Performance Evaluation of the Developed Solar Powered Poultry Egg Incubator for Chicken

Home , Egg incubation

Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 6:67-81(2018) Southern Leyte State University, Sogod, Southern Leyte, Philippines

Fe Alin T. Dalangin1 Adolfo C. Ancheta2 1Provicial Agricultural Services Oﬃce Maasin City, Southern Leyte 2Graduate School Southern Leyte State University Sogod, Southern Leyte, Philippines

Abstract A Solar Powered Poultry Egg Incubator (SPPEI) was developed and tested to evaluate its performance, and it was compared to an existing incubator that can incubate chicken eggs within the temperature range of 35◦C to 40◦C. The main components of the developed incubator are the incubating unit, the temperature device and the photovoltaic (PV) system. The developed incubator had 73% hatchability, 71% vigorous chicks and fewer dead embryos compared to the existing incubator that had 60% hatchability, 58% chick vigor and more embryos. The developed incubator hatched chicks starting on the 18th day until the 21st day of incubation, while the existing incubator hatched chicks on the 18th day until the 22nd day of incubation. The average temperatures in the developed incubator were within the acceptable incubation temperature range: at 37.72◦C (99.89◦F) in the morning , at 37.94◦C in◦ the afternoon (100.29◦F), and at 37.83◦C (100.09◦F) in the evening, while with the existing incubator, it is within 38.67◦C (101.6◦F), 38.74◦C (101.7◦F) and 38.52◦C (101.3◦F). The average relative humidities in the developed incubator are 60% in the morning, 60.3% in the afternoon and also 60.3% in the night while that of the existing incubator are 60%, 57.33% and 59%, respectively. The egg incubator was able to maintain the optimum conditions for the hatching of the chicken eggs, and was capable of incubating and hatching the chicken eggs eﬀectively.

Keywords: Temperature; Humidity; Ventilation; Hatchability; Chick vigor; Egg incubator

Introduction role of providing fertile eggs with optimum environmental conditions (temperature, egg Population growth globally causes an increase turning, relative humidity and ventilation) of chicken eggs’ demand in the world (Boleli to stimulate embryonic development until et al., 2016; Ajiwiguna et al., 2018). Poultry hatching (French 1997; Othman et al., farming helps with the agricultural production 2014; Aru 2017). The egg incubator is a of chicken eggs that commonly starts from device which can control the temperature backyard farms. Poultry farming may include and humidity in preparation for the hatching egg hatching, brooding, and incubation. process. By using an egg incubator, the hen Incubation is the process undergone for the does not need to incubate the eggs manually. poultry to hatch their eggs, and to develop Thus, this incubator device can help farmers the embryo within the egg. Incubators with the hatching of eggs to produce chickens. are machines, which simulate the hen’s The vital factor of incubation is the constant

