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Ph.D. Thesis Viktor Ulicsni Ph.D. Thesis Viktor Ulicsni University of Szeged Doctoral School of Biology SZEGED 2021 1 Ph.D. Thesis Investigation of traditional ecological knowledge of wild animal species in the Carpathian Basin Viktor Ulicsni Supervisors: Dr. Zsolt Molnár Dr. Attila Gyula Torma Consultant mentor: Dr. Biró Marianna Ph.D. School in Biology Department of Ecology Faculty of Science and Informatics University of Szeged SZEGED 2021 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 7 1.1 General scope .................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Folk knowledge of wild animal species ......................................................................... 7 1.3 Introduction for the case studies ................................................................................... 8 1.3.1 Folk knowledge of mammals .................................................................................. 8 1.3.2 Folk knowledge of invertebrates ............................................................................ 9 1.3.3 Bridging conservation science and traditional knowledge .............................. 122 1.3.4 Local people’s perception of the Eurasian Beaver’s impact on ecosystem services............................................................................................................................. 14 2. OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................... 166 3. STUDY AREAS, DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ....................................... 177 3.1 Study areas .................................................................................................................. 177 3.2. Data collection and analysis ....................................................................................... 20 3.2.1 Collection of ethnozoological data ..................................................................... 200 3.2.2 The reference dataset and the observed level of familiarity.............................. 22 3.2.3 Model estimation of expected familiarity .......................................................... 222 3.2.4 Zoologists’ expert judgment of local familiarity ................................................ 23 3.2.5 Data collection for local people’s perception of the Eurasian Beaver’s impact on ecosystem services ................................................................................................... 244 3.2.6 Methods of data analysis of local people’s perception of the Eurasian Beaver’s impact on ecosystem services ........................................................................................ 25 4. RESULTS ............................................................................................................................ 27 4.1 Folk knowledge of non-domestic mammals in North-Western Romania ............. 277 4.1.1 Folk taxonomy of wild mammal species .............................................................. 27 4.1.2 Salience of folk taxa............................................................................................... 31 4.2 Folk knowledge of invertebrates in the Carpathian Basin ....................................... 41 4.2.1 Folk taxa and unknown taxa ................................................................................ 41 4.2.2 Names – main features and points of interest, unnamed species, modern names .......................................................................................................................................... 43 4.2.3 Folk taxonomy, folk nomenclature and salient features .................................... 44 4.2.4 Human uses of invertebrate taxa ......................................................................... 55 3 4.2.5 Proverbs and sayings ............................................................................................ 59 4.2.6 Invertebrate species that enjoy folk conservation or state protection ............. 62 4.3 Predicting the observed level of local familiarity with wild animal species ............ 63 4.4 Local knowledge of some key features of Eurasian Beavers .................................... 66 4.4.1 Perceptions of the impact of beavers on ecosystem services ............................. 67 4.4.1.1 Provisioning services .......................................................................................... 67 4.4.1.2 Regulating services ............................................................................................. 69 4.4.1.3 Cultural services ................................................................................................. 70 4.4.2 Usefulness-harmfulness and overall impact of beavers ..................................... 71 5. DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................... 73 5.1 Folk knowledge of non-domestic mammals in North-Western Romania ............... 73 5.1.1 General findings .................................................................................................... 73 5.1.2 Morphological, ethological-ecological and cultural salience ............................. 75 5.1.2.1 Morphological salience ...................................................................................... 75 5.1.2.2 Ethological-ecological salience .......................................................................... 76 5.1.2.3 Cultural salience ................................................................................................. 77 5.1.3 Origin of folk knowledge of mammals ................................................................ 78 5.2 Folk knowledge of invertebrates in the Carpathian Basin ....................................... 79 5.2.1 Folk taxa and unknown taxa ................................................................................ 79 5.2.2 Names – main features and points of interest, unnamed species, modern names .......................................................................................................................................... 81 5.2.3 Folk taxonomy, folk nomenclature and salient features .................................... 82 5.2.4 Human uses of invertebrate taxa ......................................................................... 83 5.2.5 Proverbs and sayings ............................................................................................ 84 5.2.6 Invertebrate species that enjoy folk conservation or state protection ............. 84 5.2.7 Folk wisdom related to nature as a whole ........................................................... 85 5.3 The estimated and calculated level of local familiarity for the studied wild animal species .................................................................................................................................. 85 5.4 Local knowledge of key features of beavers ............................................................... 88 5.4.1 Impact of beavers on ecosystem services............................................................. 89 5.4.1.1 Provisioning services .......................................................................................... 89 5.4.1.2 Regulating services ............................................................................................. 90 5.4.1.3 Cultural services ................................................................................................. 91 5.4.2 Overall perception of beavers by locals............................................................... 92 4 5.4.3 Suggestion for better management of an ‘adorable nuisance’ .......................... 93 5.5. The key findings of the dissertation ..................................................................... 93 6. CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................. 94 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. 99 8. REFERENCES ................................................................... Hiba! A könyvjelző nem létezik. 9. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ............................................................................................. 122 10. AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS .................................................................................. 124 11. ÖSSZEFOGLALÓ ......................................................................................................... 125 12. SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 130 13. APPENDIX ..................................................................................................................... 134 Appendix 1 Data base of invertebrate folk knowledge among Hungarians in Szilágyság, Drávaszög and Gömör ............................................................................................................ 134 Appendix 2 The 10 features used to parametrize the model ............................................. 152 Appendix 3 Values of features and observed, calculated and expected familiarity values ............................................................................................................................................ 154 Appendix 4 Values of features, observed
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