DOCSLIB.ORG

The Descriptive Pattern of Physical Activity in Saudi Arabia: Analysis Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Descriptive Pattern of Physical Activity in Saudi Arabia: Analysis Of International Health 2021; 13: 232–239 doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihaa027 Advance Access publication 8 June 2020 The descriptive pattern of physical activity in Saudi Arabia: analysis of national survey data Bader A. Alqahtania,∗, Aqeel M. Alenazia, Ahmed S. Alhowimela and Ragab K. Elnaggar a,b ORIGINAL ARTICLE aDepartment of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia; bDepartment of Physical Therapy for Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt ∗Corresponding author: Tel: +966580422762; Fax: 0115882000; E-mail: [email protected] Received 9 March 2020; revised 19 April 2020; editorial decision 26 April 2020; accepted 19 May 2020 Background: Over recent decades, there has been a dramatic transformation in mechanization reaching all aspects of people’s lives in Saudi Arabia. In the light of this, there was a significant change in physical behavior in the community. The aim of the current study was to investigate the national and regional distribution of physical activity practice among adults aged ≥15 y across Saudi Arabia. Methods: Data from the Bulletin of Household Sports Practice National Survey were used to determine the physical activity practice distribution. A total of 26 000 families from 13 administrative regions across Saudi Arabia were surveyed. Results: The proportion of the total Saudi population who were practitioners of physical activity (i.e. ≥150 min per week) among Saudi adults aged ≥15 y was 17.40%, while the proportion of non-practitioners was 82.60%. Conclusion: This study found a low level of physical activity among Saudi adults who meet physical activity guidelines. These findings suggest that interventions and promotional programs should be developed to increase physical activity among the Saudi population. Keywords: physical activity, Saudi Arabia, sedentary behavior, sport. Introduction 27.5% of the global population are insufficiently physically active. Regionally, the average prevalence rate among countries of the The term ‘physical activity’ refers to any bodily movements pro- Gulf Cooperation Council is 46.24%. Statistics from other coun- duced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure higher tries showed that 40% of the population in the USA, 35.9% in 1 than the basal level. Increasing evidence in the literature has in- the UK and 29.4% in Europe are physically inactive. The WHO re- dicated the importance of regular engagement in physical ac- port added that the physical activity level declines with increasing 2,3 tivity to an individual’s health and well-being. Also, several age and that females have lower rates of physical activity than governmental reports and consensus statements have further males.10 emphasized the essential role of physical activity at both indi- Until recently, the physical demands of daily living activities 4–6 vidual and community levels. Physical inactivity and seden- might have been enough to maintain a reasonable level of phys- tary behavior, on the other hand, have been identified among ical fitness in Saudi Arabia. But, over the past few decades, there the major detrimental factors for a number of chronic non- has been a rapid development in living standards and an increase communicable diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, car- in the use of largely automatic equipment, which has reached all diovascular disorders, certain types of cancer, osteoporosis and aspects of the population in Saudi Arabia. With regard to this dra- 7,8 mental impairments. Furthermore, a lack of physical activity matic transformation in lifestyles, there was a significant change 9 has been linked to premature mortality. Consequently, surveil- in physical behavior in the community, and that shift towards lance of physical activity practice in countries has increasingly be- sedentary lifestyles and low levels of physical activity increased come a public health priority. the burden on society by reducing individual productivity and in- Low physical activity is a global phenomenon. The WHO re- creasing the cost of healthcare.11 ported reduced physical activity levels and showed that about © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] 232 International Health Previous studies of physical activity in Saudi Arabia indicated the households in the enumeration areas that were chosen in that people are not physically active enough to achieve health the first step through using the regular random sample. Twenty benefits from physical activity.12,13 In an observational study in- households were chosen from each area, which resulted in a total cluding a proportionate sample of 2176 Saudi adults, Amin et al. of 26 000 households across Saudi Arabia, as shown in Figure 1. demonstrated that 80% of the population did not achieve an ade- Trained field researchers from the General Authority for Statis- quate level of physical activity with beneficial health effects. They tics (GSTAT) interviewed each head of household and recorded also reported an association of chronic disease with physical in- all data in an electronic form using an iPad device. activity.14 A population-based study by Al-Nozha et al. assessed The term physical activity was defined in this study as any vol- the physical activity profile among Saudi adults and showed that untary body movement produced by skeletal