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Metal Techniques for Craftsmen

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Metal Techniques for Craftsmen METAL TECHNIQUES FOR CRAFTSMEN : A Basic Manual,for Craftsmen 1 on the Methods of Forming and Decorating Metals By OPPI UNTRACHT ROBERT HALE LONDON Contents Introduction xiii Aluminum Aluminum alloys. Soldering aluminum. Brazing aluminum. Casting aluminum. Sand casting of aluminum. Plaster mold Part One casting of aluminum. Other casting METALS : BASIC INFORMATION procedures with aluminum Nickel METALS : ORIGIN, BEHAVIOR, ' , Considerations in working nickel. AND MANUFACTURE l Soldering and joining nickel. Polishing Origin nickel and its alloys Metallurgy 3 Nickel alloys Characteristic Physical Properties of Nickel silver. Monel Metal. Nichrome Metals 4 wire. Invar The Behavior of Metals: Their Mechanical Mercury Properties C Amalgam gold plating. Preparing gola Hardness. Malleability. Ductility. Tensile amalgam. Applying the amalgam strength. Compressi n : Shear. Toughness. Elasticity. Torsion. pBgttleness. Impact Ferrous Metals resistance. Rigiditv Iron Steel CLASSIFICATION OF METALS Carbon steel. Alloy steel Nonferrous Precious Metals THE MANUFACTURE OF METALS Gold Gold alloys. Karat gold. Karat gold Manufacture of Sterling Silver Sheet solders. Purchasing gold. IJsing karat Metal gold: General considerations. Testing for Wire Drawing gold with acid Procedure for hand drawing wire Annealing the wire. Using the Silver l1 drawplate Silver alloys. Purchasing silver. General considerations in the use of silver. Mechanical wire drawing Testing for silver. Cleaning silverware The flat rolling mill by electrolytic action Adjusting the rolling mill. Using the Platinum rolling mill Base Metals 16 Sheet and Wire Gauge Measuring Copper 16 Systems Copper-based alloys 18 Extruded Metals Shotting Brass l8 Annealing Bronze l8 Texture of Metal Surfaces Lead 19 Toxicity of Metals Forms of lead. Casting lead. Soldering lead. Lead welding. Lead wiping. Part Two Decorative patina finishes for lead 20 METAL DECORATIVE TECHNIQUES Tin 22 Hot-tinning nonferrous metals. METAL TECHNIQUES Antimonial tin solder 23 THAT DO NOT REQUIRE SOLDERING White metal 24 Preparing the Metal for Outline Cutting Zinc 25 The Jeweler's Saw Uses of zinc 25 Inserting the saw blade in the frame CONTENTS Outline cutting with the jeweler's saw Bidri Work Pierced work: Using a saw frame and Casting the hidri base blade Bidri sand casting Pierced work: Using chisels Bidri inlay process Pierced work: Using stamping dies Coloring the bidri alloy Doming: Using Punched Discs Damascene Work Forming the dome Kuftgari, A Form of Dama~cene The kuftgari process Punching Tools Finishing kuftgari Punch work Decoration Coloring the steel. Charcoal bluing of Stamping: For Metal Identification and steel. Another steel bluing method Hallmark Applying the stamp METAL TECHNIQUES Repousse' THAT REQUIRE SOLDERING Preparation of pitch Silver Solders RepoussC and chasing tools and their Composition, melting, and flow points uses Choosing a solder RepoussB tools. Chasing tools. Making Melting point and flow point: Solidus your own tools i and liquidus l The Repoussk Process l Preparation of solder Removing the work from the pitch Preparing the metal for soldering The Chasing Process Fluxes and Their Application Repousse' and Chasing on Deep Pieces Removing flux after soldering Engraving Placing the solder Engraving tools Fuels for soldering Tool preparation and maintenance Simple heat devices. Torches for Applying the design separate gas and air or oxygen supplies. Using engravlnd tools Single unit heat sources. Plumber's Correcting engraving errors torches. Lighting the flame. Regulating Florentine finish with liners the flame Soldering surf aces Splitting General soldering considerations Carving Filing Soldering gold Pickling Visual judging of approximate Common pickling bath temperatures during the soldering of Pickle containers silver and gold Annealing and pickling gold Stripping Basic soldering situations Stripping solution Joining flat surfaces. Perpendicular joints. Etching The use of soldering jigs. Butt joints. Acid resists or covering agents Soldering wire to sheet Etching fluids or acid solutions Controlling the flow of solder Containers for acid in use Solder inhibiting pastes Etching procedure The use of stick solder Acid etching solutions for particular Unsoldering metals Spelter solders Bright dip Soft Solders Matte dip Soft-solder fluxes Metal Fusing Soft-soldering procedure Soldering coppers or irons DECORATIVE TECHNIQUES Tinning the soldering copper EMPLOYING CONTRASTING METALS Using the tinned soldering copper Metal Encrustation or Applique' Sweat soldering Tanjore Swami Work Soft-solder removal Procedure for swami work Soft-solder stripping solution Positive and negative mold stamping Mokume Inlaying or