TECHNIQUES FOR CRAFTSMEN

: A Basic Manual,for Craftsmen 1 on the Methods of and Decorating

By OPPI UNTRACHT

ROBERT HALE LONDON Contents

Introduction xiii Aluminum Aluminum alloys. aluminum. aluminum. aluminum. casting of aluminum. Plaster mold Part One casting of aluminum. Other casting METALS : BASIC INFORMATION procedures with aluminum METALS : ORIGIN, BEHAVIOR, ' , Considerations in working nickel. AND MANUFACTURE l Soldering and joining nickel. Origin nickel and its alloys 3 Nickel alloys Characteristic Physical Properties of Nickel . Monel Metal. Nichrome Metals 4 . Invar The Behavior of Metals: Their Mechanical Properties C . Preparing gola . Malleability. . Tensile amalgam. Applying the amalgam strength. Compressi n : Shear. Toughness. Elasticity. Torsion. pBgttleness. Impact Ferrous Metals resistance. Rigiditv CLASSIFICATION OF METALS steel. steel

Nonferrous Precious Metals THE MANUFACTURE OF METALS Gold Gold alloys. Karat gold. Karat gold Manufacture of Sheet solders. Purchasing gold. IJsing karat Metal gold: General considerations. Testing for Wire gold with Procedure for hand drawing wire Annealing the wire. Using the Silver l1 drawplate Silver alloys. Purchasing silver. General considerations in the use of silver. Mechanical wire drawing Testing for silver. Cleaning silverware The flat mill by electrolytic action Adjusting the rolling mill. Using the rolling mill Metals 16 Sheet and Wire Gauge Measuring 16 Systems Copper-based alloys 18 Extruded Metals Shotting l8 Annealing l8 Texture of Metal Surfaces 19 Toxicity of Metals Forms of lead. Casting lead. Soldering lead. Lead . Lead wiping. Part Two Decorative patina finishes for lead 20 METAL DECORATIVE TECHNIQUES 22 Hot- nonferrous metals. METAL TECHNIQUES Antimonial tin solder 23 THAT DO NOT REQUIRE SOLDERING 24 Preparing the Metal for Outline Cutting 25 The Jeweler's Saw Uses of zinc 25 Inserting the saw blade in the frame

CONTENTS Outline cutting with the jeweler's saw Bidri Work Pierced work: Using a saw frame and Casting the hidri base blade Bidri sand casting Pierced work: Using chisels Bidri inlay process Pierced work: Using dies Coloring the bidri alloy Doming: Using Punched Discs Damascene Work Forming the dome Kuftgari, A Form of Dama~cene The kuftgari process Tools Finishing kuftgari Punch work Decoration Coloring the steel. bluing of Stamping: For Metal Identification and steel. Another steel bluing method Hallmark Applying the stamp METAL TECHNIQUES Repousse' THAT REQUIRE SOLDERING Preparation of pitch Silver Solders RepoussC and chasing tools and their Composition, melting, and flow points uses Choosing a solder RepoussB tools. Chasing tools. Making and flow point: Solidus your own tools i and liquidus l The Repoussk Process l Preparation of solder Removing the work from the pitch Preparing the metal for soldering The Chasing Process Fluxes and Their Application Repousse' and Chasing on Deep Pieces Removing flux after soldering Placing the solder Engraving tools Fuels for soldering Tool preparation and maintenance Simple heat devices. Torches for Applying the design separate gas and air or supplies. Using engravlnd tools Single unit heat sources. Plumber's Correcting engraving errors torches. Lighting the flame. Regulating Florentine finish with liners the flame Soldering surf aces Splitting General soldering considerations Carving Filing Soldering gold Pickling Visual judging of approximate Common pickling bath temperatures during the soldering of Pickle containers silver and gold Annealing and pickling gold Stripping Basic soldering situations Stripping solution Joining flat surfaces. Perpendicular joints. The use of soldering jigs. Butt joints. Acid resists or covering agents Soldering wire to sheet Etching fluids or acid solutions Controlling the flow of solder Containers for acid in use Solder inhibiting pastes Etching procedure The use of stick solder Acid etching solutions for particular Unsoldering metals Spelter solders Bright dip Soft Solders Matte dip Soft-solder fluxes Metal Fusing Soft-soldering procedure Soldering or DECORATIVE TECHNIQUES Tinning the soldering copper EMPLOYING CONTRASTING METALS Using the tinned soldering copper Metal Encrustation or Applique' Sweat soldering Tanjore Swami Work Soft-solder removal Procedure for swami work Soft-solder stripping solution Positive and negative mold stamping Mokume Inlaying or encrusting the medallions Mexican Married Metals

