Geographical Review of Vol. 61 (Ser. B), No. 1, 111-119, 1988

A Review of Studies on Metropolitan Areas in Japan

NObuo TAKAHASHI* and Mlneakl KANNO**

Japanese metropolises have undergone drastic changes over the past 30 years. The concentra tion of population in large cities and subsequent suburbanization, extension of commuter zones and metropolitan areas, and suburbanization of retail and industrial activities have reorganized the metropolitan areas. This paper attempts to review the geographical studies on metropolitan areas in recent decades, paying special attention to the dominant phenomena occurring in metropolitan areas and research trends among them. Studies on metropolitan areas began with the expansion of large cities and urbanization in out lying areas. Later, the processes of metropolitan growth and the structure of metropolitan areas became the main themes of metropolitan studies. As in developed nations in Western Europe and North America, deconcentration of the popula tion and economic activities are common in Japanese metropolitan areas. Hence, geographical stu dies on metropolitan areas are reviewed under the following headings: suburbanization of popula tion, outmovement of industry, suburbanization of retailing, deconcentration of employment, flows of people and commodities, office activities, increase in high buildings and underground establish ments, and suburbanization of housing. Despite the relative decline of the central city in the , tertiary activities as well as office activities still exist in the central part of the city, and the Japanese suburbanization areas do not have serious inner city problems.

large cities, and prefectural seats showed higher I. Introduction growth rates. This implies the in-flow of people from the surrounding areas to regional metropo Japan is an urbanized country. Although its lises and the out-flow of people from large cities to city areas cover only about 28 percent of the coun peripheral cities. It also means the processes of try's land area, they provide living space for the redistribution of people within metropolitan hiusing of 76.7 percent of its people. In 1985, 652 areas, and the reorganization of the surrounding cities housed 93 million people of the national total countryside following the extension of commuter of 121 million. Most of this urban population is zones. concentrated in large urban areas. Nearly one Retail and wholesale activities followed the out fifth of the Japanese people live in large cities with flow of people from the central areas of large cities one million or more residents, and two-fifths of to the suburbs, and manufacturing factories the Japanese live in cities with populations of one moved to the outer areas of large cities. As a hundred thousand to one million. About 60 per result of these processes, Japanese metropolitan cent of the total population of Japan live in 204 areas have undergone considerable changes over cities with populations of one hundred thousand the past 30 years. or more. This paper attempts to review the geographical The growth rate of cities with over one million studies on metropolitan areas of recent decades, people was 0.1 percent from 1975 to 1980, while paying particular attention to the dominant phen the growth rate of cities with populations of one omena in metropolitan areas and research trends hundred thousand to one million was 7.5 percent. among them. Especially, regional metropolises with populations Studies on metropolitan areas started in earnest of 500 thousand to one million, cities located near in the 1950's when the expansion of large cities

* Institute of Geoscience , The University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 Japan ** Department of Geography , Faculty of Liberal Arts, Saitama University, Urawa, Saitama 338 Japan 112 N. TAKAHASHI and M. KANNO

