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Productivity and Susceptibility Analysis AnAn ecologicalecological riskrisk assessmentassessment forfor thethe effecteffect ofof thethe KoreanKorean tunatuna longlinelongline fisheryfishery inin thethe WesternWestern andand CentralCentral PacificPacific OceanOcean You Jung Kwon1,2, Doo Hae An2, Chang Ik Zhang1, 2 2 Dae Yeon Moon and Jae Bong Lee 1Pukyong National University, Korea , 2National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Korea EcologicalEcological riskrisk assessmentassessment ScopingScoping ScopingScoping Comprehensive(qualitative analysis) UncertainLevel 1 Level 1 Time & $$ Qualitative LH LH (semi-quantitative analysis) Level 2 Level 2 LH LH Focused More certain (quantitative analysis) Level 3 Level 3 Time & $$ Quantitative LH LH Risk Management Response Risk Management Risk Management Response Risk Management (Smith et al, 2007) LevelLevel 2:2: PSAPSA (Productivity(Productivity andand SusceptibilitySusceptibility Analysis)Analysis) dB B =rB( 1 − )qEB − dt K Productivity, r - recovery rate after potential depletion or damage by the fishing activity Susceptibility, q - extent of the impact due to fishing activity PurposePurpose Assessment on the adverse impacts of the Korean tuna longline fishery in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean - target species, non-target species and dependent or associated with the target species Precautionary approach for the stock or ecosystem management and conservation - identification of non-target species for consideration of future research or management - protect biodiversity in the marine environment DataData Survey area N 60o Period: 2005-2008 o 2005 40 Area: Western and Central Pacific Ocean 20o 2007-2008 2006 Source: 2007 0o 2005 - 20,157 catches in number WCPO 20o 2006 EPO - 48 species 40o Collected data by 7 scientific observers 60o from NFRDI in Korea S EW100o 120o 140o 160o 180o 160o 140o 120o 100o 80o SpeciesSpecies Group English name Scientific name Albacore Thunnus alalunga Tunas (5) Bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus Yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares Skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis Bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus Swordfish Xiphias gladius Billfishes (6) Shortbill spearfish Tetrapturus angustirostris Blue marlin Makaira mazara Indo-Pacific sailfish Istiophorus platypterus Striped marlin Tetrapturus audax Black marlin Makaira indica Bigeye thresher shark Alopias superciliosus Sharks Blue shark Prionace glauca (13) Galapagos shark Carcharhinus galapagensis Longfin mako Isurus paucus Shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus Oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus Grey reef shark Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos Smooth hammerhead Sphyrna zygaena Crocodile shark Pseudocarcharias kamoharai Scalloped hammarhead shark Sphyrna lewini Japanese velvet dogfish Zameus ichiharai Salmon shark Lamna ditropis Silky shark Carcharhinus falciformis SpeciesSpecies Group English name Scientific name Turtles Green sea turtle Chelonia mydas (3) Loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta Olive ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea Sickle pomfret Taractichthys steindachneri Other species (21) Black pomfret Taractes rubescens Escolar Lepidocybium flavobrunneum Snake mackerel Gempylus serpens Wahoo Acanthocybium solandri Longnose lancetfish Alepisaurus ferox Pelagic stingray Dasyatis violacea Ocean sunfish Mola mola Great barracuda Sphyraena barracuda Opah Lampris guttatus Dolphinfish Coryphaena hippurus Sharptail mola Masturus lanceolatus Manta ray Mobula japanica Oilfish Ruvettus pretiosus Rainbow runner Elagatis bipinnulata Slender sunfish Ranzania