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An Empirical Study of Obsolete Answers on Stack Overflow
1 An Empirical Study of Obsolete Answers on Stack Overflow Haoxiang Zhang, Shaowei Wang, Tse-Hsun (Peter) Chen, Ying Zou, Senior Member, IEEE, and Ahmed E. Hassan, Fellow, IEEE Abstract—Stack Overflow accumulates an enormous amount of software engineering knowledge. However, as time passes, certain knowledge in answers may become obsolete. Such obsolete answers, if not identified or documented clearly, may mislead answer seekers and cause unexpected problems (e.g., using an out-dated security protocol). In this paper, we investigate how the knowledge in answers becomes obsolete and identify the characteristics of such obsolete answers. We find that: 1) More than half of the obsolete answers (58.4%) were probably already obsolete when they were first posted. 2) When an obsolete answer is observed, only a small proportion (20.5%) of such answers are ever updated. 3) Answers to questions in certain tags (e.g., node.js, ajax, android, and objective-c) are more likely to become obsolete. Our findings suggest that Stack Overflow should develop mechanisms to encourage the whole community to maintain answers (to avoid obsolete answers) and answer seekers are encouraged to carefully go through all information (e.g., comments) in answer threads. Index Terms—Q&A Website, Stack Overflow, Obsolete Knowledge, Knowledge Sharing. F 1 INTRODUCTION ECHNICAL Q&A websites are becoming an important to handle such a situation2. Additionally, a survey of 453 T and popular platform for knowledge sharing and learn- Stack Overflow users reports that outdated code on Stack ing. They have revolutionized how users seek knowledge Overflow is one of the most important issues that users on the Internet. -
Clojure.Core 12
clojure #clojure 1 1: Clojure 2 2 2 Examples 3 3 1 : Leiningen 3 3 OS X 3 Homebrew 3 MacPorts 3 Windows 3 2 : 3 3 : 4 ", !" REPL 4 4 ", !" 4 ( ) 5 2: clj-time 6 6 Examples 6 6 - 6 6 6 joda - 7 - - 7 3: Clojure destructuring 8 Examples 8 8 8 9 9 9 fn params 9 10 10 : 10 Key 10 . 11 4: clojure.core 12 12 Examples 12 12 Assoc - / 12 Clojure 12 Dissoc - 13 5: clojure.spec 14 14 14 Examples 14 14 fdef : 14 14 clojure.spec / & clojure.spec / 15 15 16 16 18 6: clojure.test 19 Examples 19 ~. 19 19 deftest 19 20 . 20 Leiningen 20 7: core.async 22 Examples 22 : , , , . 22 chan 22 >!! >!! >! 22 <!! <!! 23 23 put! 24 take! 24 24 8: core.match 26 26 Examples 26 26 26 26 26 9: Java interop 27 27 27 Examples 27 Java 27 Java 27 Java 27 27 Clojure 28 10: 29 29 29 Examples 29 29 11: 30 Examples 30 30 30 31 IntelliJ IDEA + 31 Spacemacs + CIDER 31 32 12: 33 Examples 33 33 . 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 35 35 13: 36 36 36 Examples 36 36 36 14: 38 38 38 Examples 38 38 15: 39 39 Examples 39 (- >>) 39 (->) 39 (as->) 39 16: 40 40 Examples 40 40 40 40 17: 41 Examples 41 http-kit 41 Luminus 41 42 42 42 18: CIDER 43 43 Examples 43 43 43 19: 45 Examples 45 45 45 20: 46 46 Examples 46 46 46 48 52 55 58 21: 63 Examples 63 & 63 22: 64 64 64 Examples 64 64 64 / 65 23: 66 Examples 66 66 : 66 67 You can share this PDF with anyone you feel could benefit from it, downloaded the latest version from: clojure It is an unofficial and free clojure ebook created for educational purposes. -
Stack Overflow Question Retrieval System Vishi Cline Southern Methodist University, [email protected]