was taking place (YAMAGA,1976). Most of these by prefectural data) reached 45.6 million people studies emphasized the changes in the surround (43.9% of Japan's population). The built-up areas ing areas of large cities. YAMAGA(1968) classified of large metropolitan areas spread out to the sur satellite or suburban cities into three types: inde rounding countryside. Therefore, it is necessary pendent, subordinate, and mixed. He maintained to view urbanization in terms of both central cit that the satellite or suburban cities had the char ies and their hinterlands. Most central cities of acteristics of suburban residential cities or inde metropolitan areas tend to be underbounded whe pendent local cities. Thus, the characteristics of reas metropolitan areas are frequently over cities located near large cities are determined by bounded when delimited by prefectural units. the degree of influence of the large cities. The Thus, many attempts were made to delimit the mixed type has the characteristics of both a sub substantial extent of the metropolitan areas. urban residential area and an independent local TAKANO(1959) investigated the suburbanization city. characteristics outside the central cities, and From the middle of the 1960s, studies on met found that the areas between central cities and ropolitan areas were approached from the view rural villages had the characteristics of suburbs. point of central management functions. During He asserted that metropolitan areas could be iden the period of rapid economic growth, office-based tified by means of data on commuting habits. He activities concentrated in large cities. Thus, the pointed out the hierarchy of metropolitan areas main factor of metropolitan growth was thought based on the data pertaining to commuting and to be not the concentration of secondary activities shopping trips for comparison goods. ISHIMIZU but the concentration of tertiary activities. (1961) analyzed the flow of commuters in the HATTORI(1969) pointed out that in large metropoli area and delimited the Tokyo metropolitan tan areas central management functions were area. Thus, commuting data were used as an dispersed in and outside the CBD's, and he further index of delimitation of metropolitan areas , noticed that subcenters appeared outside CBD's. because commuting data were available in the Almost two decades ago, he had already assumed population census starting from 1955. for a fact the existence of multi-nuclei metropoli The Statistics Bureau, the Prime Minister's tan areas. Office, established a basic scheme for large metro Studies on metropolitan areas mainly focused politan area in 1960, which included a central cit on the process of metropolitan growth and the ies and adjacent built-up areas. Basic criteria for a structure of metropolitan areas, which had a clear built up area are that the area: (a) contains a cen core or center. However, FUJII (1983a) asserted tral city having a population of 500,000 or more; that the growth and patterns of peripheral cities (b) contain central cities situated close together, remain to be studied not from the viewpoint of each having a population of 500,000 or more. large cities but from that of the peripheral cities Additional outlying cities, towns, and village themselves. Further, he argued that future met areas are also included if the following criteria are ropolitan studies should also deal with the reac met: (a) At least one and a half percent of the resi tion of peripheral cities to the influence from large dents in the municipality commute to the central cities and the role of peripheral cities in the city; (b) the municipality is adjacent to the central expansion processes of a metropolitan area. city; and (c) even if a municipality be enclosed by the municipalities included in the metropolitan II. Delimitation of Metropolitan Areas area, it is also included in the metropolitan area, even if the commuters constitute less than one Between 1950 and 1970, the Japanese economy and a half percent of the residents. The boundar rapidly developed, transforming Japan into one of ies of the large metropolitan areas are determined the most important industrial countries in the by the municipal units. However, the large met world. This economic growth was accompanied ropolitan area does not indicate the real shape of by a rapid population movement from rural to the urbanized area. In 1980, eight large metropoli urban regions. By 1970, the population of the tan areas were identified. They were Keihin Tokyo, , and regions (as indicated (Tokyo--Kawasaki), (Osaka Studies on Metropolitan Areas in Japan 113

