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Safety Benefits of Stability Control Systems for Tractor-Semitrailers

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Safety Benefits of Stability Control Systems for Tractor-Semitrailers DOT HS 811 205 October 2009 Safety Benefits of Stability Control Systems For Tractor-Semitrailers Final Report This document is available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 This publication is distributed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in the interest of information exchange. The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Department of Transportation or the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The United States Government assumes no liability for its content or use thereof. If trade or manufacturers’ names or products are mentioned, it is because they are considered essential to the object of the publication and should not be construed as an endorsement. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. DOT HS 811 205 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Safety Benefits of Stability Control Systems for Tractor- October 2009 Semitrailers 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. John Woodrooffe, Daniel Blower, Timothy Gordon, Paul E. Green, UMTRI-2008-xx Brad Liu, Peter Sweatman 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit no. (TRAIS) The University of Michigan 054256 Transportation Research Institute 2901 Baxter Road 11. Contract or Grant No. DTNH22-06-H-00058 Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2150 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered U.S. Department of Transportation September 2006-May 2008 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Office of Applied Vehicle Safety Research NVS-322 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE. Washington, DC 20590 15. Supplementary Notes Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative (COTR): Alrik L. Svenson 16. Abstract This study was conducted by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) under a Cooperative Agreement between NHTSA and Meritor WABCO to examine the performance of electronic stability control (ESC) systems, and roll stability control (RSC) systems for heavy-truck tractor-semitrailers. The study is based on the analysis of independent crash datasets using engineering and statistical techniques to estimate the probable safety benefits of stability control technologies for 5-axle tractor-semitrailer vehicles. The conventional approach for assessing the safety benefits of vehicle technologies is to analyze crash datasets containing data on the safety performance of vehicles equipped with the technology of interest. Because the deployment of the stability technologies for large trucks is in its infancy, national crash databases do not yet have a sufficient amount of factual data that can be directly linked to the performance of the technology. Therefore a novel method of examining the potential benefits of these systems was used. Crash scenarios that could likely benefit from the technologies were selected from national crash databases and the probable effectiveness of each technology was estimated. The analysis in this study did not have the advantage of examining representative crash datasets that contain identifiable data from vehicles equipped with the technology. Therefore, the analysis was based on probable outcome estimates derived from hardware-in-the-loop simulation, field test experience, expert panel assessment, and fleet crash data and these methods were used to estimate the safety benefits from the national crash data population. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement ESC, RSC, stability control, heavy truck, safety benefit, roll Unlimited stability, yaw stability 19. Security Classification (of this report) 20. Security Classification (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 160 i SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm ft feet 0.305 meters m yd yards 0.914 meters m mi miles 1.61 kilometers km AREA in2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm2 ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2 yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2 ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2 VOLUME fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL gal gallons 3.785 liters L ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3 NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3 MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or "metric ton") Mg (or "t") TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oF Fahrenheit 5 (F-32)/9 Celsius oC or (F-32)/1.8 ILLUMINATION fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m2 cd/m2 FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N lbf/in2 poundforce per square inch 6.89 kilopascals kPa APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH mm millimeters 0.039 inches in m meters 3.28 feet ft m meters 1.09 yards yd km kilometers 0.621 miles mi AREA mm2 square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in2 m2 square meters 10.764 square feet ft2 m2 square meters 1.195 square yards yd2 ha hectares 2.47 acres ac km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2 VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal m3 cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft3 m3 cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd3 MASS g grams 0.035 ounces oz kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb Mg (or "t") megagrams (or "metric ton") 1.103 short tons (2000 lb) T TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oC Celsius 1.8C+32 Fahrenheit oF ILLUMINATION lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc cd/m2 candela/m2 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per square inch lbf/in2 *SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380. (Revised March 2003) ii Executive Summary This study was conducted by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) under a Cooperative Agreement between NHTSA and Meritor WABCO to examine the performance of electronic stability control (ESC) systems, and roll stability control (RSC) systems for heavy-truck tractor-semitrailers. The study was based on the analysis of independent crash datasets using engineering and statistical techniques to estimate the probable safety benefits of stability control technologies for 5-axle tractor-semitrailer vehicles. The conventional approach for assessing the safety benefits of vehicle technologies is to analyze crash datasets containing data on the safety performance of vehicles equipped with the technology of interest. Because the deployment of the stability technologies for large trucks has only occurred recently, national crash databases do not yet have a sufficient amount of data that can be directly linked to the performance of the technology. Therefore a novel method of examining the potential benefits of these systems was used. Crash scenarios that could likely benefit from the technologies were selected from national crash databases and the probable effectiveness of each technology was estimated. The analysis in this study did not have the advantage of examining representative crash datasets that contain identifiable data from vehicles equipped with the technology. Therefore, the analysis was based on probable outcome estimates derived from hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HiL), field test experience, expert panel assessment, and fleet crash data and these methods were used to estimate the safety benefits from the national crash data population. This research effort has produced an estimate of the anticipated benefits that would be achieved for specific crash types if electronic stability or roll control devices were deployed in the nation’s 5-axle tractor-semitrailer fleet. Practical constraints limit the scope of this study to the evaluation of crashes involving first-event yaw instability and first-event roll instability. The subsets of crashes that constitute these two event categories are small in relation to all other crashes involving tractor-semitrailer vehicles. However, these crashes produce a substantial number of personal injuries and fatalities. The results presented in this report constitute the net benefit of the technology in relation to a potentially limited set of crash types where the benefits of the technology are most readily apparent and the results should be considered conservative. It is expected that there are events that may occur in other crash types that would benefit from the technologies, but these crashes cannot be identified effectively using coded data. Tractor-semitrailer crashes tend to be complex events that involve factors not only in relation to crash cause, but also factors affecting post-crash yaw control that can result in secondary events that can increase the net severity of the crash sequence. Therefore it is anticipated that technologies that address vehicle yaw control (such as ESC) would have additional benefits across a broad range of crash types. The study team was not able to provide an estimate for these additional benefits, so true amount of benefits to be realized is likely higher. iii Benefit Analysis and Study Results Using the definitions of rollover and loss of control established in this study for tractor- semitrailers, baseline numbers of relevant rollover and loss-of-control crashes and injuries were derived. These were the numbers that may potentially benefit from the RSC and ESC technologies. A benefit equation was used to estimate benefits in terms of numbers of crashes, deaths, and injuries prevented that are attributable to the stability technologies. Two sources of information provided information for calculating effectiveness measures. One source was based on expert panel judgment of certain cases taken from the Large Truck Crash Causation Study (LTCCS) database.
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