muscles resulting the prevalence of inactivity was very high, accounting for 96.1% in an increase in breathing rate and heart rate, for example, run- of the Saudi population.12 A brief review by Al-Hazzaa suggested ning, brisk walking, cycling, swimming and traditional sports such that the prevalence of physical inactivity reached as high as 43.3– as football, handball and basketball. The survey was prepared and 99.5% among Saudi children and adults, and that the proportion designed by professionals and experts in the field of physical ac- of Saudis who are at risk due to physical inactivity was higher tivity. In developing the survey, international standards and con- for coronary heart disease than for any other factor.13 Al-Nuaim cepts were taken into consideration. The form consists of six sec- et al. assessed the prevalence rate of physical activity in rela- tions that addresses matters (in Arabic) such as if the individual tion to obesity among Saudi adolescents. The study revealed a currently practices a sports activity at least once a week, the du- significant correlation between physical activity level and body ration of an individual’s sporting activity per week (in min), the mass index, and overweight and obese subjects showed a signif- place where the individual engages in sporting activity, the num- icantly lower level of physical activity compared with those whose ber of times an individual practices their sport each week, if an in- weight was normal.15 dividual has ever been involved in a sports activity, the reason(s) Although the results of these studies cannot be disregarded, for an individual’s discontinuation of sporting activity (if applica- they were limited to samples from certain geographical areas in ble) and the reason(s) why an individual does not engage in phys- Saudi Arabia. This sheds light on the importance of this study, ical activity (if applicable). All of the analyses were conducted us- which focuses on studying the situation at a regional level to pro- ing Microsoft Excel 2016 (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA). vide more comprehensive results. Additionally, most of the afore- mentioned studies included specific age groups and gender but none of them paid attention to the educational status of partici- Results pants. Thus, there is still a need for more studies to provide physi- cal activity data representing the Saudi population by age, gender A total of 26 000 families from 13 administrative regions across and educational status. Saudi Arabia were surveyed. The proportion of total Saudi adult Despite the health benefits of physical activity having been males aged ≥15 y who were practitioners of physical activity well established, the level of physical activity did not increase (i.e. ≥150 min per week) was 17.40%, while the proportion of among the Saudi population.12,14,15 Increasing physical activity non-practitioners was 82.60%. Of the total number of Saudi requires a whole-of-society and culturally relevant approach and males, the percentage who practiced a physical activity was therefore demands a collective effort across different sectors and 28.30% whereas the percentage who did not was 71.70%. Of the disciplines. total number of Saudi females, the percentage who practiced a The main purpose of the present study was to estimate the na- physical activity was 8.90% whereas the percentage who did not tional and regional prevalence rates of physical activity in Saudi was 91.10%. With regard to non-Saudis, the overall percentage Arabia. This study sought to provide an overview of the preva- who practiced a physical activity was 13.88% whereas the per- lence rate of physical activity, which will help to guide plans to- centage who did not was 86.12%. Of these, 16.12% of non-Saudi
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Epidemiological Trends of Malaria in the Western Regions of Saudi Arabia: a Cross Sectional Study
    Original Article Epidemiological trends of malaria in the Western regions of Saudi Arabia: a cross sectional study Omar SO Amer1,2, Mohamed I Waly3, Izhar W Burhan1, Esam S Al-Malki4, Amor Smida3, Kamal S Al- Benasy1 1 Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia 2 Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Assiut branch), Assiut, Egypt 3 Medical Equipment Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia 4 Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia Abstract Introduction: Saudi Arabia has successfully reduced malaria cases to be constrained largely in the western regions. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological trends of malaria infection in five western regions of Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A retrospective analysis was conducted to investigate the epidemiological trends of malaria infection in the western regions, based on the published registry of the Saudi Ministry of Health, during the period from 2014 to 2017 using the appropriate statistical tools. Results: A total of 8925 confirmed cases of malaria were reported in the western regions during the period from 2014 to 2017 with the mean of 2231 malaria cases per year. The minimum (n = 1097) and maximum (n = 4075) number of cases were reported in 2014 and 2016 respectively. The highest (n = 5919, 66.3%) number of cases were reported from Jazan region, while lowest (n = 86, 1.0%) number of cases were reported from Al-Bahah region. Plasmodium falciparum was the most frequently reported species with 7485 (83.9%) cases, while Plasmodium vivax accounted 1386 (15.5%) cases.