SMU Data Science Review Volume 1 | Number 2 Article 13 2018 Stack Overflow Question Retrieval System Vishi Cline Southern Methodist University, [email protected] Abhishek Dharwadkar Southern Methodist University, [email protected] Rajni Goyal Southern Methodist University, [email protected] Daniel Engels Southern Methodist University, [email protected] Raghuram Srinivas Southern Methodist University, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/datasciencereview Recommended Citation Cline, Vishi; Dharwadkar, Abhishek; Goyal, Rajni; Engels, Daniel; Srinivas, Raghuram; and Rafiqi, Sohail (2018) "Stack Overflow Question Retrieval System," SMU Data Science Review: Vol. 1 : No. 2 , Article 13. Available at: https://scholar.smu.edu/datasciencereview/vol1/iss2/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in SMU Data Science Review by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. Stack Overflow Question Retrieval System Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License Authors Vishi Cline, Abhishek Dharwadkar, Rajni Goyal, Daniel Engels, Raghuram Srinivas, and Sohail Rafiqi This article is available in SMU Data Science Review: https://scholar.smu.edu/datasciencereview/vol1/iss2/13 Cline et al.: Stack Overflow Question Retrieval System Stack Overflow Question Retrieval System Abhishek Dharwadkar1, Vishi Cline1, Rajni Goyal1 Daniel Engels2, Raghuram Srinivas2, Sohail Rafiqi2 1 Master of Science in Data Science, Southern Methodist University 6425 Boaz Lane, Dallas, TX 75205 {avdharwadkar, rajnig, vcline, rsrinivas}@mail.smu.edu {dwe, srafiqi}@lyle.smu.edu Abstract. -
EHR Usability Test Report of Pediatricxpress, Version 20
Page | 1 EHR Usability Test Report of PediatricXpress, Version 20 Report based on ISO/IEC 25062:2006 Common Industry Format for Usability Test Reports Date of Usability Test: January 30, 2019 – February 8, 2019 Date of Report: February 11, 2019 (updated 10/28/20) Report Prepared by: PhysicianXpress, Inc. Vene Quezada, Product Specialist [email protected] 877-366-7331 409 2nd Avenue, Suite 201 Collegeville, PA 19426 Page | 2 Table of Contents 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 2 INTRODUCTION 10 3 METHOD 10 3.1 PARTICIPANTS 10 3.2 STUDY DESIGN 12 3.3 TASKS 13 3.4 RISK ASSESSMENT 1 4 3.4 PROCEDURE 15 3.5 TEST LOCATION 16 3.6 TEST ENVIRONMENT 16 3.7 TEST FORMS AND TOOLS 17 3.8 PARTICIPANT INSTRUCTIONS 17 3.9 USABILITY METRICS 19 3.10 DATA SCORING 20 4 RESULTS 21 4.1 DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORTING 21 4.2 DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS 25 5 APPENDICES 29 5.1 Appendix 1: Participant Demographics 30 5.2 Appendix 2: Informed Consent Form 31 5.3 Appendix 3: Example Moderator’s guide 32 5.4 Appendix 4: System Usability Scale questionnaire 43 5.5 Appendix 5: Acknowledgement Form 44 Page | 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A usability test of PediatricXpress, version 20, ambulatory E.H.R. was conducted on selected features of the PediatricXpress version 20 E.H.R. as part of the Safety- Enhanced Design requirements outlined in 170.315(g)(3) between January 30th , 2019 and February 8, 2019 at 409 2nd Avenue, Collegeville, PA 19426. The purpose of this testing was to test and validate the usability of the current user interface and provide evidence of usability in the EHR Under Test (EHRUT). -
Glitch.Com What Is Glitch?