*Correspondence: [email protected] ISSN 2545-9732 Dalangin and Ancheta* JSET Vol.6, 2018 temperature required over a specific period eggs. Incubation is the process of assisting for the eggs’ development. In domestic fowls, the development of a fertilized egg from an the act of sitting on the eggs to incubate embryo to a live chick at the right time by them is called brooding. In most poultry providing such factors such as heat, humidity, species, body heat from the brooding parent ventilation, and turning of the eggs (Boleli et provides the constant temperature. The al., 2016). humidity is also critical because if the air is The developed solar poultry egg incubator too dry, the egg loses too much water to the of Bolaji (2008) used a solar collector with atmosphere, which can result in difficulties built-in thermal storage. The incubator in hatching. As incubation proceeds, the harvested a temperature of 51.8◦C to 72.4◦C, eggs will normally become lighter, and the air depending upon the solar radiation. The space within the egg will normally become incubation was maintained throughout the larger, owing to evaporation from the egg. incubating period within a temperature range (Benjamin & Oye, 2012; Ramli et al., 2015). of 37◦C to 39.5◦C, and with relative humidity Thus, the chick quality is highly influenced ranging from 58% to 71.5%. The percentage by the conditions during incubation that has of fertility and hatchability of the eggs were a significant impact on subsequent chicks’ 85% and 78.5%, respectively. The works performance. The embryo’s temperature has of Irtwange (2003) and Ahiaba et al., (2015) a significant influence on the embryo’s researched on passive solar heating for development and chick performance. poultry chick brooding. The percentage Embryonic development is a continuous fertility and hatchability recorded were 74.4% process that can roughly be divided into three and 73.1%, respectively, with 21 days as the different phases: differentiation, growth and incubation period. It showed that the solar maturation (Molenaar et al., 2013; Othman et energy application is a sustainable energy al., 2014). Differentiation of organs occurs in supply for poultry production. the first days of incubation, while the growth Several sources of energy such as and maturation of the organs occur in the later kerosene-based systems, generators or phases of development. Each of these phases the combination were used by poultry requires specific incubating conditions. As the farmers to power incubators in rural areas. embryo grows, its metabolic rate increases, Different types of small-scale poultry egg and this is accompanied by increased heat incubators with different heat sources have production (Boleli et al., 2016). An incubator been developed. One of these includes a is an apparatus that is used to provide kerosene powered incubator (Adewumi et these environmental conditions, such as al., 2008). The use of kerosene systems can temperature and humidity, which have to be lead to fire outbreak and is known to produce controlled. toxic gases which are harmful to the eggs, An artificial incubator is a chamber in which poultry and poultry farmers (Okonkwo et al., temperature, humidity and ventilation are 2012). The hurricane lantern incubator of controlled to hatch a relatively large number Abiola, et al., (2008) and the non-thermostatic of eggs than a single hen can handle at a controlled electric incubator of Ogunwande et time (Sansomboonsuk, 2011; Brinsea, 2014). al., (2015) were found feasible and boosted Temperature is the most important factor in the chick’s production. These electric and incubation efficiency. The heat required for diesel-based generators for egg incubators incubation is usually provided by electricity. pose technical and operational challenges Artificial incubation is favored to increase the that rural areas cannot currently deal with. production of chicks. Hatching involves the The cost of diesel fuel to reach and circulate production of day-old chicks from the parent in rural communities is very high, maybe due stock through artificial incubation of fertile to poor transport facilities, thereby resulting

68 Dalangin and Ancheta* JSET Vol.6, 2018 in the electricity generation becoming very of days to hatch. Likewise, the temperature expensive. Moreover, the use of diesel fuel and relative humidity inside the incubator were also pollutes the environment and contributes also determined. In this research work, an to the nation’s emissions of greenhouse effective egg incubator was developed based gases. The development of incubators on the ideal chicken egg hatching device powered by renewable energies such as that contained a thermometer and thermostat the solar-powered incubator is suitable for switch for controlling the optimal temperature small-scale farm and hatchery operations. and humidity. It was designed for tilting the Other types of modern commercial egg chicken eggs at an angle of 45◦ three times incubators like Adegbulugbe et al., (2013); a day, and it was able to maintain optimum Okpagu and Nwosu (2016); Shittu et al., conditions for chicken egg hatching. The (2017); Kalubarme et al., (2018); and Sanjaya advantage of this incubator machine was that et al., (2018) are heated using electricity, it was operated by solar energy system such have automatic egg turning devices, and that it could operate 24 hours without a power are equipped with automatic controls to outage. Thus, this work increased the rate of maintain the proper levels of temperature and chick production for the poultry farmers in the humidity. Their incubators can control the locality to have a sustainable economy. temperature, humidity, and eggs automatically based on modern technology nowadays using Methodology a microcontroller. The modern commercial egg incubator shows the best result for Materials hatching the eggs. The advantage of these smart incubators are: ease of controlling Table 1 shows the various materials used in and monitoring and efficiency in saving the existing and developed incubators. the farmer’s energy. As a result, these systems are better than other conventional egg Thermometer and Thermostat incubators. However, a smart incubator could face frequent power shortages which may A thermometer is a device that measures affect the efficiency of the incubator machine. temperature. A thermometer has two A backup power source is suggested for important elements: the temperature sensor the entire period of incubation to prevent such as the bulb on mercury in the glass this interruption. Thus, the study of Gbabo thermometer in which some physical change et al., (2014); Pallavi et al., (2018); and occurs with a change in temperature, plus Agbo et al., (2018), recommended that the some means of converting this physical solar energy system be used as a backup change into a numerical value (Benedict, source of electrical energy when it comes to 2009; Okpagu & Nwosu, 2016). A mercury a power outage. Solar energy is the best thermometer was used and placed below alternative energy to be used for this because the egg tray to monitor the temperature. A it is clean and readily available throughout thermostat was placed to regulate and control the year. Therefore, solar power enhances the temperature inside the incubating chamber the performance efficiency of this incubation to maintain its recommended temperature machine. Of all poultry egg incubators, range from 35◦C to 40◦C. the solar-powered egg incubator is the most appropriate incubator to be used in poultry 12 V DC Fan farming systems. This research work was conducted to A mechanical fan is a machine used to create determine the percentage of hatchability, flow within a fluid, typically a gas such as air. embryo mortality, chick vigor and the number The fan consists of a rotating arrangement of

