN THE TEXT. monocarpellary unilocular with marginal 1A. STEM SLENDER; LEAFLETS 2-5 placentation; Pods many seeded ending in CM LONG AND BROAD; PODS a sharp point, thinly hairy up to 5 cm SLENDER, ----- linear, oblong, quadrate; Seed- oblong, ------drum shaped with white conspicuous aril ------V. UMBELLATA. 2mm, brown black. Flowering period – B. STEM RATHER STOUT; LEAFLETS 2nd week of Aug. –2nd week of Nov. 3 – 12 X 2 – 8 CM; PODS STOUT, ------Ecological note – frequent in grasslands ------around cultivated fields. (Fig no.------V. MUNGO 11,12,13,14,15.) 2. STIPULES LARGE, FOLIACEOUS --- VIGNA RADIATA (L.) WILCZEK.VAR. ------V. TRILOBATA VAR. SUBLOBATA (ROXB.) VERDC. TRILOBATA Suberect or twining herb. Root 3. LEAFLETS ENTIRE AS WELL AS tap. Stem rounded, slender, angled, SHALLOWLY LOBED; PODS COVERED striate clothed with spreading or deflexed WITH reddish brown hairs, racemose branching; SHORT, DENSE HAIRS ------- 3- foliolate pinnate compound, V. RADIATA VAR. SUBLOBATA two lateral leaflets rhomboid, entire,

SEVADAL MAHILA MAHAVIDYALAYA, NAGPUR 184 Life Science – NCRTS 2015 IJRBAT, Special Issue-(6), October 2015 ISSN 2347 – 517X (Online)

V. UMBELLATA (THUNB.) OHWI & OHASHI.

FIG.1-WHOLE PLANT FIG.2-LEAF

FIG.3-MATURE PODS FIG.4-FLORAL PARTS

FIG.5-SEEDS

SEVADAL MAHILA MAHAVIDYALAYA, NAGPUR 185 Life Science – NCRTS 2015 IJRBAT, Special Issue-(6), October 2015 ISSN 2347 – 517X (Online)

V. MUNGO (L.) VERDC.

FIG.6-WHOLE PLANT FIG.7-LEAF

FIG.8-MATURE PODS FIG.9-FLORAL PARTS

FIG. 10-SEEDS

SEVADAL MAHILA MAHAVIDYALAYA, NAGPUR 186 Life Science – NCRTS 2015 IJRBAT, Special Issue-(6), October 2015 ISSN 2347 – 517X (Online)

V. TRILOBATA (L.) VERDC. VAR. TRILOBATA.

FIG.11-WHOLE PLANT FIG.12-FLOWERS

FIG.13-LEAF FIG.14-FLORAL PARTS

FIG. 15-SEEDS

SEVADAL MAHILA MAHAVIDYALAYA, NAGPUR 187 Life Science – NCRTS 2015 IJRBAT, Special Issue-(6), October 2015 ISSN 2347 – 517X (Online)

V. RADIATA (L.) WILCZEK VAR. SUBLOBATA (ROXB.) VERDC.

FIG.16-WHOLE PLANT FIG.17-LEAF

FIG.18-FLOWER FIG.19-YOUNG POD

FIG.20-FLORAL PARTS FIG.21-SEEDS

RESULTS & DISCUSSION On the basis of pod colour at Results- mature stage v. Umbellata, v. Trilobata var. It is seen from comparative Trilobata and v. Radiata var. Sublobata morphology of stem, leaves and petioles having brown black colour can indicates that they are less hairy in cultivated their affinity with one another.black pod species and more hispid in wild forms. colour in v. Mungo seen. Red coloured anthocyanin shades are Pod pubescence in v. Umbellata observed less on the cultivated species and and v. Radiata var. Sublobata show more on the wild forms. closeness with each other. V. Mungo v. Trilobata var.trilobata is simply having dense pubescence.v. Trilobata var. lobed and venation is reticulate, Trilobata with glabrous pod. In cultivated multicostate. species the seed colour is brown, black, green, whereas in wild forms it is brown