Kyoto-), Chukyo (Nagoya), III. Changing Metropolitan Areas , , , , and . These large metropolitan areas include 1. Suburbanization of population only large central cities and their neighboring municipalities. The latter still remain medium KI5HIM0T0,M. (1968) reported a rapid population sized cities but are considered metropolitan areas. growth in the Tokyo, Chukyo, and met An attempt was made to establish a unit similar ropolitan areas since the 1960s. ITO,T. (1970) del to that of the United State's Standard Metropoli ineated the Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya metropoli tan Statistical Area (SMSA) by GLICKMAN(1979). tan areas by using the indices of the rate of He called this unit a Regional Economic Cluster population increase and the percentage of commu (REC). This classification scheme began with the ters from the surrounding municipalities. Accord choice of central cities. There were three criteria ing to ITO, these three areas had population of in choosing a potential central city: 15.34, 9.32, and 3.80 millions, respectively in 1960. 1. The 1970 population must have been greater The populations, however, rapidly increased to than 100,000 persons; 19.69, 11.67, and 5.72 millions, respectively, in 2. The ratio of daytime to nighttime population 1965. To identify population changes within a must greater than 1. large urban area, KIsHIMoTo(1970) used the popu 3. Seventy-five percent of the economic house lation concentration ratio (PCR), which is the holds are employed in non-agricultural or ratio of the social change of the population to the "mixed" non -agricultural-agricultural pursuits . original population in a given area. In the Tokyo, Next, municipalities in the commuting fields of Nagoya, and Osaka metropolitan areas, the decen the central cities are determined by the following tralization of population made the PCR negative in four criteria: the central parts of cities, while the PCR was the 1. The number of commuters from the satellite greatest at the periphery of the built-up areas. cities, towns or villages to city A must be The study of migration among prefectures during greater than 500. the period between 1960 and 1970 identified the 2. The ratio of commuters to total employment in Tokyo and Osaka metropolitan areas as core des each city, town, and village must be greater tinations of migation (SAINO,T, and HIGASHI,K. than 5 percent. (1971)). 3. The town or village must be classified as a part Many geographers analyzed population charac of region A if more commuters travel to city A teristics within the metropolitan areas. Represen than to city B. tative studies were carried out as follows. OGA 4. Seventy-five percent of the economic house- SAWARA,S. (1976) examined the natural and social holds must be employed in non-agricultural or population change in relation to the distance from "mixed" non -agricultural-agricultural pursuits. the urban core in the Nagoya metropolitan area. This scheme thus defined the Japanese version Between 1960 and 1970, the natural increase in of the SMSA; moreover there were 80 REC's in population considerably contributed to the total Japan: four in , 57 in Honshu, six in Shi population change in any one metropolitan area. koku, and 13 in Kyushu. The area where the increase occasioned by in KAWASHIMA,T. (1981) set up 86 Functional Urban migrants surpassed the natural increase was Cores (FUC's) which used criteria similar to greater in the urban core and suburban area, GLICKMAN'scriteria for REC. Next, he established while it was less in the rest of the metropolitan Functional Urban Regions (FUR'S) which included area. IsHIGURo(1976), in his study on the out Functional Urban Cores and their hinterlands. migrants from the center of Nagoya, reported that Municipalities were determined according to their the largest cohort of emigrants consisted of people dependencies on FFC's, and were included in one between 20 and 34 years of age, and that the travel of the FUR'S. FUR's, however, consist of central distance of the family migrants was shorter than cities, their commuting fields and areas outside that of the individual migrants. the commuting fields. So, FUR'S may be recog KATO (1980) studied the intra-urban migration nized as broad versions of GLICKMAN'sRFC's. in the Kobe metropolitan area. He identified popu- 114 N. TAKAHASHI and M. KANNO lation movements that took place from the urban areas reached as much as 62 percent of the total core to the suburban areas, due to high rents and sales of Japan between 1960 and 1965. Since 1965, poor living environments. On the basis of an however, centralization began to decrease, espe examination of the regional patterns of change cially in Tokyo and Osaka Prefectures. This that occured in the daytime population density of trend is largely a result of the industrial decentral Tokyo and Osaka between 1930 and 1970, OTOM0 ization policy in the national development plan (1977) indicated out that the point of the highest ning (IDE,TAKEUCHI and KITAMURA(1986)). daytime population density had moved from the TAKEUCHIand MORI(1981) analyzed the distribu commercial area to the office district. tion of factories in 1968 and 1977 in the Tokyo Since the late 1960s, the relationships among metropolitan area and divided that area into two, the three major Japanese metropolitan areas have i.e., the central and peripheral areas. The central been studied by HATTORI(1969). It is reported that area included the 23-wards of Tokyo, Kawasaki, the large urban functions drawn to Tokyo streng Yokohama, and some parts of Saitama and Chiba thened the links between Tokyo and other metro Prefectures. The peripheral area surrounded the politan areas. Further notable research was central area. In the central area, factories accomplished by MoRIKAWA,H. (1985), who ana extended remarkably toward the north remarkab lyzed the urban system through the population ly, and they declined in the 23-wards. The peri movement based upon the 1980 Population pheral area was expanding southeast and east. Census. According to MoRIKAWA,Tokyo was the Factories were steadily decentralized, moving into top of the hierarchy among Japanese cities, fol the peripheral area. lowed by Osaka, which was another national cen 3. Suburbanization of retailing ter. The next rank included Sapporo, Fukuoka, Sendai; and Hiroshima which were regional urban The decentralization of metropolitan functions centers. Nagoya also was a regional urban center involves not only housing and industrial facilities in terms of its functions and structure. In the but also retail businesses. A number of studies , the influence of Tokyo was so discussed the developmental processes of metro strong that such original local centers as prefectu politan areas with the aid of an index of retail ral seats gradually lost their own urban networks. activities in suburban areas. FUJII(1983b) demon strated that metropolitan retail functions rapidly 2. Out-movement of industry developed in the suburban areas but they have Among various urban functions in the metro been maintained or developed in the CBD since politan area, industry has attracted the attention 1960. At the initial stage of decentralization, of many geographers for many years. In Tokyo, higher order retail functions tended to remain in many factories moved centrif ugaly from the core the CBD, while many lower order retail functions industrial region. Relocated factories in the sub were moved to suburban areas (TOMITA,K. (1977)). urban areas drew workers from the central city as Based on case studies in Fukuoka and Sapporo, well as from the local communities. As a conse ITOH, O,(1982) demonstrated different distribution quence, the centrifugal relocation of factories sig patterns of retail businesses. He identified the nificantly contributed to the population change following four types: Clothing retail shops and (YAMAGA,S. (1967)). department stores belong to "centripetal retail The majority of industrial cities in Japan are groups," while food and hard -and kitchenware concentrated in the Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka retail shops are in "dispersed retail groups." metropolitan areas. Tokyo has the largest pro Automobile and agricultural machine shops duct sales, while Nagoya has the largest lot per belong to the members of "street-oriented groups," factory (ITO, G. (1972)). whereas "centrifugal retail groups" include The concentration of industry in the three supermarkets and general retail shops. major metropolitan areas has been a continuing Large retail shops such as supermarkets, which process since the period of the establishment of sell general foods and daily necessaries, play an modern industry in the early twentieth century. important role in the decentralization of retail The sale of the products in these metropolitan functions into suburban areas ARAI (1981) and Studies on Metropolitan Areas in Japan 115