laevis Suck fish Remora remora Flyingfish Prognichthys gibbifrons Crested oarfish Lophotus lacepede Razorback scabbardfish Assurger anzac Shortnose lancetfish Alepisaurus brevirostris SpeciesSpecies compositioncomposition catchcatch inin weightweight Others 27.9% Escolar 39.3% Bigeye Others thresher shark 9.6% 6.6% Sickle pomfret ShortfinMako shark mako 12.2% 22.9% Blue sharkNon- Opah 60.9% Turtles 20.7%Target target 0.3% Others species species 8.2% 43%Sharks 57%Tunas 28.8% 56.8% Billfishes 5.9% Striped marlin Skipjack Bluefin Indo-Pacific Black marlin 16.5% 1.3% 0.1% sailfish 0.8% Yellowfin 5.8% 10.6% Albacore 28.5% Swordfish Shortbill 44.5% Bigeye spearfish Blue marlin 59.4% 2.8% 29.6% Proportion of captured species (weight) by 7 scientific observations from 2005 to 2008 IndicatorsIndicators forfor speciesspecies componentscomponents (Target,(Target, By-catch,By-catch, ProtectedProtected species)species) Productivity attributes Susceptibility attributes • Maximum age • Overlap with fishing effort • Age at maturity • Global distribution • Size at maturity • Adult habitat overlap with • Annual fecundity juvenile • Maximum size • Selectivity • Reproductive strategy • Post-capture mortality • Trophic level Attribute SusceptibilitySusceptibility Indicator Overlap with fishing effort 0m 25m Sea surface 25m sp. A 309m 167m sp. B 309m Maximum hook depth sp. C Reference Species A: High risk (2), 100% Species B: Medium risk (1), 50% point Species C: Low risk (0), 0% bottom AttributesAttributes (CSIRO, 2005) Reference points Attributes Indicators Low (0) Medium (1) High (2) Maximum age (year) < 10 10 – 25 25 < Productivity Age at maturity (year) < 5 5 – 10 10 < Size at maturity (cm) < 40 40 - 200 200 < Maximum size (cm) < 100 100 - 300 300 < Broadcast Demersal Reproductive strategy Live bearer spawners spawners Trophic level < 2.75 2.75 – 3.25 3.25 < Overlap with fishing 309 < 167 < 25 - 309 Susceptibility effort (m) Global distribution Worldwide Hemisphere Locality Adult habitat overlap Low rate Medium rate High rate with juvenile Selectivity No selectivity for longline fishery Post-capture mortality Alive Barely alive Dead EcosystemEcosystem riskrisk assessmentassessment TypeⅠ TypeⅡ 2 High risk High risk Ⅱ Ⅱ Medium risk 1 Indicator Attribute Low risk Susceptibility Low risk Captured mean length 0 12 LengthIndicator at maturity Ⅰ ProductivityAttribute Ⅰ TypeTypeⅠⅠ 300 Tunas Sharks 200 100 Billfishes Other speciesOthers 200 Captured mean length (cm) 100 0 0 100 200 100 200 300 Length at maturity (cm) TypeTypeⅡⅡ 2.0 2 Tunas Billfishes 1.01 Susceptibility 0.00 1.01 2.02 0.00 1.01 2.02 Productivity TypeTypeⅡⅡ TypeTypeⅡⅡ Galapagos shark 2 Oceanic white-tip Shark Oceanic white-tip Shark sharks Scalloped hammarhead shark sharks tunas billfishes tunas Longfin mako 1 Bigeye thresher shark Susceptibility turtles billfishes turtles Blue shark Shortfin mako 0 12 Productivity ConclusionConclusion Not only target tuna species were influenced by the tuna longline fishery, but also non-target species were affected by the fishery WCPFC This study Blue shark- tunas: medium risk Galapagos shark Oceanic white-tip- billfishes: shark medium or high Longfinrisk mako Shortfin mako - sharks: high risk Scalloped hammarhead shark Thresher shark Oceanic white-tip shark - turtles: : medium or high risk - others: medium or high risk ConclusionConclusion For reducing non-target species I. Development and improvement of long-term data collection, monitoring and research programmes II. Enhancement and development of methodology - more robust assessment III.Identification of captured non-target species by other tuna fisheries such as purse seine or pole-and-line Provide wider scientific advices to the policy makers and stakeholders .
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