Joint Force Quarterly
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0125 Cov1 Only 2/24/01 12:58 PM Page 1 JFQJOINT FORCE QUARTERLY JV 2020 Transformation— An International Perspective Joint Experimentation Interwar Innovation Summer00 Culmination Point Mission Creep A PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL 0225 C2 Pgs 2/24/01 9:56 AM Page 1 . the foundation of jointness is the strength of individual service competencies. —Joint Vision 2020 Cov 2 JFQ / Summer 2000 0325 Prelims.Pgs 2/24/01 9:59 AM Page 1 JFQ AWord fromthe U.S. Navy (Brook R. Kelsey) Marines approach Blue Beach during Exercise Chairman Destined Glory 2000. n September 2000 the Joint Chiefs of Staff ap- in a high risk for the second. This does not mean peared before the Senate and House Armed that our forces would not prevail in either of the Services Committees to assess the readiness of contingencies, but this increased risk translates Ithe Armed Forces. Readiness will be a key issue into longer timelines, loss of tactical advantage, in preparing for a new national security strategy and potential for higher casualties. and the Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR). Our first-to-fight forces are the most profes- Our short explanation to Congress was that sional, effective, and flexible in the world. Indeed, the military is ready, but with important quali- no other military could have simultaneously ac- fiers. Being ready means having the capability to complished—with the same level of professional- execute national military ism and competence—high-intensity combat over strategy, including the mis- Serbia, force deterrence and maritime interdiction the post-1997 QDR force, sion of fighting and winning in the Persian Gulf, and peace operations in both some 40 percent smaller two nearly simultaneous Bosnia and Kosovo. Moreover, training operations major theater wars. Although in West Africa and fire fighting assistance than the one which won the Armed Forces can execute throughout the Western United States have Desert Storm, is showing current strategy, the dangers demonstrated our flexibility to respond across the associated with the two the- full spectrum of national requirements. signs of strain ater scenario have increased But such operations have critically stretched over time. The risk factors for the Armed Forces. The post-1997 QDR force, winning the first major war some 40 percent smaller than the one which won are moderate, but the lower readiness rates of Desert Storm, is showing signs of strain. Higher later deploying forces, combined with shortfalls in strategic lift and critical support forces, result (continued on page 4) Summer 2000 / JFQ 1 0325 Prelims.Pgs 2/24/01 9:59 AM Page 2 I CONTENTS 1 A Word from the Chairman 17 Modernizing the Indian by Henry H. Shelton Armed Forces by Timothy D. Hoyt 6 From the Field and Fleet: Letters to the Editor 23 To Change a Military— JFQ The Indonesian Experience I FORUM by John B. Haseman 11 Transformation—An International Perspective 31 French Forces for the 21st Century by Jeffrey B. Jones 39 Poland Prepares for the Alliance by Jeffrey Simon 45 Creating the South African National Defence Force by James A. Higgs 51 Colombia: Civil-Military Relations in the Midst of War by John T. Fishel I 57 Joint Vision 2020: America’s Military—Preparing for Tomorrow 12 The People’s Liberation Army 77 Progress Report on Joint Looks to the Future Experimentation by Charles F. Hawkins by Harold W. Gehman, Jr. PHOTO CREDITS 83 Comparative Approaches to Interwar Innovation The cover of this issue features MH–53J on training mission (U.S. Air Force/David Nolan). The front inside by Williamson Murray cover shows combat direction center aboard USS Harry S. Truman (U.S. Navy/Tina M. Ackerman); UH–60 crew chief I OUT OF JOINT in Kosovo (982d Signal Company/Drew Lockwood); F–16 over South Carolina (U.S. Air Force/Thomas Meneguin); and marine during exercise in the Philippines (U.S. Navy/ 91 Two Hats for the Joint Force John F. Valentine). The table of contents depicts Indian Commander? soldiers on parade (AP Wide World Photo/Ajit Kumar) and French scout, Joint Resolve XI (1st Combat Camera by Damian J. McCarthy and Squadron/Lisa Zunanyika-Carpenter). The back inside Susan A. Medlin cover captures USS Normandy replenishing USS George Washington (USS George Washington/Brian Fleske). The back cover finds sailor scanning ocean (U.S. Navy/Corey Lewis); marines training at Camp Pendleton (13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, Combat Camera/ Branden P. O’Brien); F–16 at Lajes air base in Azores (U.S. Air Force/Michael R. Holzworth); and soldier checking safety zone, Kosovo (55th Signal Company/ Tony Vitello). 