ETSUKI(1987). Supermarkets, which have rapidly fication of the relationships among central places increased since the 1960s, spread from central cit in the metropolitan area. Difficulties to in obtain ies to satellite cities in response to the population ing the data on people and commodity flows, how increase in the suburban areas. Supermarkets ever, had prevented the carrying out of research have also been changing from clothing-oriented until 1960, when commuting data began to appear retail to diversified shopping centers (ITOH, O.1978). in the census. Analyses of such central place net As stated by TSUGAWA,Y. (1982), the decentrali works as daily urban systems have been zation of retail facilities in metropolitan areas lead increasing. to the furnishing of commercial functions in the MURAYAMA(1984) examined the commodity flow surrounding cities. Suburban cities became auto of 30 items among various prefectures. He dem nomous with commercial functions as their cores. onstrated that the flows of industrial products Due to these processes, metropolitan areas have were marked within the Pacific coast belt zone, acquired a multiple nuclei structure. especially in the three major metropolitan areas. By contrast, the commodity flow patterns of 4. Deconcentration of employment primary and light industrial products were dis Interrelationships between central and peri tributed nationwide with Hokkaido, Tokyo, Aichi, pheral cities in the metropolitan area have been Osaka, and Fukuoka as their cores. studied focusing on urban labor force balance. HAN,J. S. (1983) discussed the passenger flows ISHIMIZU,T. (1961) examined the labor supply from in Japan in relation to the means of transporta surrounding cities to the central Tokyo in the tion. He identified an interregional system involv early 1960s to find the relationship between the ing a high percentage of railroad use in the Tokyo labor supply and the time distance from the cen metropolitan area and a higher use of automobiles tral city. Metropolitan growth in Tokyo did not with increasing distance from large urban areas. reach the point of deforming the balance of the Passenger flows by air are mainly concentrated local markets at that time. between Tokyo and Hokkaido, and Shikoku, and TOMITA,K. (1975) analyzed the employment Kyushu. opportunities in Japanese metropolitan areas One example of the studies of commuter flows based upon the 1960, 1965, and 1970 census data. is ICHIMINAMI's(1978) Study which was conducted In the 1960s central cities of large metropolitan in the Nagoya metropolitan area. The homogene areas grew into agglomerations of various func ous regional structure of the Nagoya metropolitan tions capable of bearing the high rental cost. area was largely determined by such factors as Employment opportunities also expanded. Peri commerce, industry, office workers, agriculture, pheral areas drew urban functions which could demography, urban land use, and employment in not survive in central cities. ToMITAclaimed that primary and secondary activities. ICHIMINAMI the majority of metropolitan areas in Japan could (1978) identified a concentric zone structure with be classified according to the magnitude of urban central Nagoya as its core. functions in central cities. ITOH, S. (1983) attempted to explain the daily A5AMI,Y. (1980) applied a cross spectral analysis rhythm in Tokyo's 23 wards in terms of automo to analyze the leads and lags of new job offers and bile traffic flow. He identified small functional economic changes in the northwestern Tokyo regions according to commuting in the morning, metropolitan area. He concluded that central three major functional regions during the day Tokyo attracted industries with large invest time, and a collapse in functional regions in the ments and administrative-information industries evening based on trips involving going home and which bring about economic growth. Peripheral private business, respectively. Tokyo, by contrast, contained resource-oriented 6. Office activities industries which were somewhat behind the eco nomic trends. Historical studies of the locations of central managerial functions in Tokyo, Osaka, and 5. Flows of people and commoditties Nagoya reported a rapid increase in corporate An important aspect of study has been the clari headquarters in the 1920s and a proliferation of 116 N. TAKAHASHI and M. KANNO

