DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of Meal Fructose/Glucose Composition on Postprandial Glucose Appearance and Hepatic Glycogen Synthesis in Healthy Subjects

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of Meal Fructose/Glucose Composition on Postprandial Glucose Appearance and Hepatic Glycogen Synthesis in Healthy Subjects Journal of Clinical Medicine Article Effects of Meal Fructose/Glucose Composition on Postprandial Glucose Appearance and Hepatic Glycogen Synthesis in Healthy Subjects Cristina Barosa 1, Rogério T. Ribeiro 2, Rita Andrade 2, João F. Raposo 2 and John G. Jones 1,2,* 1 Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; [email protected] 2 Education and Research Center, Associação Protetora dos Diabéticos de Portugal (APDP), 1250-189 Lisbon, Portugal; [email protected] (R.T.R.); [email protected] (R.A.); [email protected] (J.F.R.) * Correspondence: john.griffi[email protected] Abstract: Dietary fructose overshadows glucose in promoting metabolic complications. Intestinal fructose metabolism (IFM) protects against these effects in rodents, by favoring gluconeogenesis, but the extent of IFM in humans is not known. We therefore aimed to infer the extent of IFM by comparing the contribution of dietary fructose to systemic glucose and hepatic glycogen appearance postprandially. Twelve fasting healthy subjects ingested two protein meals in random order, one supplemented with 50 g 5/95 fructose/glucose (LF) and the other with 50 g 55/45 fructose/glucose (HF). Sources of postprandial plasma glucose appearance and hepatic glycogen synthesis were determined with deuterated water. Plasma glucose excursions, as well as pre- and post-meal insulin, c-peptide, and triglyceride levels were nearly identical for both meals. The total gluconeogenic contribution to plasma glucose appearance was significantly higher for HF versus LF (65 ± 2% vs. Citation: Barosa, C.; Ribeiro, R.T.; 34 ± 3%, p < 0.001). For HF, Krebs cycle anaplerosis accounted for two-thirds of total gluconeogenesis Andrade, R.; Raposo, J.F.; Jones, J.G. (43 ± 2%) with one-third from Triose-P sources (22 ± 1%). With LF, three-quarters of the total Effects of Meal Fructose/Glucose gluconeogenic contribution originated via Krebs cycle anaplerosis (26 ± 2%) with one-quarter from Composition on Postprandial Triose-P sources (9 ± 2%). HF and LF gave similar direct and indirect pathway contributions to Glucose Appearance and Hepatic Glycogen Synthesis in Healthy hepatic glycogen synthesis. Increasing the fructose/glucose ratio had significant effects on glucose Subjects. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 596. appearance sources but no effects on hepatic glycogen synthesis sources, consistent with extensive https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040596 IFM. The majority of fructose carbons were converted to glucose via the Krebs cycle. Academic Editors: Tomoaki Morioka Keywords: fructose; deuterated water; glycemic profile; indirect pathway; intestinal gluconeogenesis and Radica Alicic Received: 21 October 2020 Accepted: 29 January 2021 Published: 5 February 2021 1. Introduction Over the past few decades, consumption of refined sugar, which includes sucrose Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral and high-fructose corn syrup, has sharply increased worldwide and is implicated in the with regard to jurisdictional claims in increased prevalence of obesity and its metabolic complications such as nonalcoholic fatty published maps and institutional affil- liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes [1,2]. While the glucose and fructose components iations. of refined sugar are isocaloric, the pathophysiology of NAFLD and related complications seems to be accelerated more by fructose than glucose [2]. Thus, there is high interest in understanding how this is linked to the differential metabolism of these sugars by the body. The liver has long been assumed to be the main site for fructose metabolism [3,4]. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. However, recent studies in mice have shown a capacity for intestinal fructose metabolism Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. coupled to intestinal gluconeogenesis [4,5]. By this mechanism, fructose is immediately This article is an open access article metabolized by intestinal tissues, with glucose and other metabolic products such as lactate distributed under the terms and and alanine appearing in the portal vein blood [4]. This has two important implications conditions of the Creative Commons for the metabolism of refined sugar. First, metabolism of fructose by the liver is limited Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// to conditions where the intestinal capacity is exceeded, for example following high sugar creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). intake. Second, to the extent that fructose is converted to glucose by the intestine, intake of a J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 596. