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The Precambrian Geology of Casper Mountain, Natrona County, Wyoming

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The Precambrian Geology of Casper Mountain, Natrona County, Wyoming The Precambrian Geology of Casper Mountain, Natrona County, Wyoming U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1460 THE PRECAMBRIAN GEOLOGY OF CASPER MOUNTAIN, NATRONA COUNTY, WYOMING CASPER MOUNTAIN Precambrian rocks Paleozoic rocks ROAD Paleozoic cap FRONTISPIECE (above and facing page). View of Casper Mountain from Casper, Wyo. Photograph by A.E. Burford. Precambrian bozoic cap Hogadon Ski Area The Precambrian Geology of Casper Mountain, Natrona County, Wyoming By DOLORES J. GABLE, ARTHUR E. BURFORD, and ROBERT G. CORBETT With a section on THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF ITS GROUND WATER By ROBERT G. CORBETT U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1460 A mineral, geochemical, structural, and ground-water study of the Casper Mountain Precambrian terrain UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1988 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gable, Dolores J., 1922- The Precambrian geology of Casper Mountain, Natrona Coxmty, Wyoming. (U.S. Geological Survey professional paper ; 1460) On cover: Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.16:1460 1. Geology, Stratigraphic Pre-Cambrian. 2. Geology Wyoming Casper Mountain Region. 3. Water, Underground Wyoming Casper Mountain Region. I. Burford, Arthur E. II. Corbett, Robert G. III. Geological Survey (U.S.) IV. Title. V. Series. QE653.G33 1987 551.7T097S793 86-600419 For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section U.S. Geological Survey Federal Center Box 25425 Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract ........................................... 1 Geochemistry of the igneous and metamorphic rocks ..... 24 Introduction ....................................... 1 Sedimentary rocks .................................. 26 Physical setting .................................... 2 Structural geology .................................. 26 Geologic setting .................................... 3 Regional setting ................................. 26 The metamorphic complex ............................ 7 Precambrian structures ........................... 27 Metasedimentary rocks ........................... 7 Foliation .................................... 28 Impure quartzite ............................. 7 Lineation ................................... 28 Gneiss ...................................... 9 Biotite-quartz-plagioclase gneiss and biotite- Folds ....................................... 30 quartz-plagioclase schist ................. 9 Faults ...................................... 30 Biotite-feldspar-quartz gneiss ............... 10 Joints ...................................... 30 Amphibolite .................................... 11 Laramide structures ............................. 32 Origin of the metamorphic complex ................ 12 Folds ....................................... 32 Mafic-ultramafic intrusive rocks ....................... 13 Faults ...................................... 33 Ultramafic intrusive rocks ........................ 14 Joints ...................................... 36 Serpentinite ................................. 14 Tectonic synthesis ............................... 38 Chromite schist .............................. 15 Economic geology ................................... 39 Other ultramafic rocks ........................ 15 Summary and conclusions ............................ 39 Mafic intrusive rocks ............................. 16 Geochemistry of Ground Water, by Robert G. Corbett .... 41 Hornblendite and hornblende diorite ............ 17 Field collection, and analysis ....................... 41 Diabase dikes ................................ 18 Laboratory determination ......................... 41 Granitic rocks ...................................... 19 Gneissic granite ................................. 19 Chemical composition of seeps and springs .......... 41 Granite gneiss and pegmatite ..................... 20 Hardness and specific conductance ................. 43 Rhyolitic dikes .................................. 23 Chemical composition in relation to geologic source ... 44 Origin of the granitic rocks ....................... 23 References cited .................................... 49 ILLUSTRATIONS FRONTISPIECE View of Casper Mountain PLATE 1. Map of the Precambrian geology of Casper Mountain ................................................ In pocket FIGURE 1. Map showing regional geologic setting for Casper Mountain ............................................. 4 2. Generalized structure map of east and central Wyoming ................................................. 6 3. Photographs of quartzite interlayered with amphibolite gneiss and metaconglomerate ........................ 8 VII VIII CONTENTS FIGURE 4. Photograph of outcrop of migmatite in biotite-quartz-plagioclase gneiss .................................... 10 5. Photograph of biotite-quartz-plagioclase gneiss and hornblende schist in outcrop ............................ 10 6. Photomicrographs of inequigranular biotite-quartz-plagioclase gneiss and biotite schist ....................... 11 7. Photomicrographs of biotite-feldspar-quartz gneiss ...................................................... 13 8. Photograph of outcrop of typically sheared and fractured serpentinite ..................................... 14 9. Photomicrographs of serpentinite, peridotite, and other mafic-ultramafic rocks .............................. 16 10. Photomicrograph of hornblende diorite and photograph of hornblendite .................................... 18 11. Photographs of hand specimens of gneissic granite and granite gneiss and pegmatite ........................ 20 12. Photomicrographs of gneissic granite ................................................................. 22 13. Photomicrographs of granite gneiss .................................................................. 25 14. Ternary diagram for gneissic granite and granite gneiss and pegmatite .................................... 26 15. Photographs of pegmatite quarry .................................................................... 27 16. Diagram showing orientation of foliation, Casper Mountain Precambrian ................................... 36 17. Diagrams showing orientation of lineations, Casper Mountain Precambrian ................................. 37 18. Diagram showing orientation of joints, Casper Mountain Precambrian ..................................... 38 19. Block diagrams of joint set maxima, Casper Mountain Precambrian ....................................... 38 20. Locality map for seep and spring water samples ........................................................ 43 21. Diagram showing hardness versus specific conductance for water from springs and seeps ..................... 44 22. Piper diagram showing composition of water from granitic rocks, serpentinite, sedimentary rock, and soil associated with serpentine bedrock ......................................................................... 45 23. Piper diagram showing composition of hard water of high specific conductance from granitic rocks, serpentinite, sedimen­ tary rocks, and soil associated with serpentinite .................................................... 46 24. Piper diagram showing composition of soft water of low conductance from granitic rocks, serpentinite, and soil associated with granitic rocks ............................................................................. 48 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Modes for biotite-quartz-plagioclase gneiss and schist and for schistose amphibolite ......................... 12 2. Modes for biotite-feldspar-quartz gneiss ............................................................... 14 3. Modes for gneissic granite .......................................................................... 21 4. Modes for enclaves in gneissic granite ................................................................ 24 5. Modes for granite gneiss and pegmatite ............................................................... 24 6. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses for gneissic granite ............................................ 28 7. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses for granite gneiss and pegmatite ................................. 28 8. Rapid rock chemical analyses for gneissic granite, granite gneiss and pegmatite, amphibolite, and serpentinite ... 29 9. Rapid rock chemical analyses for biotite schist and biotite-feldspar-quartz gneiss ............................ 30 10. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses for biotite gneiss .............................................. 31 11. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses for biotite-feldspar-quartz gneiss ................................. 32 12. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses for mafic-ultramafic rocks ...................................... 33 13. Sedimentary rocks cropping out at Casper Mountain .................................................... 34 14. Preferred orientations of joint sets and interpreted conjugate joint systems to which they belong .............. 39 15. Paired stereographic solutions of plane intersections .................................................... 39 16. Chemical and physical characteristics of seeps and springs from granitic rocks and soil derived from granitic rocks, serpentinite and soil derived from serpentinite, and sedimentary rocks ................................. 42 THE PRECAMBRIAN GEOLOGY OF CASPER MOUNTAIN, NATRONA COUNTY, WYOMING By DOLORES J. GABLE, ARTHUR E.
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