CONTENTS : preparing metal for niello The Forming of Pewter preparing niello for metal Soldering Pewter Charging the niello Soft solders Fusing the niello Low-melting soft solders Finishing niello Polishing Pewter Niello formulas Decorative Treatments for Pewter: Wire Applique' Hand-drawn gold-plated silver wire Other decorative possibilities Casting Pewter Low-melting metals Granulation Granulation technique: Making the Slush casting of pewter granules Joining the granules General considerations Making Forging Wrought Iron and Steel i Forging Tools Forging Operations COMBINING METALS i Forge Welding WITH NONMETALLIC MATERIALS Other Joining Methods Metal Inlay in Wood General Considerations in Forging Tarkashi Work Cold Forging Wood as a Filler Tortoise and Pique' Work OXYACETYLENE FUSION WELDING Piquk Work with Tortoise Shell, Horn. , and Bone Equipment The pique process Procedural Preparations for Welding ! Adjusting the regulators for pressure Leather and Cloth Oxygen. Acetylene Stones The torch Shell Inlay Regulating the flame The Welding Process Part Three Welding rods METHODS OF Braze or bronze welding Flame-cutting metal SILVERSMITHING COLD Metals Used in 240 Use of the when Raising 244 General Considerations Stakes and anvils 245 Lubrication Spinning Annealing or Softening Work-Hardened Spinning Tools and Their Functions Metal The : The spinning form Annealing Temperatures of Some Metals Use of the Annealing Torch Basic Spun Shapes Annealed Metals The technique of spinning Compressed Metal Forming Methods Before the disc is in motion. After the Metal raising disc is in motion. Trimming Angle raising General considerations Edge thickening Planishing JOINING WITH , Squaring a bottom NAILS, AND SCREWS Dutch raising Riveting Crimping Choosing the Stretched Metal Forming Methods The riveting process Sandbag How to avoid riveting faults Blocking Riveting wire for jewelry findings Pressing Rivet wire used to hold pierced stones

CONTENTS Nails Heating the metal 372 Joining with Screws Removing investment and sprues 374 The female thread The male thread AND ELECTROFORMING 379 Two-piece dies The Electroplating Process 3 79 Electric power 380 CASTING Electroplating and electroforming equipment 381 Casting an Casting a Lead Electroplating and Electroforming Vocabulary of Casting Procedures Sand Casting Electrocleaning Casting sand Electrostripping Preparing the mold Electrolytic plating solutions Preparing the metal Gold baths. Silver baths. Copper baths. Nickel baths. baths. Pouring the metal baths 384 Finishing the casting Electroforming on Metal Models 386 Metal Casting with Two-Part kaster Molds 330 Nonmetallic models 387 Materials for patterns 1 331 or hollow objects 387 Parting compounds 331 Elec{roconductive 389 Preparing the plaster 33 1 Placing the pattern: Symmetrical shape 332 Plating Miscellany 390 Setting of the plaster 332 Drying the mold 333 Part Four Casting an irregularly shaped pattern 333 METAL FINISHING Core Casting , POLISHING AND GRINDING Creating the core '

Lost- Wax Casting 338 Polishing Benin bronze casting: Primitive lost-wax Hand polishing casting 338 Motor polishing' Lost-wax casting of 341 Polishing compounds Small, solid castings The natural Making the mold. The burnout kiln. 341 The artificial abrasives Pouring the mold. Finishing the casting 344 General polishing and buffing Centrifugal Investment Casting considerations Casting waxes Polishing and buffing wheels waxes Polishing and buffing practice waxes Bristle brushes Vegetable Waxes Wire brushes Wax additives Burnishing Centrifugal casting waxes Common polishing and buffing situations Tools for shaping wax Polishing hazards and precautions Spruing the model Grinding and A brasives Mounting the model Grinding wheels Positioning the model Tool maintenance Debubblizing the wax model Sharpening stones The investment material Judging steel composition by spark Preparing the investment observation Preparing the asbestos flask liner Applying the investment, and pouring COLORING METALS The burnout Cleaning the Metal before Coloring Recommended burnout cycle Chemical Coloring Measuring the metal Formulas for chemical coloring The centrifugal casting machine Coloring by Heat

