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A Relação Estados Unidos UNESCO

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A Relação Estados Unidos UNESCO UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Departamento de Ciência Política Programa de Pós-Graduação stricto sensu em Ciência Política Jéssica Silva Fernandes A PROJEÇÃO DE PODER ESTATAL E A TRANSNACIONALIZAÇÃO DE INTERESSES: Uma análise da atuação dos Estados Unidos na UNESCO Belo Horizonte 2015 Jéssica Silva Fernandes A PROJEÇÃO DE PODER ESTATAL E A TRANSNACIONALIZAÇÃO DE INTERESSES: Uma análise da atuação dos Estados Unidos na UNESCO Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência Política da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciência Política. Linha de Pesquisa: Política Internacional e Comparada Orientador: Prof. Dr.Dawisson Belém Lopes Belo Horizonte 2015 320 Fernandes, Jéssica Silva F363p A projeção de poder estatal e a transnacionalização de 2015 interesses [manuscrito] : uma análise da atuação dos Estados Unidos na UNESCO / Jéssica Silva Fernandes. - 2015. 161 f. Orientador: Dawisson Belém Lopes. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Inclui bibliografia. 1. Unesco – Teses. 2.Ciência política – Teses. 3.Organizações internacionais - Teses. I. Lopes, Dawisson E. Belém. II. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. III. Título. Jéssica Silva Fernandes A PROJEÇÃO DE PODER ESTATAL E A TRANSNACIONALIZAÇÃO DE INTERESSES: Uma análise da atuação dos Estados Unidos na UNESCO Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência Política da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciência Política. ______________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Dawisson Belém Lopes (Orientador) UFMG ______________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Alexsandro Eugenio Pereira (Examinador) UFPR ______________________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Angelo Machado (Examinador) UFMG ______________________________________________ Profa. Dra.Eleonora Schettini Martins Cunha (Suplente) UFMG Belo Horizonte, 03 de junho de 2015 À minha família, pelo incentivo e carinho. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Deus por permitir que meus planos se tornem conquistas reais. Ao meu pai Toninho e a minha mãe Marília, pela serenidade e pelos esforços empregados na construção da minha trajetória. Ao meu irmão Matheus por todo carinho e companheirismo mesmo a longos quilômetros de distância. À vó Luia exemplo de sabedoria e humildade e à tia Vera pelo acolhimento em Belo Horizonte, solidariedade e assistência na convivência diária. Ao meu namorado, Leo pelo companheirismo em todos os momentos, pela paciência e pelo bom humor de sempre ao lidar com as minhas aflições. A todos os familiares e amigos de Belo Horizonte pela compreensão com a minha ausência. Aos meus amigos e familiares queridos de Araguari pelas recepções sempre calorosas. Por todos os professores e colegas que direta ou indiretamente participaram dessa formação. Em especial, agradeço ao prof. Dawisson, orientador da dissertação, por todo incentivo, pela disponibilidade e dedicação nesse processo de amadurecimento intelectual. Aos professores e professoras que pude assitir no estágio de docência: Eleonora, Marcus Abílio, e Geralda, e ao professor Ricardo Fabrino, coordenador das minhas atividades no CICH, agradeço a todos e todas pelos ensinamentos sobre a docência. Ao professor Alexsandro Eugenio do PPGCP da UFPR, ao professor José Angelo do DCP UFMG, convidados para a banca agradeço pela disponibilidade e por poderem contribuir com o enriquecimento dessa dissertação. Ao Secretário da Pós Graduação Alessandro Magno, agradeço pelo auxílio e atenção costumeira na solução de questões burocráticas. A todos os colegas do PPGCP da minha turma de mestrado, com os quais muito pude aprender. Em especial agradeço a Juliana, Maria Alice, Débora, Aline e Thai, pelo coleguismo, amizade e pelas boas conversas compartilhadas. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política, vinculado ao Departamento de Ciência Política da UFMG, pela imensurável oportunidade de aprendizado, e à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal, CAPES, pelo financiamento destinado à pesquisa. (...)