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Table 1. Materials of the existing and developed incubators Particulars Existing Incubator Developed Incubator Capacity of the Egg Tray 100 100 System size 25 cm x 42 cm x 49 cm 63 cm x 36.5 cm x 61 cm Ventilation 30.8 W, 220V, Cooling fan 1.8W 12V, DC fan Egg turning process Manual Semi-automatic Source of Heat 50W incandescent bulb (1 pc) 44W LED bulb (4pcs x11W) Power Source Grid (220V AC) Solar PV system Control System Thermostat Thermostat Power Consumption High (80.8 W) Low (45.8 W) vanes or blades which acts on the ﬂuid. The (depth), 36.5cm (width), and 63cm (height). rotating assembly of blades and hub is known It was made from 12 mm thick plywood. as an impeller, a rotor, or a runner. The major The incubator has four stands. The insides function of a fan in an incubator is to cool or of the cabinet were covered with insulation circulate heat in the system (Steve 2010; & foam to minimize heat losses by absorption Shittu et al., 2017). This egg incubator used and transmission through the walls to the a 12V, 1.8 W DC fan mounted at the back atmosphere. The door of the incubator is portion to ventilate the air inside the incubator made from plywood and glass. Plywood was machine for cooling. chosen because of its insulating properties, ease in fabrication, durability and availability in LED bulb the local market. Likewise, glass was chosen for the visibility of the eggs inside. Schematic In the developed incubator, the source of heat diagram, structural design and photographs was a 44 W (4 x 11 W) LED bulb powered by a of the developed chicken egg incubator are solar PV system. The heat in the egg incubator shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3, respectively. was 34.47 W.

Egg Turning Trays Solar PV System The trays for egg turning are very important The PV system is composed of a solar panel, for the positioning of the eggs. The egg a solar charge controller and a battery. The incubation chamber is composed of two egg power output of the panel was 100 W, that trays that have the capacity of 100 eggs spread was suﬃcient enough to power charge the in the two trays. The developed incubator’s 12 V/100Ah battery using a solar charge egg trays were rectangular, with dimensions controller. A 10A solar charge controller was of 40.77cm (length), 20.84cm (width) and used to prevent from overcharging. A battery 6.0cm (height). The distance between the capable of operating the egg incubator for trays was enough to prevent the base of 24 hours was required. The Ampere rating the upper tray from touching the eggs that of the battery was divided by the Ampere may be set at the lower tray. In this egg consumption of the system. incubator, the eggs were turned at least three times per day for normal embryonic Methods development to take place. The gap between the trays, when turned to an angle of 45◦ is Description of the design 35.5mm. Manual turning of eggs was not An Incubator for chicken eggs was constructed required. Egg-turning failures may reduce to test and evaluate its performance. The the formation of embryonic ﬂuids, as well as incubator box’s dimensions were 61cm hinder the formation and growth of embryonic

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Figure 1. Schematic diagram

Figure 2. Structural design annexes, thereby hindering embryonic and Temperature fetal development (Robinson et al., 2013; Boleli et al., 2016). Figure 4 shows the turning Heat energy is a major requirement for of egg trays. successful hatching of eggs into chicks and eventual growth of the young chicks in the brooding house to maturity (Ahiaba et al., 2015). Temperature is a very important factor in egg incubation. The best hatch is

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Figure 3. Photographs of the developed egg incubator

Figure 4. Turning of egg tray a.) vertical and b.) horizontal incubator (modiﬁed from Brinsea Incubation Handbook) obtained by keeping the temperature at 37◦C Okpagu & Nwosu 2016). In this egg incubator, throughout the incubation period when using the temperature values were within the range a forced-air incubator. Minor ﬂuctuations (less of 35◦C- 40◦C. The total heat required to raise than 0.5◦C) above or below 37◦C may be the temperature of the incubator was obtained tolerated, but temperatures should not vary from the summation of all heat parameters more than a total of 1◦C (Iqbal et al., 2014; like air, egg, water, plywood and glass. The

72 Dalangin and Ancheta* JSET Vol.6, 2018 total heat generated was 3.08 watts. The and installed from the rear side, as well as the summation of all calculated heat loss around upper end of the incubator, to ensure proper the incubator was 6.45 watts. The actual distributions of temperature and humidity. The heat required for the incubator was 9.53 watts. volume and total mass of the incubator were Having a total heat generated by the LED bulb 0.1403 m3 and 0.1725 kg respectively. which was 44 watts, the remaining heat in the incubator was 34.47 watts. The incubator Performance Evaluation of the Egg required 3.81 system amperage, 100 W solar Incubator panel, 10 A solar charge controller, and a 12V 100Ah/20h lead acid rechargeable battery in The hatchability, embryo mortality and chick order to function. vigor rate of the eggs were determined using equations (1) (2) and (3), respectively.