    [Show full text]
  • Yemeni Migrants Returned from Saudi Arabia Through the Border Crossing Point of Al Tuwal, Hajjah Governorate, Yemen
    Yemeni migrants returned from Saudi Arabia through the Border Crossing Point of Al Tuwal, Hajjah Governorate, Yemen Comparison of 2013 and 2014 Al Jawf Northern Borders Al Jawf Northern Borders Tabuk Tabuk Ha'il Ha'il Al Qassim Al Qassim Al Madinah Al Madinah Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Al Riyadh Al Riyadh Legend Legend Places of work in KSA Places of work in KSA Eastern Province Eastern Province <1.0% <1.0% Mecca 1.1%-5.0% Mecca 1.1%-5.0% 5.1%-20.0% 5.1%-20.0% >20.0% >20.0% Final destinations in Yemen Final destinations in Yemen Al Bahah Al Bahah <1.0% <1.0% 1.1%-5.0% 1.1%-5.0% `Asir `Asir 5.1%-20.0% 5.1%-20% >20.0% >20.0% Najran Najran Jizan Jizan Sa`dah Sa`dah Al Maharah Al Jawf Jawf Al Maharah Al Jawf Jawf Amran Amran Hajjah Hadramaut Hajjah Hadramaut Migrants returned Migrants returned Sana'a Sana'a 68% more than once AlAl Marib Yemen 66% more than once Al Marib Yemen Mahwit Mahwit Raymah Shabwah Raymah Shabwah Al Dhamar Al Dhamar Hudaydah Hudaydah Dhamar Al Dhamar Al BaydaBayda Bayda Ibb Al Ibb Al Dhale’eDhale’e Abyan Dhale’e Abyan Taizz Taizz Lahj Lahj Aden Aden Yemeni migrants returned from KSA per month Yemeni migrants returned from KSA per month Prior to September 2013, the Government of Yemen The number of total returnees counted by IOM at collected the data on returned Yemenis. As of Al Tuwal point in 2014 was 405,984. The decrease in September 2013, IOM began collecting data.
    [Show full text]
  • Results from the Saudi Residents' Intention to Get Vaccinated
    Article Attitudes toward the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: Results from the Saudi Residents’ Intention to Get Vaccinated against COVID-19 (SRIGVAC) Study Sami H. Alzahrani 1,* , Mukhtiar Baig 2 , Mohammed W. Alrabia 3, Mohammed R. Algethami 4 , Meshari M. Alhamdan 1, Nabil A. Alhakamy 5 , Hani Z. Asfour 3 and Tauseef Ahmad 6 1 Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80205, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] (M.W.A.); [email protected] (H.Z.A.) 4 Preventive Medicine and Public Health Resident, Ministry of Health, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 5 Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 6 Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +966-500004062 Abstract: Vaccine uptake could influence vaccination efforts to control the widespread COVID- Citation: Alzahrani, S.H.; Baig, M.; 19 pandemic; however, little is known about vaccine acceptance in Saudi Arabia. The present Alrabia, M.W.; Algethami, M.R.; study aimed to assess the Saudi public’s intent to get vaccinated against COVID-19 and explore Alhamdan, M.M.; Alhakamy, N.A.; the associated demographic determinants of their intentions as well as the reasons for vaccine Asfour, H.Z.; Ahmad, T.