CONTENTS part Five Sterling Silver and Half Round HAND TOOLS AND THEIR USES Wire; Weight in per Foot 454 Sterling Silver Sheet Weight in Troy BASIC TOOL GROUPS Ounces per Square Inch 454 Silver and Gold Wire Forms Available Basic metalwork and jewelry-making in Standard Millimeter Sizes 454 tools Sterling Silver Seamless Tubing 455 Decorative metalwork tools Basic soldering tools and equipment Circles and Squares; Circumferences and Hard soldering. Soft soldering Areas 455 Basic forming and raising tools Comparison of Measurements (Inch, Mm., B. & S. Gauge, Stubbs Steel Wire, The Hand Tools Marking and measuring tools and No.) materials Fractional, Decimal Inch, and Millimeter Cutting and piercing tools and materials Equivalents Forming tools and materials Comparison of Saw Blade Sizes and Special stakes Jeweler's Saw Blades, Thickness and Width Holding tools and materials in Inches Straight Shank Twist Drills, Wire Gauge Stone-setting tools II Sizes The flexible shaft and motor U. S. Standard Sizes, Length and Heat treatment for small tools Diameter in Inches Standard Copper Sheet Thickness: Rolled to Weight Part Six Temperature Conversion Tables: CHARTS AND TABLES Fahrenheit to Centigrade Centigrade to Fahrenheit of thq Elements The Melting Points of Selected Metals Weights and Measures Coefficients of Linear Expansion of Metals Equivalent of Measures Table of Specific Gravities and Weights Comparison of Standard Gauges Relative Characteristics of Common Metals : Weight per Square Inch by B. & S. Gauge Sources of Supply Round Wire: Weight in Pennyweights or Glossary of Terms Ounces per Foot in B. & S. Gauge Bibliography Approximate Length per Troy of Sterling Silver Wire Index

CONTENTS Index

A-l Craft Products Company, 469 nents; specific techniques, uses); articles made of Aars, Ferdinand, 268 (see specific objects, techniques); coefficient of lin- Abalone shell, inlaid, 237 ear expansion, 463; etching solution, 132; extruded, Abbott Laboratories, 475 49; , , 2, 26; sources of supply, 467, 468- Abomey, Dahomey (Africa), 286, 315, 316 69; temperature for annealing wrought, 246 (see also blasting, defined, 481 Annealing); toxicity, 51; welding, 295 Abrasives, 394ff., 399-403, 404, 410-13: 446; defined, Aluminum chloride for coloring, 418 481; sources, 474 t Aluminum Company of America, 469 i Abrasive Sales Company, 474 Goods Ltd., 479 Abyssinian silver armlet, 103 Aluminum Ltd., Inc., 475 for coloring, 417, 418 Aluminum , 400, 402, 411 Acetylene torches, 62, 63, 168, 170. See also Oxy- Aluminium Wire & Cable Company, Ltd., 479 acetylene welding; Torches Amalgams, amalgamation, 7, 11, 31-32; defined, 481 (See also Etching; Fluxes; Pickling; specific , 358, 465 acids): specific gravities, weights, 464-65 Amenemhet 111, 75 Adams, Robert, 356 American Brass Company, The, 468 Adhesives, 401, 441, 477 , American Brass and Copper, 469 Adhesives, Inc., 477 American Cyanamid Company, 475 African work: cast , 338-41, 353, 376, 420; American Gold Chain Company, 472 cast gold, 377; chasing, 17, 281; filigree, 196; American Company (East Orange, New forged iron, 286; repouss6, 101; wood with metal, Jersey), 472 87, 215, 216, 315, 316 American Handicrafts Company, Inc. (New York Agar-agar, 33 1 City), 477 Aging, age hardening, 13, 33; defined, 481 American Jewelry Chain Company, Inc., 468, 472 Agra, India, 226 American Marietta Company, 474 Air, specific gravity, weight of, 465 American Metal Climax, Inc., 467 Airbrasives, Inc., 474 American Metalcraft, Inc., 469 Air-gas torches, 166, 169, 170, 247. See also Torches American Metalizing Corporation, 468 Air Reduction Chemical and Company, 475 American Platinum and Silver, 468 Air Reduction Company, 475, 476 American Standard gauge. See Brown & Sharpe Stand- Air Reduction Sales Company, 476 ard gauge Ajmer, India, 212 American Steel & Wire Company gauges, 451. See also Akron, Ohio, 330 Washburn & Moen Alams, 75 American Wire Gauge. See Brown & Sharpe Standard Albert, Gilbert, 14, 16, 51 gauge Alchemists, and mercury, 31 American work (See also Indians, American; United Alcob Metals, Ltd., 479 States; specific craftsmen, places) : copper, repouss6, Alcohol, specific gravity, weight of, 464 99; iron, 35; pewter, 264, 266; tin, 24, 86; wire, 201 Alcohol lamps, 168 American Zinc Institute, Inc., 468 Ale for cleaning metal, 409 Ames, Jean, 75 Algerian work, 11, 87 Ammeters, 381 Alkaline cleaning, defined, 481 Ammonia (See also Aqua ammonia): specific gravity, Allcraft Tool and Supply Company, 466, 4,1 weight, 465 Allied Chemical Corporation, 475 (sal ammoniac), 179, 180, 485; Alloys, 4, 7 (See also specific alloys, kinds, uses); de- and casting lead, 21; for coloring, 147, 417, 418; for fined, 481; sources of supply, 468-69; specific gravi- niello, 191 ties, weights, 464-65 Ammonium for coloring, 418 All- Welding Alloys Company, Inc., 476 Amozoc, Mexico, steel bluing in, 158 Alluvial (placer) gold, 3, 7 Ampere, defined, 481 Almandite, 399 Anaconda Aluminum Company, 469 Alpaca, silver, 70 Anchor Alloys, Inc., 477 Alpha , 18 Anchor Tool Company, 471 for coloring, 419 Andersen, David, 269 Aluminum, 4, 6, 7, 26-28, 32-33, 463, 464 (See also Andirons, wrought iron, 277 specific techniques); in alloys (see main compo- Angle raising, 247-48