Humidity Hatchability rate (%) = Humidity was carefully controlled to prevent number of eggs hatched x100 (1) unnecessary loss of egg moisture. The number of egg incubated relative humidity in the incubator between setting and three days before hatching was at 58%-60% (Othman et al., 2013; Umar et al., 2016). Humidity is the amount of water Embryo mortality rate (%) = vapor (water that has turned from a liquid number of dead embryo to an invisible gas) in the air. Humidity is x100 (2) number of fertile eggs measured by placing two thermometers inside the incubator. One of the thermometers (the wet bulb) has a wet wick around it, and the wet-bulb thermometer reads a Chick vigor rate (%) = lower temperature than the normal (dry-bulb) thermometer (Van der Pol et al., 2013; number of healthy chicks x100 (3) Umar et al., 2016). The difference in the number of hatched chicks temperature readings given by the dry-bulb and the wet-bulb thermometers is a direct measure of the relative humidity. If the relative humidity inside the incubator is too low or too Results and Discussions high, there is a hatching problem called red hocks. These chicks may suffer from weak Hatchability legs (Othman et al., 2013; Omar et al., 2016). In this egg incubator, a water tray was placed Table 2 shows that there was a significant at the bottom floor of the egg incubator cabinet difference (ρ>0.05) between the number of to increase and maintain the humidity in the fully hatched chicks and unhatched eggs incubator during the experimental period. incubated in the developed incubator and those incubated in the existing incubator. Air Ventilation However, there was no significant difference (ρ>0.05) between the number of partially Ventilation plays a role in cooling an hatched eggs in the developed incubator overheated egg incubator, as well as making and existing incubator. Information on sure that the oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange the significant difference reflects the is maximized (Umar et al., 2016). The air capability of the developed incubator ventilation in this research work was provided regarding hatchability. Its capability is

73 Dalangin and Ancheta* JSET Vol.6, 2018 more effective regarding fully hatched chicks optimum incubation temperature. (73%) compared to that of the existing incubator (60%). The developed incubator Days to Hatch Chicks was more effective in terms of the number of partially hatched eggs (2%) compared The eggs started hatching on the 18th day up to that of the existing incubator with higher to 22nd day of incubation. The peak hatching incidence (4%). The developed incubator has days of eggs incubated in the developed a lower number (19%) of unhatched eggs than incubator is 20 days, while in the existing the existing incubator (35%). The average incubator, it is 21 days, as shown in Figure percent hatchability reported in the literature 5. The trend shows that the eggs differ in the ranges between 27% and 75% (Okonko & days of hatching. According to Ogunwande Chukwuezie, 2012; Iqbal et al., 2014; Othman (2015), hatching of eggs beyond 21 days may et al., 2014; Mansaray & Yansaneh, 2015). have been due to the consistent temperature In the experiment performed, such results fluctuations during incubation. This hatching were obtained. This study, which yielded may happen if the temperature is too low and 73% hatchability could have resulted from the the humidity is too high during the incubation uniform turning of the eggs. period. Wafadar et al., (2011), Rogelio The results showed that stable incubation and Vinyl (2016), and Roovert-Reijrink (2016) operating conditions was achieved and cited that a reduction of the ventilation rate maintained using solar energy for sustainable can increase carbon dioxide concentrations egg incubation. Thus the developed design in the hatcher above 0.8% and in the air of the egg incubator contributed to the cell, that triggers the embryo to hatch earlier. improvement of its performance, as compared However, the developed incubator obtained to the performance of the the existing 33% hatchability out of the 25 eggs loaded. incubator. The developed incubator had a built-in Temperature turning device that semi-automatically turned the egg trays together thus reducing the Shown in Fig. 6 are the average temperatures frequency of opening the chamber of the of the developed and existing incubators device. This is congruent to the discussion in the morning, in the afternoon and at of King’ori (2011), which states that the night. The average temperatures inside the manual turning of eggs is very crucial to the developed incubator and existing incubator developing embryos. Based on the review were within the suggested temperature conducted by the King’ori (2011), there are range, but the existing incubator nearly many factors contributing to the failure of a exceeded the maximum temperature limit. fertile egg to hatch which include lethal genes, The developed incubator was suitable for insufficient nutrients in the egg and exposure the incubation of fertile poultry eggs. The to conditions that do not meet the needs temperature inside the existing incubator was of the developing embryo. The position of higher compared to the developed incubator egg storage influences hatchability. Eggs because the incubator thermostats were stored with the small end up have higher calibrated by different operators. The existing hatchability than eggs stored with the large incubator used one 50W incandescent bulb, end up. Hatchability of small eggs is lower which produced more heat compared to the than that of the medium and large eggs developed incubator that used 4 pieces of (Shingane et al., 2011; Benjamin & Oye, 11W LED bulb, which produced lesser heat. 2012; Radhakrishnan, 2014; Manasary & It has been reported by some researchers Yansaneh, 2015). The eggs may not hatch that the temperature is the most critical factor if the temperature drops or rises above the for incubation as it affects both quantity and