encrusting the medallions Mexican Married Metals CONTENTS Niello PEWTER: BRITANNIA METAL preparing metal for niello The Forming of Pewter preparing niello for metal Soldering Pewter Charging the niello Soft solders Fusing the niello Low-melting soft solders Finishing niello Polishing Pewter Niello formulas Decorative Treatments for Pewter: Wire Applique' Hand-drawn gold-plated silver wire Other decorative possibilities Filigree Casting Pewter Low-melting metals Granulation Granulation technique: Making the Slush casting of pewter granules Joining the granules FORGING General considerations Wrought Iron Making Shot Forging Wrought Iron and Steel i Forging Tools Forging Operations COMBINING METALS i Forge Welding WITH NONMETALLIC MATERIALS Other Joining Methods Metal Inlay in Wood General Considerations in Forging Tarkashi Work Cold Forging Wood as a Filler Tortoise Shell and Pique' Work OXYACETYLENE FUSION WELDING Piquk Work with Tortoise Shell, Horn. Ivory, and Bone Equipment The pique process Procedural Preparations for Welding ! Adjusting the regulators for pressure Leather and Cloth Oxygen. Acetylene Stones The torch Abalone Shell Inlay Regulating the flame The Welding Process Part Three Welding rods METHODS OF METAL FABRICATION Braze or bronze welding Flame-cutting metal SILVERSMITHING COLD METAL SPINNING Metals Used in Forming Processes 240 Use of the Hammer when Raising 244 General Considerations Stakes and anvils 245 Lubrication Spinning Lathes Annealing or Softening Work-Hardened Spinning Tools and Their Functions Metal The chuck: The spinning form Annealing Temperatures of Some Metals Use of the Annealing Torch Basic Spun Shapes Quenching Annealed Metals The technique of spinning Compressed Metal Forming Methods Before the disc is in motion. After the Metal raising disc is in motion. Trimming Angle raising General considerations Edge thickening Planishing JOINING WITH RIVETS, Squaring a bottom NAILS, AND SCREWS Dutch raising Riveting Crimping Choosing the rivet Stretched Metal Forming Methods The riveting process Sandbag How to avoid riveting faults Blocking Riveting wire for jewelry findings Pressing Rivet wire used to hold pierced stones CONTENTS Nails Heating the metal 372 Joining with Screws Removing investment and sprues 374 The female thread The male thread ELECTROPLATING AND ELECTROFORMING 379 Two-piece dies The Electroplating Process 3 79 Electric power 380 CASTING Electroplating and electroforming equipment 381 Casting an Ingot Casting a Lead Block Electroplating and Electroforming Vocabulary of Casting Procedures Sand Casting Electrocleaning Casting sand Electrostripping Preparing the mold Electrolytic plating solutions Preparing the metal Gold baths. Silver baths. Copper baths. Nickel baths. Rhodium baths. Chromium Pouring the metal baths 384 Finishing the casting Electroforming on Metal Models 386 Metal Casting with Two-Part kaster Molds 330 Nonmetallic models 387 Materials for patterns 1 331 Solid or hollow objects 387 Parting compounds 331 Elec{roconductive coatings 389 Preparing the plaster 33 1 Placing the pattern: Symmetrical shape 332 Plating Miscellany 390 Setting of the plaster 332 Drying the mold 333 Part Four Casting an irregularly shaped pattern 333 METAL FINISHING Core Casting , POLISHING AND GRINDING Creating the core ' Lost- Wax Casting 338 Polishing Benin bronze casting: Primitive lost-wax Hand polishing casting 338 Motor polishing' Lost-wax casting of sculpture 341 Polishing compounds Small, solid castings The natural abrasives Making the mold. The burnout kiln. 341 The artificial abrasives Pouring the mold. Finishing the casting 344 General polishing and buffing Centrifugal Investment Casting considerations Casting waxes Polishing and buffing wheels Mineral waxes Polishing and buffing practice Petroleum waxes Bristle brushes Vegetable Waxes Wire brushes Wax additives Burnishing Centrifugal casting waxes Common polishing and buffing situations Tools for shaping wax Polishing hazards and precautions Spruing the model Grinding and A brasives Mounting the model Grinding wheels Positioning the model Tool maintenance Debubblizing the wax model Sharpening stones The investment material Judging steel composition by spark Preparing the investment observation Preparing the asbestos flask liner Applying the investment, and pouring COLORING METALS The burnout Cleaning the Metal before Coloring Recommended burnout cycle Chemical Coloring Measuring the metal Formulas for chemical coloring The centrifugal casting machine Coloring by Heat CONTENTS part Five Sterling Silver Square and Half Round HAND TOOLS AND THEIR USES Wire; Weight in Ounces per Foot 454 Sterling Silver Sheet Weight in Troy BASIC TOOL GROUPS Ounces per Square Inch 454 Silver and Gold Wire Forms Available Basic metalwork and jewelry-making in Standard Millimeter Sizes 454 tools
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