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040596 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jcm J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 596 2 of 12 J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 12 tatefructose and alanine load thatappearing is within in the the portal intestinal vein blood metabolic [4]. This capacityhas two important will result implica- in a portal vein glucose tionsexcursion for the metabolism resembling of thatrefined from sugar. a glucose First, metabolism load of theof fructose same size.by the Thus, liver is from lim- the perspective of itedthe to portal conditions glucose where sensor, the intestinalβ-cell capacity insulin is response, exceeded, andfor example systemic following glycemic high excursion, fructose sugar intake. Second, to the extent that fructose is converted to glucose by the intestine, intakeand glucose of a fructose loads load of thisthat is size within are indistinguishable.the intestinal metabolic The capacity activity will of result intestinal in a gluconeogenesis portalappears vein to glucose be highly excursion species resembling dependent that from [5], a and glucose for load humans, of the thesame capacity size. Thus, of intestinal fructose frommetabolism the perspective in relation of the portal to the glucose amount sensor, of refined β-cell insulin sugar response, intake isand not systemic well characterized. glycemic excursion, fructose and glucose loads of this size are indistinguishable.2 The ac- Thus, our aim was to apply deuterated water ( H2O) to determine the sources of tivity of intestinal gluconeogenesis appears to be highly species dependent [5], and for humans,systemic the glucose capacity of appearance intestinal fructose and hepaticmetabolism glycogen in relation synthesis to the amount following of refined meal tolerance tests sugarwith intake low andis not high well characterized. fructose levels, respectively. Thus,As summarizedour aim was to apply in Figure deuterated1, the water contribution (2H2O) to determine of the the meal sources fructose of sys- and glucose com- temicponents glucose to appearance the appearance and hepatic of circulating glycogen synthesis glucose following and hepatic meal tolerance glycogen tests can be estimated withby measuringlow and high fructose their positional levels, respectively.2H-enrichments from 2H O[6–8]. In humans, the 2H- As summarized in Figure 1, the contribution of the meal fructose and2 glucose com- ponentsenrichment to the appearance distribution of circulating of the glucosyl glucose and components hepatic glycogen of newly-synthesized can be estimated liver glycogen bycan measuring be noninvasively their positional measured 2H-enrichments via from “chemical 2H2O [6–8] biopsy”. In humans, of uridinethe 2H-enrich- diphosphate glucose men(UDP-glucose)t distribution of by the Paracetamol glucosyl components and analysis of newly- ofsynthesized the urinary liver glycogen Paracetamol can be glucuronide prod- noninvasivelyuct [9,10]. From measured this via information, “chemical biopsy” the fractional of uridine diphosphate contributions glucose of direct(UDP-glu- and indirect pathway cose) by Paracetamol and analysis of the urinary Paracetamol glucuronide product [9,10]. Fromfluxes this to information, newly-synthesized the fractional glycogen contributions can of bedirect estimated. and indirect Fructose pathway isfluxes metabolized to glyco- togen newly exclusively-synthesized via glycogen the indirect can be estimated. pathway Fructose [8], while is metabolized dietary glucose to glycogen is converted ex- to glycogen clusivelyvia both via direct the indirect and indirect pathway pathways[8], while dietary [11–13 glucose]. Thus, is converted the relative to glycogen contributions via of direct and bothindirect direct pathwaysand indirect topathways hepatic [11 glycogen–13]. Thus,synthesis the relative arecontributions influenced of direct in part and by the availability indirectof fructose pathways relative to hepatic to glucose glycogen at synthesis the hepatocyte are influenced level. in part by the availability of fructose relative to glucose at the hepatocyte level. 