2 JFQ / Summer 2000 0325 Prelims.Pgs 2/24/01 9:59 AM Page 3 SUMMER 2000 / NUMBER 25 I COMMENTARY 122 Resourcing the Force: The Legacy of Cold War Strategy by Ronald W. Moore I OF CHIEFS AND CHAIRMEN 126 Thomas Dresser White I THE JOINT WORLD 127 Doctrine and Education I OFF THE SHELF I 129 Crisis in Korea: A Review Essay 99 Operational Overreach and by Don Oberdorfer the Culmination Point by Milan N. Vego 132 Reinventing Military Institutions: A Book Review 107 Morality and Modern Air War by Ian Roxborough by Jeffrey L. Gingras and Tomislav Z. Ruby 133 Struggles for National Survival: A Book Review 112 Mission Creep or Mission by Antulio J. Echevarria II Misunderstood? by Adam B. Siegel 135 A Revolution in Naval Affairs? A Book Review 116 Cuba Libre! Army-Navy by David R. Mets Cooperation in 1898 by Jonas L. Goldstein Joint Force Quarterly Stephen J. Flanagan Robert A. Silano LTC James Jay Carafano, USA Director Director of Publications Executive Editor Institute for National Strategic Studies Institute for National Strategic Studies Editor-in-Chief Editor Martin J. Peters, Jr. Calvin B. Kelley William A. Rawley Production Coordinator Copy Editor U.S. Government Printing Office Art Director JFQ is published for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff portions of this journal may not be reproduced or extracted topics of common interest to the Armed Forces (see page 136 by the Institute for National Strategic Studies, National De- without permission of copyright proprietors. An acknowledg- for details). Please direct all editorial communications to: fense University, to promote understanding of the integrated ment to Joint Force Quarterly should be made whenever mate- Editor, Joint Force Quarterly employment of land, sea, air, space, and special operations rial is quoted from or based on its contents. ATTN: NDU–NSS–JFQ forces. The journal focuses on joint doctrine, coalition warfare, This publication has been approved by the Secretary of De- 300 Fifth Avenue (Bldg. 62) contingency planning, combat operations conducted by the fense. All previous issues have been published electronically Fort Lesley J. McNair unified commands, and joint force development. and are available over the Internet at the address indicated Washington, D.C. 20319–5066 The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations ex- below. Paid subscriptions to JFQ are offered through the U.S. pressed or implied within are those of the contributors and do Government Printing Office. Telephone: (202) 685–4220 / DSN 325–4220 not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Defense The editors invite articles and other contributions on joint Fax: (202) 685–4219 / DSN 325–4219 or any other agency of the Federal Government. Copyrighted warfighting, interservice issues that support jointness, and e-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine ISSN 1070–0692 September 2000 Summer 2000 / JFQ 3 0325 Prelims.Pgs 2/24/01 9:59 AM Page 4 I Joint Force Quarterly A WORD FROM THE CHAIRMAN GEN Henry H. Shelton, USA (continued from page 1) Publisher than anticipated operational and personnel re- quirements impose a heavy burden on troops and ADVISORY COMMITTEE wear out equipment at a faster rate than antici- VADM Paul G. Gaffney II, USN I National Defense University pated. Moreover, the parts of the military that Chairman support the first-to-fight forces—the training BG David A. Armstrong, USA (Ret.) I Office of the Chairman base, logistics enablers, and combat multipliers— are not as ready and suffer the consequences as Col Darrell A. Browning, USMC I Marine Corps Command and Staff College resources are redirected, reprioritized, and con- Brig Gen Richard B. Bundy, USAF I The Joint Staff sumed to sustain near-term readiness. VADM Arthur K. Cebrowski, USN I Naval War College The troops are paying the price. They spend more time working on aging equipment at the I MG Reginal G. Clemmons, USA National War College expense of honing their warfighting skills. Fur- A. Denis Clift I Joint Military Intelligence College thermore, support requirements cost much more in each succeeding year in repair costs, down VADM Scott A. Fry, USN I The Joint Staff time, and man hours for maintenance. BG David H. Huntoon, USA I U.S. Army Command and General Staff College We arrested the decline in readiness among MG Robert R. Ivany, USA I U.S. Army War College active units, although significant readiness con- cerns remain at individual unit level within the Brig Gen Edward L. LaFountaine, USAF I Joint Forces Staff College services. How was this decline stopped? The Maj Gen David F. MacGehee, Jr., USAF I Air War College answer is largely through welcome additions to MajGen Harold Mashburn, Jr., USMC I Industrial College of the Armed Forces the topline of the defense budget over the last few years. I Col John T. Sheridan, USAF Air Command and Staff College Budget plus-ups have made an important Col John H. Turner, USMC I Marine Corps War College down payment on current readiness, but they can only address critical near-term needs. The last QDR, based on a strategy of shape, respond, and EDITORIAL BOARD prepare, was designed to meet the projected Stephen J.