    [Show full text]
  • PART-C Water Master Plan
    PART-C Water Master Plan The Study on Master Plan on Renewable Water Resource Development in the Southwest Region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia CHAPTER 1 OUTLINE OF WATER MASTER PLAN 1.1 Framework of Water M/P (1) Target Year and Target Area of Plan The target year of the Water M/P is the year of 2035, 25 years later from 2010. The target areas of the plan are 3 Regions: Al Baha Region, Asir Region and Jazan Region. (2) Components of Water M/P The contents of the Water M/P are as follows: Water Resources Development Plan • Conventional Water Resources (Surface Water, Shallow Groundwater and Deep Fossil Groundwater) • Non-conventional Water Resources (Desalinated Sea Water and Reclaimed Sewerage Water) Water Supply Plan for Municipal Water and Industrial Water Demand Management (Municipal Water, Industrial Water, Agricultural Water) Operation & Maintenance and Management Plan • Total Water Resources Management Plan • Monitoring Plan • Water Resources Conservation Plan • Capacity Building Plan • Organization and Management System Basic Design and Cost Estimate Implementation Schedule Evaluation of Proposed Water M/P 1.2 Water M/P of Planning Methods It is decided upon the water M/P based on water policy/ strategy/action plan on water resource development in the southwest region in Part B of Chapter 5. (1) Target Water Resources Development Table C.1-1 shows the target water resources, development methods and users. As the deep fossil groundwater does not exist in the target area, the conventional water resources are all the renewable
    [Show full text]
  • Addresses of Branches
    Addresses of branches Section Neighborhood / street name the phone FAX 012- 012-6768834 1 Jeddah Palestine Street - next to Dallah Tower 2284000 next to the Cooperative Insurance. 2 --------- --------- Rsaifeh Abdullah Arif Street / Al Ahla Mecca Mall The seventh round Unit No.1-2. The second ring / after the towers of 3 Medina the relief - a glass building color Build . 014-8274458 To enter extension dial: 014- 108 8274469 4 Taif University of Taif Faculty of Medicine 012- 727-4438 / Building members 7274 Faculty. 408 5 Dammam Al-Safa neighborhood - King Saud Road - Teacher (Institute) 013-8538800 013-8337907 Marine Technical Studies. Al-Ahsa Al-Mulhim Tower, Al-Thurayat Street. 011- --------- 6 2905555 To enter extension di l Hafr Al Baten - Khalidiya District - 7 Hafr Al-batin King Abdulaziz Street 013-7295516 013-7295517 Versus community college. 8 Qassim Intersection of King Salman Road 016- 016- with Othman bin Affan Road Next 3835042 3835072 to Kairouan Roundabout. 1 Section Neighborhood / street name the phone FAX University of Prince Turki bin 011-2905555 9 Hail Abdulaziz Street To enter 016- 30 (opposite Salamat clinic). extension dial: 5657557 1602 10 Prince Mteeb Bin Abdul Aziz Hospital 014-6242579 To enter Aljawf (Al Sudairi) To enter extension dial - King Saud Road - old plan district Next to the extension 104 Emirate of Al-Jouf.. dial 103- Tabuk Muroj Al Amir District, Behind Al 11 Mahareb Supermarket, 014- 014-4281054 In the same building drugstore 4297038 To enter extension dial 104 12 Abha New Abha / next to Abha Palace 017- 017-2261106 Hotel. 2261 To enter 106 extension dial 106 13 Al-Bahah Al Hayya neighborhood - Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz Street Behind Samba 017-7247460 017-7247462 Bank from the west.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy to the World: the Story of Saudi Aramco Volume 2
    ENERGY TO THE WORLD: TO ENERGY ENERGY TO THE WORLD: THE STORY OF SAUDI ARAMCO OF SAUDI THE STORY THE STORY OF SAUDI ARAMCO VOLUME 2 VOLUME 2 VOLUME www.saudiaramco.com J ENERGY TO THE WORLD : VOLUME ONE TITLE K VOLUME TWO Energy to the World The Story of Saudi Aramco II ENERGY TO THE WORLD : VOLUME ONE VOLUME TWO Energy to the World The Story of Saudi Aramco Supertankers load crude oil at Ras Tanura Sea Island Terminal in 2003. Contents Copyright First Edition Volume One Volume Two © 2011 by Aramco Services Company Printed in 2011 Preface xi Illustration: Saudi Arabia viii ISBN All rights reserved. No part of this book Illustration: Saudi Arabia xiv 1 National Resources 1 978-1-882771-23-0 may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or 1 Prospects 1 2 Boom Time 27 Library of Congress by any means, electronic, mechanical, 2 Negotiations 33 3 Transformation 67 Control Number photocopying, recording or otherwise, 200922694 without the written permission of 3 Reading the Rocks 59 4 Rising to the Challenge 99 Aramco Services Company, except by 4 The War Years 93 5 Achieving the Vision 131 Written by a reviewer, who may quote a brief Scott McMurray passage for review. 5 Expansion 123 Appendix 168 6 Growing Pains 153 A. Upstream 170 Produced by The History Factory 7 Balancing Act 189 B. Downstream 184 Chantilly, Virginia, USA List of Abbreviations 215 C. Operations Data 194 Project Coordinators Notes on Sources 216 Company Leadership 204 Theodore J. Brockish, Kyle L.