branch offices in the late 1920s (ABE1976). It was 7. Increase in high-rise buildings and in the 1920s that central managerial activities underground establishments began to agglomerate in specific districts of the metropolitan area. The high rent of Japanese urban space intersi FUKUHARA(1977) analyzed the 1970 census to fied urban land use. Underground streets began discover importance of central governmental in Tokyo in 1930, when subways were estab administrative offices, the headquarters of private lished. Construction of buildings higher than 31 firms in central Tokyo. According to YAMAGA meters, on the other hand, had long been prohi (1984), the number of private firms with a capital bited, as a rule, for fear of earthquakes. Advance of more than one billion yen in the three large ment of construction techniques, however, made metropolitan areas amounted to 84 percent of the it legally and technically possible to establish total number of such firms in Japan, in 1974. buildings higher than 100 meters. Approximately 60 percent of these firms were WAKITA(1976), in his macroscopic study on land located in the Tokyo metropolitan area alone. values in the Tokyo metropolitan area, identified a YOSHIDA,H. (1970) analyzed the agglomeration of concentric zone structure: the land value was branch offices in the regional cities of Sapporo, higher at the central part of the city where traffic Sendai, Hiroshima and Fukuoka, and found a sim density was high, in terms of the number of major ilar urban structure in these cities. The average traffic routes and stations per acreage. size of the corporate headquarters of these branch As buildings became taller, urban underground offices was relatively large and the majority of space has been expanded. TODOKORO(1986), in his these companies had headquarters in Tokyo, or study of the vertical distribution of urban activi Osaka. The establishment of new branch offices ties in Nagoya, demonstrated that the high-rise became common in the late 1950s in response to buildings in the central part of the city housed the expansion of the companies and markets. complex activities and these activities were verti ABE (1970) categorized cities into five classes cally distributed. Vertical distribution was with the aid of the degree of agglomeration of cen related to horizontal distribution. Namely, the tral managerial functions. These classes include: percentages of business, amusement, and retail Class l: Tokyo, Class 2: Osaka, Class 3: Nagoya, activities in high-rise buildings decreased as the Class 4: Fukuoka, and Class 5: Yokohama. Each distance from the first floor became greater, while class had its own managerial territory. In Japan, that of residential, cultural, educational, and Tokyo and Osaka attracted the majority of central industrial activities increased. managerial functions, especially financial and TANABE(1973) studied the use of underground insurance businesses. space as one of three major changes in Japanese TAKAHASHI(1979) chronologically examined the urban cores. He classified cities with under geographical locations of new and abandoned ground spaces based upon their origin and, then branches in Tokyo and identified the expansion discussed their characteristics, kinds of busi process of branch networks of financial busi nesses, and their relation to the CBD. nesses. The financial sphere which collected dep YAMASAWA(1980) analyzed the underground spa osits covered the fringes of the metropolitan area, ces adjacent to Yokohama station. He identified while the majority of loan businesses took place the underground spaces as a retail district, which only in the CBD and subcenters. Thus, private complement such ground space as the business capital is concentrated in large cities, especially in district. specific districts of Tokyo. By contrast, popula Unlike in western cities, Japanese urban tion, industry, retail, and housing are distributed underground stores and facilities have become in the suburbs of cities. As a result, these urban new popular commercial spaces in the CBD due to functions influence the economic activities in the the development of subways and motorization. In peripheral areas of large cities, and these func general, a city wiht 100,000 people has facilities tions are responsible for the expansion of metro having one underground retail floor, that with one politan areas. million people has facilities with two floors, and facilities in a city of ten million have three under Studies on Metropolitan Areas in Japan 117