INDEX 49 1 Ankle , silver, 209 Ball peen , 72, 74, 187, 435. See also , white metal, 70 uses Annealed temper, defined, 486 Balls (shrinkage lumps), defined, 321 Annealing, 49-50, 170, 246-47 (See also Soldering; Ball viss (engraver's block), 113, 114, 413; in use, speclfic metals, tools); bright, defined, 482; crystal- 116-17 line structure of brass after, 4; defined, 481; of wire, Baltimore, Maryland, 79 43-45 Bangalore, India, 95 , 379ff.; defined, 481 Bar~umsulphide for coloring, 417 , 26, 481 Barry, John J., Company, 478 , 463; alloys with, 23, 24, 264; solders with, Bars, metal, 40. See also ; specific metals 24, 266; specific gravity, weight of, 464 Bartlett & Company, Inc., 472 Antiquing, 13, 417 Bartlett-Snow-Pacific, Inc., 468 Anvils, 61, 67, 72, 244-46ff., 278-79 (See also Stakes; Base metals, 7, 16-32. See also specific metals specific uses); defined, 481; snarling irons, 110, 244, Baslc Products Corporation, 476 252, 437 Batter, defined, 481 Apex Welding Supplies, Inc., 476 Batteries, 379, 380-81 Apothecaries' weight, 450 Battersea, England, 70 AppliquC, 134-38, 267 Bauxite, 2, 26 Aqua ammonia, 31, 417. See also Ammonia Bayberry wax, 358 Aqua fortis. See Beader, 84 Aquamanile, bronze, 109 i Beads (See also ) : silver, being polished, 394 , 10, 131, 481 1 Beaker, silver, 119 Aragon of Oaxaca, Mexico, 129 Beating metal. See Malleability Araucanian work, 88 1 Bedi-Rassy Art Foundry, 476 Architectural bronze, annealing temperature of, 246 Beer for cleaning metal, 409 "Architectural Landscape" (aluminum panel), 28 Beeswax, 42, 45, 66, 67, 429; for casting, 357; for cut- Arkansas oilstone, 114, 115 lery cement, 441; for etchlng, 128-30; as spinning Armlets: Abyssinian gilded, 103; Egyptian wire, 194 , 301, 392 Armor, 186; chain-mail, 192 Behanzin, King, 315, 316 Arrow Metal Spinning Company, 306-10, 477 Behr-Manning Company, 474 Arsenides, arsenical , 3, 29 Beissinger, Ernest W., 469 Arts and Crafts Distributors, Inc., 472 Bell, cast aluminurn, 354 Asbestos, 481 (See also 'specific equipment, uses); Bellows, 169, 324; defined, 481 sources of supply, 477 I Belmont Supply, 478 Ashanti work, 100-1, 377, 420 Belmont Smelting and Refining Works, 468 Ash & Lacey Ltd., 479 Belt buckles: cast bronze, 350; niello on, 188 Ashtrays: cast iron, 37; pewter, 268 Belts, leather, with metal, 88, 225 Asphaltum, 73-74, 127, 130 Bence Buffing and Polishing Wheel As?ic mold, copper, 99 Company, 474 Assaying (testing), 9, 41, 481 Benches, 288, 382, 397; tools for (see specific tech- Associated Crafts, 478 niques, tools) Assyrians, and lead, 19 Bending (See also Elasticity) : in forging, 282 Aston Aluminium Warehouse Company, Ltd., 479 Benin bronze casting, 338-41, 376 Astro Lapidary Company, 478 Bennett, Charles A., Company, Inc., 478 -Atlas Chain Company, 472 Benney, Oerald, 33, 80 Atlas White Metal Company, 468 Berg Chemical Company, Inc., 475 Atomic weights, 4, 448, 463. See also specific metals Bergen Handcraft Supplies, 472 Aurornet Corporation, 479 Berliner Koniglichen Eisengiesserei, 35 Aurora Corporation, 478 Bernadotte, Sigvard, 107 Automatic Chain Company, 472 Berneman, Ross, Associates, 473 Aveyron, France, 234 Berng, Otto, Company, Inc., 468 Avoirdupois weight, 450 Bernz-0-Matic torch unit, 168 Awls, scratch, 55, 115, 425 Bertinus, F., 258 Bertoia, Harry, 296, 301 B. & D. Polishing & Plating Corporation, 479 , copper alloy with, 18 B & I Manufacturing Company, 478 Beta brasses, 18 B. & S. gauge. See Brown & Sharpe Standard gauge Betel box, brass, 153 Babbitt metal, 465; casting, 268 Bevington, Alistair, 20 , and lead, 19 Bezel-making , 436 Backstick, defined, 481 Bezel setter (pusher), 442 Badger Aluminum Corporation, 467 Bibliography, 487-90 Bager, J@rgen, 217 Bidar, India, 139 Bags (See also Carry-all; Purses) : gold with cloth, 225 Bidri work, 24, 138-49, 481 Baker Platinum, 473 Bihar, India, 18 Baking soda to clean silver, 13 Billet, defined, 481 Bakota funerary figure, 87 Billings, Leonard, 306-10 Balamun, Egypt, 194 Binary alloys, 7 Balances and scales, 426, 427 Binding, defined, 481 Bali, granulation in, 202, 207 Binding wire, 171, 441. See also Jigs, soldering; W*, Ballou, B. A., and Company, Inc., 472 wirework; specific uses