    [Show full text]
  • Doing Business Guide 2021: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Tax Position
    Doing business guide 2021 Understanding Saudi Arabia’s tax position Doing business guide | Understanding Saudi Arabia’s tax position Equam ipsamen 01 Impos is enditio rendae acea 02 Debisinulpa sequidempos 03 Imo verunt illia 04 Asus eserciamus 05 Desequidellor ad et 06 Ivolupta dolor sundus et rem 07 Limporpos eum sequas as 08 Ocomniendae dit ulparcia dolori 09 Aquia voluptas seque 10 Dolorit ellaborem rest mi 11 Foccaes in nulpa arumquis 12 02 Doing business guide | Understanding Saudi Arabia’s tax position Contents 04 About the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 06 Market overview 08 Industries of opportunity 10 Entering the market 03 Doing business guide | Understanding Saudi Arabia’s tax position About the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia The Kingdom" of Saudi A country located in the Arabian Peninsula, Throughout this guide, we have provided the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA, Saudi our comments with respect to KSA, unless Arabia is the largest Arabia or The Kingdom) is the largest oil- noted otherwise. oil-producing country producing country in the world. in the world Government type Monarchy " Population (2019) 34.2 million GDP (2019) US$ 793 billion GDP growth (2019) 0.33% Inflation (2019) -2.09% Labor force (2019) 14.38 million Crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, ammonia, Key industries industrial gases, sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), cement, fertilizer, plastics, metals, commercial ship repair, commercial aircraft repair, construction Source: World Bank, General Authority of Statistics 04 Doing business guide | Understanding Saudi Arabia’s tax position 05 Doing business guide | Understanding Saudi Arabia’s tax position Market overview • Saudi Arabia is an oil-based economy Government with the largest proven crude oil reserves Government type Monarchy in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Africa
    30˚ 20˚ 10˚ 0˚ 10˚ 20˚ 30˚ 40˚ 50˚ 60˚ 70˚ Ireland Manchester Minsk Orenburg Arqalyq 50˚ Dublin United Vilnius Tula Penza Kingdom Amsterdam Berlin Bug Novotroitsk Swansea Neth. Germany Belarus Homyel' Russia Kazakhstan Poland Ural Aqtobe Bel. The Hague Voronezh London Warsaw Temir Zhezqazghan Atlantic Guernsey Prague Brussels L'viv Kharkiv Don Jersey Lux. Czech Rep. Volga Shalqar Aral Ukraine Kiev Makat North Aral Sea Ocean Paris Slovakia Dnieper Donets'k Atyrau Nantes Munich Vienna Karaton Qyzylorda Bay of Loire Bratislava Moldova Bern Liech. Austria Chisinau Aral Sea Biscay Hungary Budapest Beyneu Lausanne Switz. LjubljanaSlovenia Romania Odesa Rostov-na-Donu Bordeaux France Zagreb La Coruna Lyon Croatia Belgrade Simferopol' Kungrad Nukus Oviedo Toulouse Milan Verona Bosnia & Vladikavkaz Uzbekistan San Marino Herz. Serbia Bucharest Amu 40˚ Dar SarajevoMontenegro Black Sea K'ut'aisi Urganch Bilbao Marseille Sofia y 40˚ Valladolid Andorra Kosovo Bulgaria Tbilisi a Corsica Podgorica Georgia Portugal Italy Azerbaijan Baku Turkmenistan Azores Madrid Albania Skopje Istanbul VanadzoArrmenia Spain Barcelona Rome Macedonia Sardinia Mary Lisbon Ankara Araks Ashgabat San Vito Naples Bari Tirana Yerevan Caspian Sea Valencia Balearic Greece Izmir Malatya Tabriz Gorgan Setubal Islands Palermo Afyon Turkey Seville Malaga Annaba Sicily Adana Messina Athens Mosul Tehran Mashhad Oran Siracusa Algiers Tunis Northern Cyprus Aleppo Kirkuk Tabas Madeira Rabat Malta Syria Islands Nicosia Cyprus Qom Casablanca Oujda Iraklion Crete Iran Fes El Oued Damascus