ground floors. It is expected that the increasing ies, and suburbanization became a common phe land values of the Japanese urban core will accel nomenon in metropolitan areas. erate the expansion of the underground space. As metropolitan growth continued, several sub centers have been formed within the metropolitan 8. Suburbanization of housing area, and its urban structure is probably acquir As metropolitan growth takes place, the resi ing a multiple-nuclei pattern. According to future dential area expands. FUJII, T. (1981) examined plans for the Tokyo metropolitan area, several such satellite cities as , , and subcenters will be the assigned roles as locations as the nodes in the Keihanshin metro for retail and office activities in the metropolitan politan area. He identified the roles of these satel area. lite cities as urban expansion bases as well as the Despite the relative decline of the central city, stations through which metropolitan functions the Japanese metropolitan areas do not have "severe" inner city problems were transmitted to local regions. . Although some UEN0,K. (1984, 1985a, 1985b) analyzed the resi studies indicated the beginning of inner city prob dential structure of Tokyo from 1920 to 1970 lems, these problems did not receive any special through the factorial ecology method. Based on attention. the traditional system of regionalization utilized Many topics still remain to be studied: Will slow since the Edo period, the residential structure of economic growth make metropolises more attrac Tokyo in 1920 was mainly determined by family tive for working and living? Will there be more and social status, like other industrialized socie out-migrants from the central city, with its sky ties. He found that, in 1970, the structure became rocketing land prices, to suburban areas? What more complicated due to modernization. While changes will the Japanese metropolitan structure the basic structure consisted of concentric zones, undergo? Studies on the mechanism of the trans the western part had the characteristics of an formation of metropolitan areas, comprehensive "uptown" area and the eastern part of the studies on metropolitan areas, and building mod "downtown ." els, which conceptually or descriptively explain BIT0, A. (1985), in his analysis on the Tokyo the transformation processes of metropolitan metropolitan regional structure, identified a con areas, are important future tasks for urban centric residential structure in the commuter's geographers. zone, and sector residential areas based upon land (ReceivedNovember 17, 1987) conditions and agricultural land use outside the (Accepted February 15, 1988) commuter's zone. References IV. Concluding Remarks ABE, K. (1973): A Study of Economic Management As we have seen, the Japanese metropolises Centers of Major Cities in Japan. Geographical Review of Japan, 46,92-106. (J-E) have undergone drastic changes over the last 30 ABE, K. (1976): Considerations historiques sur la years. To live in inner parts of a big city became localisation des fonctions de gestions des affairs eco less favored and there was an increasing popula nomique au centre-ville aux cas des celles de Tokyo, tion growth in the suburbs. A recent survey of Osaka, et Nagoya. Annals of the Japan Association of Economic Geographers, 22, 20-38. (J-F) population in 1986 indicates the continuing out ARAI,Y. (1981): The Role of the Multi-good Merchandis migration from the central city in the Tokyo met ing Stores in the Suburbanization of Retail Activity in ropolitan area, and subsequent suburban growth a Metropolitan Region. Proceedings of the Department of population. of Humanities, University of Tokyo, 73(7),15-40. (J) Hence, an important question arises: Will this ASAMI,Y. (1980): Leads and Lags of Economic Fluctua trend of decentralization continue? It is often said tions in Terms of New Job Offers: The Case Study of the Northwestern Part of the Tokyo Metropolitan that Japan will likely follow the patterns of urban Area. Geographical Review of Japan, 53,329-344. (J-E) development of other developed nations. As in the BIT0, A. (1985): Regional Structure of Metropolitan , rural depopulation accompanied Tokyo as Seen from the Distribution of Owner- the high concentration of population in large cit Occupied Houses. Geographical Review of Japan (Ser, 118 N. TAKAHASHI and M. KANNO

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Japan (Ser. B), 58, 24-48. (E) City in Outer Zone of the Metropolitan Region, Edited UENO, K. (1985b): The Residential Structure of Tokyo by the Japan Society of Urbanology,10, 5-13. (J) during the Pre-War II Period of Showa (1930). Science YAMAGA, S. (1984): Nihon no dai toshi ken (Japanese Met Report, Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, ropolitan Regions) Taimei-do, 132 p. (J) Sect. A, 6,1-28. (E). YAMASAWA, T. (1986): The Geographical Study of YAMAGA,S. (1967): Tokyo daitoshi ken no kenkyu (Studies Underground Space at Yokohama Station, Annals of on the Tokyo Metropolitan Region). Taimei-do, 249 p. the Tohoku Geographical Association, 38, 292-305. (J) YOSHIDA, H. (1970): Agglomeration of the Branch Offices YAMAGA,S. (1968): The Characters and Typology of Out in the Regional Central Cities. Geographical Review of

lying Cities of Tokyo, Journal of Municipal Problems, Japan, 43,183-189. (J-E) 20, 58-76. (J) WAKITA, T. (1976): Dai toshi no chika keisei (Formation of YAMAGA,S. (1976): Trends and Problems on Urban Stu Land Prices in Large Cities). Taimei-do, 164 p. (J) dies of the "Outer Zone" of the Metropolitan Region,