“. uma Paz baseada exclusivamente em arranjos políticos e econômicos dos governos não seria capaz de garantir o apoio unânime, duradouro e sincero dos povos do mundo, a paz, portanto, para não falhar precisa ser fundamentada na solidariedade intelectual e moral da humanidade” (CONSTITUIÇÃO DA UNESCO, 1945, p.2). RESUMO Esta dissertação realizou uma investigação acerca da atuação dos Estados Unidos na UNESCO. O objetivo traçado consistiu em compreender de que maneira os Estados Unidos projetam seus interesses na instituição e quais os canais institucionais frequentemente afetados nesta relação analisada. Para a construção da pesquisa realizou-se um estudo de caso a partir da análise da relação construída entre a UNESCO e seu maior contribuinte, a qual foi elaborada, predominantemente, a partir da utilização de métodos e técnicas de pesquisas qualitativas como, por exemplo: a análise histórica acerca da criação da UNESCO, o rastreamento de processo que privilegiou a reconstrução da história dos Estados Unidos na UNESCO por meio da análisedos Diretores Gerais (DGs). Essa última foi estruturada na análise documental de discursos proferidos por DGs e relatórios financeiros produzidos pela instituição. A utilização dessas ferramentas de pesquisas foi de utilidade para corroborar a hipótese de que os Estados Unidos têm uma forte representação, financeira e discursiva, dentro da UNESCO e baixa lealdade à instituição. Ao perscrutar esse caminho, percebeu-se que a política externa estadunidense busca assegurar o direito de projetar ideais no cenário internacional por diferentes formas. Nesse tocante, identificou-se que o setor de Comunicação e Informação (C&I) tem sido nos últimos anos um importante alvo de atuação dos Estados Unidos dentro da UNESCO. Observou-se por conseqüência, que muitos atritos existentes na relação desses atores estiveram relacionados ao dissenso acerca da projeção de ideias e valores estadunidenses no meio internacional. A resultante da divergência de posicionamento entre Estados Unidos e UNESCO, em pelo menos dois momentos distintos da história, implicou na ruptura de doações norteamericanas para a instituição levando ao enfraquecimento de muitos projetos e programas. A despeito da fragilidade orçamentária com a ausência dos Estados Unidos, identificou-se que esta organização internacional busca maneiras alternativas para manter um equilíbrio financeiro como, por exemplo, por meio de programas para ampliar o número de doadores não estatais a fim de avolumar os recursos extra-orçamentários. Por fim, foi identificado também, que a UNESCO, por meio dos Diretores Gerais, tenta resistir às pressões da delegação dos Estados Unidos, buscando impedir que as elites estatais recebam benefícios superiores aos demais Estados, assumindo, desse modo, um caráter relativamente democrático no processo decisório institucional. Palavras-chave: Organizações Internacionais, política externa, UNESCO, Estados Unidos, transnacionalização de interesses ABSTRACT This dissertation realized an investigation about the United States performance in UNESCO. The objective proposed was to comprehend how the United States project out their interests in this institution and what institutional channels are often affected in this relation. To achieve this main goal the case study were used and this analysis was constructed between UNESCO and its biggest contributor. Therefore qualitative methods and tools were predominantly used, such as historical analysis about UNESCO creation and the process tracing used to reconstruct the history about US and UNESCO. In this respect, to reach a good reconstruction, the process tracing was principally directed to investigate the government of each Directors Generals (DGs), structured in documental analysis, discourses delivered by DGs and financial reports published by UNESCO. These tools were very useful to support the hypothesis that US has a powerful finance and discursive representation, but despite of the strong character of this representation, they were not equally faithful to this international organization. The scrutiny of some documents and historical moments allowed identifying that American foreign policy try to reach their interests in international politics using different channels. Wherefore were found that Communication and Information sector (C&I) has been in the last years an important target in US UNESCO relations. Consequently many disagreements among Americans and UNESCO’s Executive bodies could be justified by the absence of compliance about the values and ideas that could be projected in world politics. As a result of this divergence of positioning between this state and this International Organization, in at least two different moments in the history was found that American foreign aid destined to UNESCO was suspended generating budgetary weakness and affecting the implementation of many programs and projects. Notwithstanding, the organization have searching for different manners to balance the finances, for example, with campaigns to enlarge the number of non states contributors in order to amplify the extra budgetary resources. Furthermore, were found that UNESCO is inclined to resist the pressures made from richer states revealing a relatively democratic character in institutional decision making. Keywords:
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