EUROPEAN POLYGRAPH PUBLISHED SEMI-ANNUALLY 2020 VOLUME 14 NUMBER 1 (51) ANDRZEJ FRYCZ MODRZEWSKI KRAKOW UNIVERSITY EUROPEAN POLYGRAPH PUBLISHED SEMI-ANNUALLY 2020 VOLUME 14 NUMBER 1 (51) ANDRZEJ FRYCZ MODRZEWSKI KRAKOW UNIVERSITY EUROPEAN POLYGRAPH PUBLISHED SEMI-ANNUALLY Journal of Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University European Polygraph is an international journal de- voted to the publication of original investigations, observations, scholarly inquiries, and book reviews on the subject of polygraph examinations. Th ese include jurisprudence, forensic sciences, psychology, forensic psychology, psychophysiology, psychopathology, and other aspects of polygraph examinations. Opinions expressed in articles and book reviews pub- lished in European Polygraph solely refl ect the expe- rience and expertise of their respective Authors and Reviewers. Th eir publication does not imply any form of endorsement on behalf the Editors and Publishers who provide space for the presentation of, oft en con- tradictory, views and discussion of positions. Editorial Board Sergei Aleskovskyi (Almaty, Kazakhstan) Publisher Council Tuvya T. Amsel (Tel Aviv, Israel) of the Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Avital Ginton (Tel Aviv, Israel) Krakow University Don Grubin (Newcastle, United Kingdom) Klemens Budzowski Charles R. Honts (Boise, United States) Maria Kapiszewska Frank S. Horvath (East Lansing, United States) Zbigniew Maciąg Donald Krapohl (Fort Jackson, United States) Jacek M. Majchrowski James Matte (Williamsville, USA) Alexandr B. Pielenicyn (Moscow, Russia) Office Jerzy Pobocha (Szczecin, Poland) ul. Herlinga-Grudzińskiego 1C; David C. Raskin (Homer AK, USA) 30-705 Kraków (Poland) Tuvia Shurany (Jerusalem, Israel) e-mail:
[email protected] Gintaras Švedas (Vilnius, Lithuania) www.polygraph.pl Igor Usikov (Kyiv, Ukraine) Jennifer M.C. Vendemia (Columbia, United States) Copyright© by Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Jan Widacki (Krakow, Poland) Krakow University Daniel T.