2 2 [5- H],[6S- H]Glycogen [5-2H]Glycogen Glycogen 2 2 [5- H],[6S- H]UDPG 2 2 [5- H]Glucuronide [5- H]UDPG Glucuronide UDPG 2 2 [5- H],[6S- H]Glucose Glucose-6-P [5-2H]Glucose Glucose Fructose-6-P Lactate, Alanine Fructose-1,6-P2 2 2 H2O H2O Pyruvate G-3-P DHAP Fructose + Glucose 2 Figure 1. Metabolic scheme relating H-enrichment2 in positions 5 and 6 of circulating glucose, UDPFigure-glucose 1. Metabolic (UDPG), glucuronide scheme relatingand hepaticH-enrichment glycogen with the in utilization positions of 5fructose and 6 and of circulatingglu- glucose, UDP- coseglucose from the (UDPG), test meal. glucuronide On conversion and of fructose hepatic to glycogendihydroxyacetone withthe phosphate utilization (DHAP) of and fructose and glucose from glyceraldehydethe test meal.-3- Onphosphate conversion (G-3-P), of hydrogen fructose exchange to dihydroxyacetone mediated by triose phosphate phosphate isomerase (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pentose PO4 Pathway, Fructose, Galactose Metabolism.Pptx
    Pentose PO4 pathway, Fructose, galactose metabolism The Entner Doudoroff pathway begins with hexokinase producing Glucose 6 PO4 , but produce only one ATP. This pathway prevalent in anaerobes such as Pseudomonas, they doe not have a Phosphofructokinase. The pentose phosphate pathway (also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt) is a biochemical pathway parallel to glycolysis that generates NADPH and pentoses. While it does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. There are two distinct phases in the pathway. The first is the oxidative phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is the non-oxidative synthesis of 5-carbon sugars. For most organisms, the pentose phosphate pathway takes place in the cytosol. For each mole of glucose 6 PO4 metabolized to ribulose 5 PO4, 2 moles of NADPH are produced. 6-Phosphogluconate dh is not only an oxidation step but it’s also a decarboxylation reaction. The primary results of the pathway are: The generation of reducing equivalents, in the form of NADPH, used in reductive biosynthesis reactions within cells (e.g. fatty acid synthesis). Production of ribose-5-phosphate (R5P), used in the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids. Production of erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P), used in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids. Transketolase and transaldolase reactions are similar in that they transfer between carbon chains, transketolases 2 carbon units or transaldolases 3 carbon units. Regulation; Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the rate- controlling enzyme of this pathway. It is allosterically stimulated by NADP+. The ratio of NADPH:NADP+ is normally about 100:1 in liver cytosol.
    [Show full text]
  • Sucrase-Isomaltase Deficiency Causing Persistent Bloating and Diarrhea in an Adult Female
    Open Access Case Report DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14349 Sucrase-Isomaltase Deficiency Causing Persistent Bloating and Diarrhea in an Adult Female Varsha Chiruvella 1 , Ayesha Cheema 1 , Hafiz Muhammad Sharjeel Arshad 2 , Jacqueline T. Chan 3 , John Erikson L. Yap 2 1. Internal Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, USA 2. Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, USA 3. Pediatric Endocrinology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, USA Corresponding author: Varsha Chiruvella, [email protected] Abstract Congenital sucrase isomaltase deficiency (CSID) is an autosomal recessive disorder which leads to chronic intestinal malabsorption of nutrients from ingested starch and sucrose. Symptoms usually present after consumption of fruits, juices, grains, and starches, leading to failure to thrive and malnutrition. Diagnosis is suspected on detailed patient history and confirmed by a disaccharidase assay using small intestinal biopsies or sucrose hydrogen breath test. Treatment of CSID consists of limiting sucrose in diet and replacement therapy with sacrosidase. Due to its nonspecific symptoms, CSID may be undiagnosed in many patients for several years. We present a case of a 50-year-old woman with persistent symptoms of bloating in spite of extensive evaluation and treatment. Categories: Endocrinology/Diabetes/Metabolism, Gastroenterology Keywords: sucrase-isomaltase, starch intolerance, disaccharidase assay, ibs, hydrogen breath test Introduction Congenital sucrase isomaltase deficiency (CSID), also known as genetic sucrase deficiency, is a multifaceted intestinal malabsorption disorder with an autosomal recessive mutation in the sucrase-isomaltase (SI) gene on chromosome 3 (3q25-q26). Sucrase-isomaltase is a type II membrane enzyme complex and member of the disaccharidase family required for the breakdown of α-glycosidic linkages in sucrose and maltose.