    [Show full text]
  • Overview and Highlights of Consultation Actions Plan & Customer Engagement
    OVERVIEW AND HIGHLIGHTS OF JEDDAH FIR ICAO MIDANPIRG ATM SG/5 1 - 4 Dec 2019 Aqaba, Jordan “Managing sky, Securing lives” Contents • Current status • Recent implementations • Ongoing implementations and targets • Updates on ASBU ICAO MIDANPIRG ATM SG/5, Aqaba, Jordan, 1-4 Dec 2019 MainAir NavigationTitle Header Services Certificate ICAO MIDANPIRG ATM SG/5, Aqaba, Jordan, 1-4 Dec 2019 MainATM /Title airspace Header scope City Province ICAO IATA Airport name 1 Dammam Eastern OEDF DMM King Fahd International Airport 2 Jeddah Makkah (Mecca) OEJN JED King Abdulaziz International Airport 3 Riyadh Riyadh OERK RUH King Khalid International Airport 4 Medina (Madinah) Al Madinah OEMA MED Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz International Airport 5 Abha 'Asir OEAB AHB Abha Regional Airport 6 Buraidah Al-Qassim OEGS ELQ Prince Nayef Bin Abdulaziz Regional Airport 7 Jizan (Gizan) Jizan OEGN GIZ Jizan Regional Airport 8 Ha'il Ha'il OEHL HAS Ha'il Regional Airport 9 Tabuk Tabuk OETB TUU Tabuk Regional Airport 10 Ta'if Makkah (Mecca) OETF TIF Ta'if Regional Airport 11 Gassim Gassim OEGS ELQ Prince Naif Bin Abdulaziz airport 12 Yanbu Al Madinah OEYN YNB Yanbu Airport 13 NEOM Bay NEOM OENN NUM NEOM Bay airport 14 Al Bahah (Al-Baha) Al Bahah OEBA ABT Al-Baha Domestic Airport 15 Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa Eastern OEAH HOF Al-Ahsa Domestic Airport 16 Al-Jawf Al Jawf OESK AJF Al-Jawf Domestic Airport 17 Al Wajh Tabuk OEWJ EJH Al Wajh Domestic Airport 18 Arar Northern Borders OERR RAE Arar Domestic Airport 19 Bisha 'Asir OEBH BHH Bisha Domestic Airport 20 Dawadmi Riyadh OEDW
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Capital of Saudi Arabian Cities
    SPATIAL CAPITAL OF SAUDI ARABIAN CITIES TITELSPATIALSTREET CONNECTIVITY FRAMSIDA STUDY CAPITAL FOR THE OF 17 SAUDICITY PROSPERITY ARABIAN INITIATIVE RAD CITIES 2 BackgroundUndertitel report Draft June 25thDatum 2015 SPATIAL CAPITAL OF SAUDI ARABIAN CITIES STREET CONNECTIVITY STUDY FOR THE CITY PROSPERITY INITIATIVE Spatial Capital of Saudi Arabian Cities. Street connectivity study for the City Prosperity Initiative Copyright © United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) 2015 All rights reserved United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) P.O. Box 30030 00100 Nairobi GPO KENYA. Tel: 254-020-7623120 (Central Office) www.unhabitat.org HS/076/15E ISBN: 978-92-1-132684-0 Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries regarding its economic system or degree of development. Excerpts may be repro- duced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the United Nations and its member states. Acknowledgements Authors: Eduardo López Moreno, Regina Orvañanos Murguía Background Documents: Manuel Madrid, Alexander Ståhle, Joel Hernbäck, Patrick Lamson-Hail, Pinar Caglin Data Analysis: Regina Orvañanos Murguía, Manuel Madrid, Antony Abilla Institutional Review: Claudio Acioly, Rogier van den Berg, Kamel Bouhmad, Salvatore Fundaró, Åsa Jonsson, Marco Kamiya, Robert Lewis- Lettington, Liz Paterson, Raf Tuts, Design and Layout: Regina Orvañanos Murguía Programme Future of Saudi Arabian Cities: Tarek El-Sheikh, UN-Habitat Programme Director, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Research and Review Available Online at Research ISSN 0976 – 4852 Crossref DOI