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Table 2. Parameter comparisons between the developed and the existing incubator designs Data Parameters Type of incubator design N # of α t-value p-value success Hatchability Fully hatched Developed design 85 62 0.7294 2.0078 0.045 Existing design 184 111 0.6033 Partially hatched Developed design 85 2 0.0235 -0.804 0.421 Existing design 184 8 0.0435 Unhatched Developed design 85 16 0.1882 -2.743 0.006 Existing design 184 65 0.3533 Dead Embryo (23 days) Developed design 85 23 0.2706 -2.0078 0.044 Existing design 184 73 0.3967 Chick Vigor Developed design 85 60 0.7089 2.036 0.042 Existing design 184 106 0.5761 Note: if α-values<0.05, diﬀerence is signiﬁcant at 5%, otherwise not.

Figure 5. Trend for the number of days required to hatch chicks in the existing and developed incubators quality of hatching (Molenaar et al., 2013; suggested that a range of 36◦C(96.8◦F) to Mansaray and Yansaneh, 2015; Almeida et al., 38.9◦C(102.02◦F) is acceptable. This implies 2015). A constant incubation temperature of that these eggs were fertile. Mortality is 37.8◦C (100.04◦F) is the thermal homeostasis seen if the temperature drops below 35.6◦C of the chick embryos and gives the best (96.8◦F) or rises above 39.4◦C(102.92◦F) for embryo development and hatchability (Abiola some hours. If the temperature stays at either et. al., 2008; Benjamin et al., 2012; Manasary of the extremes for several days, the eggs & Yansaneh, 2015). These researchers may not hatch. recommended that incubator temperature should be maintained between 37.2◦C (98.96◦F) and 37.7◦C (99.86◦F), but they

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Figure 6. Temperature readings of the existing and developed incubators

Relative Humidity to the water pan, and it affected the relative humidity. When water levels increased, the Loss of water in eggs during the incubation relative humidity increased and when water period, and the rate of loss depend on levels dropped, the relative humidity also the relative humidity maintained within the dropped. The existing incubator’s ventilation hatching chamber. The recommended relative rate also affected the relative humidity inside humidity parameters of Van der Pol et al. the chamber. The existing incubator used a (2013), Ogunwande et al. (2015), and cooling fan with higher ventilation rate/speed Rogelio et al. (2016) were adopted. The which contributed to the lowering of relative average relative humidity in the developed humidity. The results generally showed that egg incubator were 60% in the morning, the developed incubator and the existing 60.3% in the afternoon and night, while incubator can provide balance incubation that of the existing incubator were 60%, conditions of the growing embryo. 57.33% and 59%, respectively. Figure 7 The study of Harb et al., (2010) stated that shows the average relative humidity inside lower relative humidities during incubation the developed incubator and the existing and spawning affect hatchability. Adequate incubator, in the morning, in the afternoon and relative humidity during incubation may in the evening. Figure 3 shows that the relative prevent the embryo from sticking to the shells humidity were within the recommended range (Oguwande et al., 2015). of 55% to 65%. The relative humidity in the existing incubator dropped in the Dead Embryos afternoon due to the frequent opening of incubator door during the manual turning of The data showed that there was a significant the eggs. At night and early morning, the difference (ρ<0.05) between the number of eggs were not turned, thus opening of the dead embryos incubated in the developed incubator was not required, unlike during incubator and those incubated in the existing daytime when the incubator operator turned incubator. The capability of the developed the eggs. During daytime, water was added incubator was better than the existing