    [Show full text]
  • Intestinal Sucrase Deficiency Presenting As Sucrose Intolerance in Adult Life
    BRnUTE 20 November 1965 MEDICAL JOURNAL 1223 Br Med J: first published as 10.1136/bmj.2.5472.1223 on 20 November 1965. Downloaded from Intestinal Sucrase Deficiency Presenting as Sucrose Intolerance in Adult Life G. NEALE,* M.B., M.R.C.P.; M. CLARKt M.B., M.R.C.P.; B. LEVIN,4 M.D., PH.D., F.C.PATH. Brit. med. J., 1965, 2, 1223-1225 Diarrhoea due to failure of the small intestine to hydrolyse studies of the jejunal mucosa. He was discharged from hospital a certain dietary disaccharides is now a well-recognized congenital week after starting a sucrose-free and restricted starch diet and has disorder of infants and children. It was first suggested for since remained well. lactose (Durand, 1958) and later for sucrose (Weijers et al., 1960) and for isomaltose in association with sucrose (Auricchio Methods et al., 1962). It has been confirmed for lactose and for sucrose intolerance by quantitative estimation of enzyme activities in Initially the patient was on a normal ward diet estimated to the intestinal mucosa (Auricchio et al., 1963b; Dahlqvist et al., contain 50-80 g. of sucrose a day. After 10 days sucrose was 1963 ; Burgess et al., 1964; Levin, 1964). In all cases present- eliminated from the diet, and after a further three days starch ing in childhood there is a history of diarrhoea when food intake was restricted to 150 g. a day. Carbohydrate tolerance yielding the relevant disaccharide is introduced into the diet. was determined after an overnight fast by estimating blood Symptoms decrease with age, so that older children may be glucose levels, using a specific glucose oxidase method, after asymptomatic (Burgess et al., 1964) and are able to tolerate ingestion of 50 g.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbohydrates: Structure and Function
    CARBOHYDRATES: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Color index: . Very important . Extra Information. “ STOP SAYING I WISH, START SAYING I WILL” 435 Biochemistry Team *هذا العمل ﻻ يغني عن المصدر المذاكرة الرئيسي • The structure of carbohydrates of physiological significance. • The main role of carbohydrates in providing and storing of energy. • The structure and function of glycosaminoglycans. OBJECTIVES: 435 Biochemistry Team extra information that might help you 1-synovial fluid: - It is a viscous, non-Newtonian fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints. - the principal role of synovial fluid is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement O 2- aldehyde = terminal carbonyl group (RCHO) R H 3- ketone = carbonyl group within (inside) the compound (RCOR’) 435 Biochemistry Team the most abundant organic molecules in nature (CH2O)n Carbohydrates Formula *hydrate of carbon* Function 1-provides important part of energy Diseases caused by disorders of in diet . 2-Acts as the storage form of energy carbohydrate metabolism in the body 3-structural component of cell membrane. 1-Diabetesmellitus. 2-Galactosemia. 3-Glycogen storage disease. 4-Lactoseintolerance. 435 Biochemistry Team Classification of carbohydrates monosaccharides disaccharides oligosaccharides polysaccharides simple sugar Two monosaccharides 3-10 sugar units units more than 10 sugar units Joining of 2 monosaccharides No. of carbon atoms Type of carbonyl by O-glycosidic bond: they contain group they contain - Maltose (α-1, 4)= glucose + glucose -Sucrose (α-1,2)= glucose + fructose - Lactose (β-1,4)= glucose+ galactose Homopolysaccharides Heteropolysaccharides Ketone or aldehyde Homo= same type of sugars Hetero= different types Ketose aldose of sugars branched unBranched -Example: - Contains: - Contains: Examples: aldehyde group glycosaminoglycans ketone group.