日本における大都市圏研究

高橋 伸夫*・ 菅野 峰明**

日本 の大 都 市 は 第 二 次 世界 大戦 後,大 きな変 化 を遂 げ るの は,欧 米 の 先 進 諸 国 と同様 に,人 口 と経 済 活 動 の 分 て きた 。大 都 市 へ の 人 口 集 中 とそ れ に伴 う郊外 化,通 勤 散(郊 外 化)で あ る。 そ こで,大 都 市 圏 の現 象 を,人 口 圏 お よび都 市 圏 の 拡 大,そ して 商 業 ・工業 活 動 の 郊 外 へ の 郊 外 化,都 市 内 部 か ら郊外 へ の工 場 の移 転,小 売 業 の の 進 出 に よ って,大 都 市 の 内 部 だ け で は な く,都 市 圏 全 郊 外 化,雇 用 の 分 散,人 と財 の流 れ と結 びつ き,オ フ ィ 域 にわ た って 地 域 の 再 編 成 が 行 わ れ た 。 また,近 年 の 経 ス 活 動,高 層 建 築 物 と地 下街 の増 加,住 宅 地 域 の 形 成 と 済 活 動 の 分 散 に よ り,大 都 市 圏 は多核 的 な構 造 に変 化 し 発 展 に分 け,こ れ らに つ い て の研 究 動 向 と問題 を展 望 し て い る と もい わ れ て い る。 た。 本 論 文 は,第 二 次 世 界 大 戦 後 の 日本 の 大都 市 地 域 に生 大 都 市 圏 にお け る中 心 都 市 の相 対 的地 位 の低 下 に もか じた顕 著 な現 象 に注 目 しなが ら,大 都 市 圏 の 地理 学 的研 か わ らず,日 本 の 大 都 市 の 中心 部 は オ フ ィス活 動 を中 心 究 の動 向 を考 察 し,そ の なか の問 題 を検 討 した 。 とす る第 三 次 産 業 が 集 中 し,都 心 の衰 退 とい う現 象 はみ 大 都 市 圏 研 究 は,大 都 市 へ の人 口集 中 に よ る郊外 化, られ な い。 また,イ ンナ ーシ テ イ 問題 も大 き な問 題 とは つ ま り大都 市 周 辺 部 の都 市 化 の研 究 か ら始 ま り,大 都 市 な っ て い な い。 の成 長 過 程 や大 都 市 圏 の構 造 な どが 主 な研 究 テ ー マ とな 大 都 市 圏 の 近 年 の 構 造 変化 に 関す る研 究 に は,残 され った 。 日本 に は大 都 市 圏 を 的確 に と らえ る統 計 単 位 が な た課 題 が 多 い。 従 来 の 研 究 にお い て も,大 都 市 圏 化 や 大 い た め,大 都 市 圏 を実 質 的 に設 定 す る試 みが い くつか な 都 市 圏 の変 容 を一 側 面 か ら分析 す る研 究 が ほ とん どで あ され て き た。 ア メ リ カ合 衆 国 のMSAに 相 当 す る よ うな っ た。 大 都 市 圏 の 変 容 を推 し進 め る メ カ ニ ズ ム に 関す る 統 計 単位 を設 定 す る試 案 もあ った が,ま だ広 く使用 され 研 究,大 都 市 圏 を総 合 的 に検 討 す る研 究,そ して その 変 て い るわ け で はな い 。 容 過 程 を示 す 説 明 的 あ る い は概 念 的 モ デ ル の 検 討 な ど 近 年,日 本 の 大 都 市 圏 にみ られ る現 象 と して あげ られ は,残 さ れ た課 題 の最 重 要 な もの の 一例 で あ ろ う。

* 〒305茨 城 県 つ くば市 天 王 台1-1筑 波 大 学 地 球 科 学系 ** 〒338埼 玉 県 浦 和 市 下 大 久 保255埼 玉 大 学 教 養 学 部