glitch.com What is Glitch? “Everybody has good ideas of things we want to make on the Internet. But honestly, it’s gotten too hard. Gomix fixes that. If you’re not a professional developer, the barriers are way too high. There are pretty good tools if you just went to make a marketing website or a blog, but if your idea is an app or a bot or something more interactive, you’re out of luck. It ought to be as easy to make an app as it is to edit a blog post or to change a formula in a spreadsheet.” Anil Dash, December 6, 2016 https://medium.com/gomix/introducing-gomix-aec205c421cb#.fqutfey03 https://glitch.com/about/ Glitch handles the mess • While you work with Glitch, it will seamlessly upgrade your servers and cloud infrastructure in the background. • There’s no deployment or server provisioning because it all happens automatically. Backed by a real company Glitch • Glitch is made by Fog Creek, one of the most influential small tech companies in the world. • They made Trello, FogBugz and co-created Stack Overflow. Why did they make it In some ways, Glitch is a throwback to an older era of software or the internet, when there were simpler ways to get started making cool stuff. For people who were around at that time, they'll understand Glitch easily: It brings “View Source” back. The ability to just look at the code behind something, and tweak it, and make your own thing, was essential to making the Internet fun, and weird, and diverse, in its early days. -
An Analysis of Python's Topics, Trends, and Technologies Through Mining Stack Overflow Discussions
1 An Analysis of Python’s Topics, Trends, and Technologies Through Mining Stack Overflow Discussions Hamed Tahmooresi, Abbas Heydarnoori, and Alireza Aghamohammadi F Abstract—Python is a popular, widely used, and general-purpose pro- (LDA) [3] to categorize discussions in specific areas such gramming language. In spite of its ever-growing community, researchers as web programming [4], mobile application development [5], have not performed much analysis on Python’s topics, trends, and tech- security [6], and blockchain [7]. However, none of them has nologies which provides insights for developers about Python commu- focused on Python. In this study, we shed light on the nity trends and main issues. In this article, we examine the main topics Python’s main areas of discussion through mining 2 461 876 related to this language being discussed by developers on one of the most popular Q&A websites, Stack Overflow, as well as temporal trends posts, from August 2008 to January 2019, using LDA based through mining 2 461 876 posts. To be more useful for the software topic modeling . We also analyze the temporal trends of engineers, we study what Python provides as the alternative to popular the extracted topics to find out how the developers’ interest technologies offered by common programming languages like Java. is changing over the time. After explaining the topics and Our results indicate that discussions about Python standard features, trends of Python, we investigate the technologies offered web programming, and scientific programming 1 are the most popular by Python, which are not properly revealed by the topic areas in the Python community. -
The Curious Case of Posts on Stack Overflow
The curious case of posts on Stack Overflow Shailja Shukla Subject: (Information Systems) Corresponds to: (30 hp) Presented: (VT 2020) Supervisor: Mudassir Imran Mustafa Department of Informatics and Media 1 Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................... 8 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 8 1.1. Background ................................................................................................................ 8 1.2. Motivation ................................................................................................................ 10 1.2 Research Questions .................................................................................................. 11 1.3 Delimitation: ............................................................................................................ 12 1.4 Limitation:................................................................................................................ 12 Chapter 2 ................................................................................................................................. -
How to Communicate with Developers
How to Communicate with Developers Employer branding, job listings, and emails that resonate with a tech audience Developers are one of the most in-demand groups of employees these days. And guess what, they noticed this as well: Countless approaches by potential employers, sometimes several messages a day through Linkedin, and a few desperate recruiters even cold calling. So those with technical talents are by no means oblivious to the talent shortage. The good news is that they don’t just use this bargaining power to simply negotiate the highest salaries and most outrageous benefits. Instead, developers are intrinsically motivated. They are looking for the right place to work. Your challenge in this noisy jobs market is to clearly communicate what defines your employer brand, what work needs doing, and, ultimately, who might be the right fit for the role. All of this is easier said than done. Because tech recruiting is a complex business, it is easy to not see the forest for the trees. This guide will help you decide where to start or what to fix next. In the first and more general part, we would like you to take a step back. Before we even think about how to package our job opening and approach a candidate with our offer, we look at what information and knowledge you should gather about your tech team and the company at large. Following that, we will take a practical look at how to write and talk about your company and the role, with a special focus on the job listings and a recruiting emails as a first introduction. -
Mining Stack Overflow for Questions Asked by Web Developers