    [Show full text]
  • Congenital Sucrase-Isomaltase Deficiency
    Congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency Description Congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency is a disorder that affects a person's ability to digest certain sugars. People with this condition cannot break down the sugars sucrose and maltose. Sucrose (a sugar found in fruits, and also known as table sugar) and maltose (the sugar found in grains) are called disaccharides because they are made of two simple sugars. Disaccharides are broken down into simple sugars during digestion. Sucrose is broken down into glucose and another simple sugar called fructose, and maltose is broken down into two glucose molecules. People with congenital sucrase- isomaltase deficiency cannot break down the sugars sucrose and maltose, and other compounds made from these sugar molecules (carbohydrates). Congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency usually becomes apparent after an infant is weaned and starts to consume fruits, juices, and grains. After ingestion of sucrose or maltose, an affected child will typically experience stomach cramps, bloating, excess gas production, and diarrhea. These digestive problems can lead to failure to gain weight and grow at the expected rate (failure to thrive) and malnutrition. Most affected children are better able to tolerate sucrose and maltose as they get older. Frequency The prevalence of congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency is estimated to be 1 in 5, 000 people of European descent. This condition is much more prevalent in the native populations of Greenland, Alaska, and Canada, where as many as 1 in 20 people may be affected. Causes Mutations in the SI gene cause congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency. The SI gene provides instructions for producing the enzyme sucrase-isomaltase.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between Fructose, Glucose and Maltose Content With
    stry: Cu i rre em n t Moussa et al., Organic Chem Curr Res 2012, 1:5 h R C e c s i e n a DOI: 10.4172/2161-0401.1000111 a r Organic Chemistry c g r h O ISSN: 2161-0401 Current Research ResearchResearch Article Article OpenOpen Access Access The Relationship between Fructose, Glucose and Maltose Content with Diastase Number and Anti-Pseudomonal Activity of Natural Honey Combined with Potato Starch Ahmed Moussa1*, Djebli Noureddine2, Aissat Saad1 and Salima Douichene2 1Institute of Veterinary Sciences University Ibn-Khaldoun, Tiaret, Algeria 2Departments of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mostaganem University, Algeria Abstract Honey whose medicinal uses date from ancient times has been lately rediscovered as therapy for burns. Objective: To evaluate the additive action of potato starch on the antipseudomonal activity of natural honey. Methods: Physicochemical parameters of 6 samples of Algerian honeys were analysed; four parameters were measured, including Diastase, glucose, fructose and maltose. The antibacterial activity was tested using the well-agar diffusion assay. Results: Six honey samples with initial diastase activity between 22.1 and 7.3 Schade units were tested. Glucose, fructose and maltose values range between 21, 45-30, 95%, 25, 20-37, 81% and 4, 72-78, 45% respectively. The zone inhibition diameter (ZID) for the six honey samples without starch against P. aureogenosa ranged between 26 and 31 mm. When starch was mixed with honey and then added to well, a zone inhibition increase diameter (ZIID) 27 and 32 mm. The percentage increase (PI %) was noticed with each variety and it ranged between 3, 57 and 18, 75%.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Features
    1 Structural features As defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry gly- cans are structures of multiple monosaccharides linked through glycosidic bonds. The terms sugar and saccharide are synonyms, depending on your preference for Arabic (“sukkar”) or Greek (“sakkēaron”). Saccharide is the root for monosaccha- rides (a single carbohydrate unit), oligosaccharides (3 to 20 units) and polysac- charides (large polymers of more than 20 units). Carbohydrates follow the basic formula (CH2O)N>2. Glycolaldehyde (CH2O)2 would be the simplest member of the family if molecules of two C-atoms were not excluded from the biochemical repertoire. Glycolaldehyde has been found in space in cosmic dust surrounding star-forming regions of the Milky Way galaxy. Glycolaldehyde is a precursor of several organic molecules. For example, reaction of glycolaldehyde with propenal, another interstellar molecule, yields ribose, a carbohydrate that is also the backbone of nucleic acids. Figure 1 – The Rho Ophiuchi star-forming region is shown in infrared light as captured by NASA’s Wide-field Infrared Explorer. Glycolaldehyde was identified in the gas surrounding the star-forming region IRAS 16293-2422, which is is the red object in the centre of the marked square. This star-forming region is 26’000 light-years away from Earth. Glycolaldehyde can react with propenal to form ribose. Image source: www.eso.org/public/images/eso1234a/ Beginning the count at three carbon atoms, glyceraldehyde and dihydroxy- acetone share the common chemical formula (CH2O)3 and represent the smallest carbohydrates. As their names imply, glyceraldehyde has an aldehyde group (at C1) and dihydoxyacetone a carbonyl group (at C2).