SEVADAL MAHILA MAHAVIDYALAYA, NAGPUR 188 Life Science – NCRTS 2015 IJRBAT, Special Issue-(6), October 2015 ISSN 2347 – 517X (Online) mosaic to black. In majority of wild forms species occurring in various parts in seeds are mosaic black in colour. vidarbha. Emphasis is also given on type In majority of cultivated species of interrelationship amongst wild and due to luster on seed surface, seeds look is cultivated species in the area. The four shiny and attractive whereas it is absent in cultivated species belonging to the genus wild forms; so wild seeds are dull in vigna were close relatives of each other, in appearance with mosaic ornamentation. addition to these; six wild forms were Seed is drum shaped in cultivated surveyed and collected from unknown species where as it is drum shaped, localities of vidarbha exhibiting globose and ovoid in wild forms. morphodiversity within them. Some of the Hilum is concave in majority of morphological features in a particular wild cultivated forms and non-concave in wild species occurring in vidarbha are also forms. reflected in the same species found in Fruit setting capacity is less in wild different parts of country. It is also forms with respect to cultivated species. interesting to see whether any trend of Length of branches is more in wild evolution can be traced within the genus forms than in cultivated species. vigna. Lukaki, marechal and otoul (1980) Conclusions suggested that wild forms, v. Radiata (l.) on the basis of the closeness in Wilczek var. Sublobata verdc. And v. Mungo morphological characterstics with respect (l.) Hepper var. Silvestris lukoki, marechal to flower colour, pod and seed structure, and otoul, are the closest relatives of the texture and size, flowering period, study cultivated mung and urd beans, and could of floral parts and ecological be regarded as their putative progenitors. adapatations. It is concluded that The results obtained from v.radiata(l.) Wilczek.var , scanning electron microscopy of sublobata(roxb.)Verdc., v. Umbellata and seed coat patterns and hilum structure; v. Mungo shows more close affinity with seed protein polymorphism as well as each other so they may be close relatives chromatography of leaf phenolic of each other. substances (flavonoids) provided very Out of the total species taken into strong evidences. The study showed that study v.umbellata and v. Trilobata verde. mung and urd are two distinct species. Var trilobata are wild relatives of the Close affinity of wild var. Sublobata with cultivated species of v. Radiata and v. mung and that of wild var. Silvestris with Mungo. Dolichus trilobata is the escape urd was established (chandel et al., 1984). form of vigna sublobata showing Chandel and lester (1985) reviewed difference in the texture and size of the evidence from all available sources to leaf,this is just a little variation ,it is elucidate origin and evolutionary noted in this study. relationships among wild and cultivated References vigna species. 1. Chandel, K. P. S. and Pant k. C. 1982. According to harlan (1975) the Genetic resources of vigna species in evolution of weeds often parallels the india, their distribution, diversity and evolution of crops and both often begin utilization in crop improvement. Ann. with a common progenitor. Agric. Res. 3 (1-2): 19-34. The wild and weedy vigna species, 2. Chandel, K. P. S. and Pant, k. C. perhaps evolved under similar situations 1981. Maltivariate analysis of genetic in the disturbed habitats (chandel, 1981). divergence in urd bean (vigna mungo A change in ecological adaptation (l.) Hepper) ann. Agric. Res.2 (1-2): usually associated with morphological 119-127. differentiation, from forms identical to wild 3. Chandel, K. P. S; Lester, r. N. and races to fully domesticated races (harlan, Starling r. J. 1985. The wild ancestors 1975). of urd and mung bean (vigna mungo(l.) Weedy forms both of mung and urd Hepper and v. Radiata (l.)Wilczek)bot. thrive well in the disturbed habitats / J. Linn. Soc;89: 85-96. under cultivation. (chandel, 1984). 4. Chandel, K.P.S. 1984 role of wild Author of the thesis has worked on vigna species in the evolution and nature of morphodiversity within wild improvement of mung (vigna radiata

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(l.) Wilczek) and urd bean (v. Mungo (l.) 10. Lukoki, L., Marechal, R. and Otoul, E. Hepper). Ann. Agric. Res. 5 :98-111. 1980.the wild parents of cultivated 5. Dhore, M.A. and P. A. Joshi, 1988. haricot beans: vigna radiata (l.) Flora of melghat tiger reserve. Wilczek and v. Mungo (l.)Hepper.butl Directorate, project tiger .jard. Bot. Nat. Plantantu in belg; 50: melghat,paratwada; dist. Amravati. 385-391. Maharashtra. 11. Naik V. N. 1998. Flora of marathwada 6. Harlan, J. R. 1975. Crops & man, vol. I. Amrutprakashan, station road, american society of agronomy; crop aurangabad,india. science society of america, madison 12. Patel R. I. 1968. Forest flora of wilsconsin; pp. 1-296. melghat, prabhat press.meerat. 7. Hooker, J.D. 1897. The flora of british 13. Prain, 1997. Some additional india vol.i & ii. London. luguminosae.j. Asiatic soc. Bengal, 66 8. Ignacimuthu, S. and C. R. Babu 1987. : 421-425. Vigna radiata var. 14. Singh, N. P. & S. Karthikeyan, 2001. Sublobata(): economically Flora of maharashtra useful wild relative of urd and mung state.dicotyledons vol. I. Publisher bean1. Econ. Bot. 41: 418 – 422. botanical survey of india. 9. Jain, H. K. and Mahra, K. L. 1980. 15. Ugemuge, N.R. 1986. Flora of nagpur Evolution, adaptation relationship and district shreeprakashan, nagpur. uses of the species of vigna cultivated 16. Verdcourt, B. 1970. Studies in the in india.advances in legume sciences leguminasae, papilionoideae for the ‗ (summerfield, r. J. Bunting, a. K. flora of tropical east africa‘: iv. Edn.)Vol.i proc. Intern. Legume Tropical east africa iv kew bull vol-no conference,kew royal botanic gardens 24 : 407-570. kew, richmond, survey,england: 459- 468. 

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