Mining Stack Overflow for Questions Asked by Web Developers An Empirical Study by Kartik Bajaj B.Tech., VIT University, 2012 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE in The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies (Electrical and Computer Engineering) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) December 2014 © Kartik Bajaj 2014 Abstract Modern web applications consist of a significant amount of client-side code, written in JavaScript, HTML, and CSS. In this thesis, we present a study of common challenges and misconceptions among web developers, by mining related questions asked on Stack Overflow. We use unsupervised learning to categorize the mined questions and define a ranking algorithm to rank all the Stack Overflow questions based on their importance. We analyze the top 50 questions qualitatively. The results indicate that (1) the overall share of web development related discussions is increasing among developers, (2) browser related discussions are prevalent; however, this share is decreasing with time, (3) form validation and other DOM related discussions have been discussed consistently over time, (4) web related discussions are becoming more preva- lent in mobile development, and (5) developers face implementation issues with new HTML5 features such as Canvas. We examine the implications of the results on the development, research, and standardization communi- ties. Our results show that there is a consistent knowledge gap between the options available and options known to developers. Given the presence of knowledge gap among developers, we need better tools customized to assist developers in building web applications. ii Preface The thesis is an extension of empirical study of questions asked by web de- velopers on Stack Overflow conducted by myself in collaboration with Pro- fessor Karthik Pattabiraman and Professor Ali Mesbah. -
Understanding and Predicting Software Developer Expertise in Stack Overflow and Github
Understanding and Predicting Software Developer Expertise in Stack Overflow and GitHub by Sri Lakshmi Vadlamani A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Computer Science with Specialization in Data Science Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario ©2021 Sri Lakshmi Vadlamani The undersigned recommend to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs acceptance of the Thesis Understanding and Predicting Software Developer Expertise in Stack Overflow and GitHub Submitted by Sri Lakshmi Vadlamani in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Computer Science Dr. Olga Baysal, Thesis Supervisor Dr. Alan Tsang, Internal Examiner Dr. Omair Shafiq, External Examiner Dr. Matthew Holden, Chair of Defence Dr. Michel Barbeau, Department Chair Carleton University 2021 ii Abstract Knowledge and experience are touted as both the necessary and sufficient condi- tions to make a person an expert. This thesis attempts to investigate this issue in the context of software development by studying and predicting software developer's expertise based on their activity and experience on GitHub and Stack Overflow plat- forms. The thesis studies how developers themselves define the notion of an \expert", as well as why or why not developers contribute to online collaborative platforms. An exploratory survey was conducted with 73 software developers and a mixed methods approach was applied to analyze the survey results. The results provided deeper insights into how an expert in the field could be defined. The study provides a better understanding of the underlying factors that drive developers to contribute to GitHub and Stack Overflow, and the challenges they face when participating on either platform. -
Thematic Cycle 2: Software Development Table of Contents
THEMATIC CYCLE 2: SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT THEMATIC CYCLE 2: SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SDLC (software development life cycle) tutorial: what is, phases, model -------------------- 4 What is Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)? --------------------------------------------------- 4 A typical Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) consists of the following phases: -------- 4 Types of Software Development Life Cycle Models: ------------------------------------------------- 6 2. What is HTML? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages. -------------------------------- 7 Example of a Simple HTML Document---------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Exercise: learn html using notepad or textedit ---------------------------------------------------- 11 Example: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration explained ------------------------------------------------------------ 13 HTML Headings ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 Example: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 HTML Paragraphs ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Example: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -
Characteristics and Challenges of Low-Code Development: the Practitioners' Perspective
Characteristics and Challenges of Low-Code Development: The Practitioners’ Perspective Yajing Luo1, Peng Liang1∗, Chong Wang1, Mojtaba Shahin2, Jing Zhan3 1School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 2Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia 3Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, United States {luoyajing, liangp, cwang}@whu.edu.cn, [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT ACM Reference Format: 1 1∗ 1 2 3 Background: In recent years, Low-code development (LCD) is Yajing Luo , Peng Liang , Chong Wang , Mojtaba Shahin , Jing Zhan . growing rapidly, and Gartner and Forrester have predicted that the 2021. Characteristics and Challenges of Low-Code Development: The Prac- titioners’ Perspective. In ACM / IEEE International Symposium on Empirical use of LCD is very promising. Giant companies, such as Microsoft, Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM) (ESEM ’21), October 11–15, Mendix, and Outsystems have also launched their LCD platforms. 2021, Bari, Italy. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3475716.3475782 Aim: In this work, we explored two popular online developer communities, Stack Overflow (SO) and Reddit, to provide insights on the characteristics and challenges of LCD from a practitioners’ 1 INTRODUCTION perspective. Method: We used two LCD related terms to search With the growth of the Internet and the wave of digitalization, the relevant posts in SO and extracted 73 posts. Meanwhile, we there is a growing need for enterprises to make quick and resilient explored three LCD related subreddits from Reddit and collected responses to changing market requirements [15]. According to the 228 posts.