    [Show full text]
  • Download Product Insert (PDF)
    PRODUCT INFORMATION D-(+)-Glyceraldehyde Item No. 16493 CAS Registry No.: 453-17-8 Formal Name: (2R)-2,3-dihydroxy-propanal Synonyms: D-Glyceraldehyde, D-Glycerose, NSC 91534 MF: C H O CHO 3 6 3 HO FW: 90.1 Purity: ≥85% OH Supplied as: A neat oil Storage: -20°C Stability: ≥2 years Information represents the product specifications. Batch specific analytical results are provided on each certificate of analysis. Laboratory Procedures D-(+)-Glyceraldehyde is supplied as a neat oil. A stock solution may be made by dissolving the D-(+)-glyceraldehyde in the solvent of choice. D-(+)-Glyceraldehyde is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, DMSO, and dimethyl formamide, which should be purged with an inert gas. The solubility of D-(+)-glyceraldehyde in these solvents is approximately 30 mg/ml. Further dilutions of the stock solution into aqueous buffers or isotonic saline should be made prior to performing biological experiments. Ensure that the residual amount of organic solvent is insignificant, since organic solvents may have physiological effects at low concentrations. Organic solvent-free aqueous solutions of D-(+)-glyceraldehyde can be prepared by directly dissolving the neat oil in aqueous buffers. The solubility of D-(+)-glyceraldehyde in PBS, pH 7.2, is approximately 10 mg/ml. We do not recommend storing the aqueous solution for more than one day. Description D-(+)-Glyceraldehyde is an intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. It is phosphorylated by triose kinase to produce D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, an intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, photosynthesis, and other metabolic pathways.1-3 References 1. Ronimus, R.S. and Morgan, H.W.
    [Show full text]
  • Sugar Checklist
    ! All sugars are not created equally. Natural sweeteners like honey, agave, or cane sugar are not any better for you than "other" sugars. There is a widespread belief that "natural" is better - and that natural things can't be bad for you. Sugar is one of those very wrong assumptions. Many, many times I've heard people in the supermarket remark that agave or honey is better for you because they're "natural" sugars. But is it true?. Your Body On Sugar: Natural Sweeteners 101 Glucose is the main energy source of your body. Your brain requires glucose to function, and in fact, a huge percentage of your daily calories go to powering your brain. Pretty cool huh? So there's glucose - the "sugar" in your blood that gives you energy. Your body generally gets it from eating carbohydrates (although the body can make it from other sources if it has to). Then there's dextrose - glucose produced from plant sources (like corn). Then you've got fructose - fructose is the form of sugar generally found in fruits and honey. (Think F = Fruits) Then there's sucrose, which is half glucose, half fructose - following me? Sucrose is table sugar, the white grainy stuff you usually associate with being sugar. So here are the general rules: Glucose = from carbs. Fructose = from fruits, honey, agave, and high fructose corn syrup. Dextrose = usually produced commercially then added to food to sweeten it. Sucrose = white table sugar, produced from the sugar cane plant (& other sources). Natural Is Better Is Not Better - The Truth Behind Brown Sugar, White Sugar, Raw Sugar, Agave, Honey, High Fructose Corn Syrup ! Sugar in its varying processing phases: White refined, unrefined, brown, unprocessed People mistakenly have the idea that natural sweeteners and natural sugars are somehow different from "other" sugars, so they go ahead and load up on raw cane sugar, honey, or agave and aren't worried about dumping it in everything they drink or eat.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis Fo Sugars in Maple Syrup
    APPLICATION NOTE Liquid Chromatography Author: Jamie Foss PerkinElmer, Inc. Shelton, CT Analysis of Sugars in Maple Syrup by Hydrophilic Interaction Introduction Maple syrup is a popular natural Chromatography (HILIC) sweetener that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration defines as the with Refractive Index Detection liquid food derived by concentrating and heat-treating sap from the maple tree.1 Sucrose is the primary sugar found in maple syrup, along with lesser amounts of glucose, fructose and complex carbohydrates.2 Often, the total sugar content of maple syrup is based solely on the amount of sucrose, and does not consider the other sugar sources.2 Maple syrup also contains various other components including minerals, vitamins, amino acids, organic acids, and phytohormones.3 The sugar composition of maple syrup differs from honey, which is dominated by both glucose and fructose, and can contain other sugars such as sucrose and maltose, in much smaller concentrations.3 The analysis of simple sugars is commonly performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Often, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is used with refractive index (RI) detection owing to the polarity of the sugars, and the lack of a suitable chromophore for UV detection. Therefore, this work describes a simple HILIC-RI method for the analysis of four common sugars found in maple syrup. The structures of these four sugars are shown in Figure 1. Fructose Glucose Sucrose Maltose Figure 1. Chemical structures of the four sugars analyzed in this study. Experimental Table 1. LC Parameters. PerkinElmer Brownlee Analytical Amino, 3 µm, Hardware and Software Column 150 x 4.6 mm (Part# N9303501) Chromatographic separation was achieved using a PerkinElmer LC 300 HPLC system, consisting of an LC 300 10K psi pump and an Solvent A: 75:25 Acetonitrile:Water Solvent Program: Isocratic LC 300 autosampler equipped with an integrated column oven.