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Figure 7. Relative humidities of the existing and developed incubators incubator (40%). The embryonic mortalities Roovert-Reijink (2016) stated that in a may have been caused by bacterial or fungal hatchery, there are many factors that need to infection of the eggs in the chamber, or the be optimized to maximize the chick quality. presence of cracks (micro) on the egg shells Besides the design of the incubators, the through which the embryos may have been incubation process and factors such as vulnerable (Abiola et al., 2008 and Abraham eggshell temperature and carbon dioxide et al., 2014). Mortality may also be caused by concentrations aﬀect embryo development, malposition due to genetic factors, positioning chick quality and performance. Enibe (2002) of the eggs in the incubation trays, age, size and Kuye et al., (2007), observed that of eggs and many other factors. (Ngambi incomplete healing of the umbilical cord mostly et al., 2013). The developed but unhatched occurs because of incubator defects such as chicks may have been unhealthy (Almeida et reduced airﬂow, decreased temperature, and al., 2015) or have a genetic weakness. increased relative humidity.

Chick Vigor The developed incubator was significantly different (ρ<0.05) from the existing incubator Data showed that there was a significant on its hatchability regarding the number of difference (ρ<0.05) between the chick vigor in fully hatched chicks and unhatched eggs. The the developed incubator and those incubated ρ values for fully hatched chicks, unhatched in the existing incubator. The capability chicks, unhatched eggs, dead embryo or shell of the developed incubator was better than death and chick vigor, reflected significant the existing electric incubator regarding chick differences which showed that the developed vigor, (71%) compared to that of the existing incubator was performing better than the incubator (58%). Out of 62 hatches in the existing incubator regarding hatchability. The developed incubator, there were two weak and trend of hatching eggs started on the 18th 60 vigorous chicks. The two weak chicks had day up to the 22nd day of incubation. The physical abnormalities: one with navel buttons peak hatching day of the eggs incubated in and the other with split legs. the developed incubator was 20 days, while

77 Dalangin and Ancheta* JSET Vol.6, 2018 in the existing incubator, it was 21 days. The electric egg incubator. International temperature and relative humidities inside the Journal of Scientific and Engineering developed incubator and the existing incubator Research, 4(9), 914-918. were within the suggested acceptable range of 36◦C (96.8◦F) to 38.9◦C (102.02◦F) and Adewumi, A.A., Ayodele, I.A., & Lameed, 55% to 65%, respectively. G.A. (2008). The effect of incubator type on hatchability and chick survival of emu dromaius novae hollandiae (Le Conclusion Souef 1907). Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 12(2), The developed incubator was found effective 13-15. and operated 24 hours a day throughout the incubation period. The hatchability and Agbo, D.O., Otengye, O.J, & Dodo, S.H. chick vigor of the system were 73% and 71%, (2018). Proposed development of a respectively. The developed egg incubator solar powered automated incubator was able to maintain the temperatures of for chickens. International Journal the incubator between 37◦C and 39◦C with of Engineering and Techniques, 4(1), the use of the temperature controller. The 2395-1303. graphs obtained showed that the chicken egg incubator performed its desired function Ahiaba, U.N., Theresa, U.V., & Obetta, S.E. of hatching eggs effectively because the (2015). Development and evaluation of a temperature and humidity values were passive solar powered system for poultry within the required ranges. The utilization egg incubation. International Journal of the solar-powered poultry egg incubator of Engineering Research and General can give a solution to major constraints of Science, 3, 748-760. power inadequacy in commercial poultry egg incubations. Ajiwiguna, T.A & Suprayogi, K. I. (2018). Application of thermoelectric module as heater for eggs incubator system. International Journal of Applied References Cited Engineering Research, 13(11), 9871-9873. Abiola, S.S., Afolabi, A. O., & Dosunmu, O. J. (2008). Hatchability of chicken eggs Almeida VR, Morita VS, Sgavioli S, Vicentini as influenced by turning frequency in TI, Castiblanco DMC, & Boleli I.C. (2016). hurricane lantern incubator. African Incubation temperature manipulation Journal of Biotechnology, 7(23). during fetal development reduces pp. 4310-4313. Retrieved from adiposity of broiler hatchlings. Poultry https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB07.482 Science, 95(2), 316-324.

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