    International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review Available Online at www.ijcrr.in Research ISSN 0976 – 4852 CrossRef DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2017/8/12/388 December, 2017|Volume 08|Issue 12| Section: Engineering and Technology Analyzing the Quality of Saudi E-Government Municipalities' Websites Services Using Layne and Lee model Shatha Ali Al Asem1, Fatmah Abdulrahman Baothman2* 1Information System Department, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 2Information System Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. *Correspondence Author Received 2017-10-05; Accepted 2017-12-06 Abstract: Government website attributes are indispensable in aid of interface with its services, and an evaluation of the stages of advancement for these sites is imperative to systematic assistance delivery. This research aims to support new Saudi e-government initiatives and to incorporate a more diverse range of citizens in e- governance. The work evaluated the features of nineteen municipality websites for four regions, Aseer, Najran, Jazan, and Al Bahah, in south of Saudi Arabia using content analysis and Website Attribute Evaluation System (WAES). The tool measures specific indicators of performance assessment at each stage of the four stages of Layne and Lee model approach namely vertical integration attributes, information content, transactions and horizontal integration based on the twenty-nine selected content measures. To estimate the differences and associations between regions‟ websites plus examining the developmental growth of the four-stage model, ANOVA and chi-square tests were applied. Keywords: E-government, evaluation, Layne and Lee model, municipalities websites services, Saudi Arabia.
    [Show full text]
  • A Typical Desert Wadi of the Northern Border Region of Saudi Arabia
    Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences (2014) xxx, xxx–xxx King Saud University Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences www.ksu.edu.sa www.sciencedirect.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE Floristic diversity and vegetation analysis of Wadi Arar: A typical desert Wadi of the Northern Border region of Saudi Arabia Ahmed K. Osman a,b,*, Faraj Al-Ghamdi a,c,1, Abdulhakim Bawadekji a,d,2 a Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia b Botany Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt c Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Abd El-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia d Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Syria Received 8 July 2013; revised 28 January 2014; accepted 5 February 2014 KEYWORDS Abstract Wadi Arar in the Northern border region of Saudi Arabia is one of the most important Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Wadis of the Kingdom. The present study provides an analysis of vegetation types, life forms, as Northern border region; well as floristic categories and species distribution. A total of 196 species representing 31 families Floristic survey; of vascular plants were recorded. Compositae, Gramineae and Leguminosae were the most com- Flora; mon families. Therophytes and chamaephytes are the most frequent life forms, indicating typical Wadi Arar; desert spectrum vegetation. The distribution of these species in the different sectors of the Wadi Floristic diversity as well as the phytochoria for the recorded species is provided. Ninety-one species (46.5%) are typ- ical bi-regional. Furthermore, about 105 species (53.5%) are mono- or pluriregional taxa. The high- est number of species (136 or 69.5%) was recorded for annual plants, while the lowest number of species (60% or 30.5%) was recorded for perennial, short perennial or annual to biennial species.
    [Show full text]