    [Show full text]
  • Disaccharidase Deficiency and Malabsorption of Carbohydrates
    SINGAPORE MEDICAL JOURNAL DISACCHARIDASE DEFICIENCY AND MALABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES C K Lee SYNOPSIS A large proportion of man's caloric intake is carbohydrate and starch and sucrose account for over three-quarters of the total consumed. But the rapid change of the food industry from an art to a high specialised industry in recent years have made available a variety of rare food sugars, amongst which are various disacharides. Since the digestion or enzymic breakdown of carbohydrates is a normal initial requirement that precedes their absorption, and metabolism of carbohydrates varies according to their molecular structure, these rare sugars can cause diseases of carbohydrate intolerance and malabsorption. Intolerance and malabsorption can be due to polysaccharide intolerance because of amylase dy- sfunction (caused by the absence of pancreatic amylases) or malfunctioning of absorptive process (caused by damaged or atrophied absorptive mucosa as a result of another primary disease or a variety of other casautive agents or factors, thus resulting in the Department of Chemistry inability of carbohydrate absorption by the alimentary system). A National University of Singapore third type of intolerance is due to primary deficiency or impaired Kent Ridge activity of digestive disaccharidases of the small intestine. The Singapore 0511 physiological significance and the metabolic consequences of such a lactase, sucrase-isomaltase, mal- C K Lee, Ph.D., F.I.F.S.T., C.Chem. F.R.S.C. deficiency or impaired activity of Senior Lecturer tase and trehalase are discussed. 6 VOLUME 25 NO.1 FEBRUARY 19M INTRODUCTION abundance in the free state. It is a constituent of the important plant and animal reserve sugars, starch and Recent years have seen a considerable advance in all glycogen.
    [Show full text]
  • Fructose, Glucose, and Sucrose in Nature
    3/13/2017 Fructose, Glucose, and Sucrose In Nature Fructose, Glucose, and Sucrose In Nature By Rex Mahnensmith | Submitted On July 04, 2016 Fructose, glucose and sucrose are often referred to as fruit sugars, and indeed they are. These sugars exist in virtually all tree fruits, in virtually all vine fruits, and in virtually all berries. Fructose, glucose, and sucrose exist in most root vegetables, as well. Fructose and glucose are circular molecules, very similar to each other. Each has 6 carbon atoms, 6 oxygen atoms, and 12 hydrogen atoms. However, the compounds differ slightly in the arrangements of these atoms. Both exist as straight chain molecules and as circular molecules. Both are highly reactive and will react with each other easily, forming sucrose. Glucose and fructose are two products of photosynthesis, whereby plants inspire carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and react this carbon dioxide molecule with water, forming simple single sugars or "monosaccharides." The photosynthetic steps are complex yet precise, yielding glucose principally, then fructose, and ultimately sucrose, which is the result of fructose combining with glucose to form a double sugar or "disaccharide." In the experimental setting, under direct observation, glucose, fructose, and sucrose appear almost simultaneously through the photosynthetic process. The sugar compositions of glucose, fructose, and sucrose differ from plant to plant. http://ezinearticles.com/?Fructose,­Glucose,­and­Sucrose­In­Nature&id=9460795 1/3 3/13/2017 Fructose, Glucose, and Sucrose In Nature For example, apples, figs, bananas, grapes, and pears are relatively rich with free fructose sugars when fructose­to­glucose ratios within these fruits are analyzed.
    [Show full text]