492 INDEX Binford, T. E., 479 , 69, 71, 391; cast bronze, 376; cast iron, 35; Bingham Canyon, 2 cast silver, 337; chased, engraved silver, with raven, Biot, France, 12 101; chiseled gold, 123; domed silver, 81; drilled Bird, centrifugal-cast silver, 356 surface on, 50; electroformed over Styrofoam, 388; Birdcages, wire, 201 filigree, 197, 198, 199; with granules, shot, 50, 203, Birmingham, England, sources of supply in, 479-80 205, 209; grooved surface, with jewels, 51; hollow Birmingham Metal Gauge, 48 sterling silver, 490; pierced work, 76, 78; stamped Birmingham Wire Gauge (B. W. G.), 48, 451 silver, 93; in silver, 229; wire, Egyptian, Bismuth, 191, 266, 463; specific gravity, weight, 464 194 Blackburns, Ltd., 479 Brass, 18, 26 (See also specific techniques, i.e., Plat- Black and Decker Manufacturing Company, 473 ing; Silversmithing; Welding) ; articles of (see spe- Blair, Joseph, Ltd., 480 cific items, techniques); coefficient of linear expan- Blank, defined, 481 sion, 463; coloring, 417-18, 419; crystalline struc- Blank tools, 97-98 ture of sheet, 4; and discovery of zinc, 25; etching Blende, 25, 465 solutions, 131, 132; extruded, 48, 49; fabricated Blocking, 255-56; defined, 481 sheets, strips, 40; gauges for, 48; hot-tinning, 23- Blocking hammers. See Hammers 24; quenching, 49-50 (see also Annealing); sources Blocks. See specific kinds, materials, uses of supply for, 467, 468-69 Blom, Franz, 275 Brass sand, 326 Bloom, 281; defined, 481 Braune of St. Petersburg, 31 Blooming, 132, 482 I Braun-Knecht-Heiman Company, 475 Blower, hand-operated, 142 t Brayer, 115 Blowhole, defined, 482 I Brazing, 27, 482; braze welding, 295-98, 482 Blowhorn stake, 244 Brazing solders, alloys. See Spelter solders Blowpipes, 166, 266, 292; pictures of, 167, 169 Break-out, break-up (shake-out), 324, 349, 485 Blows (casting defects), 326 Bridal headgear, silver, 93 Blue vitriol. See Copper sulphate Bright annealing, defined, 482 Blumberg, Dan, 204 Brightboy, 395, 443, 446 Boabdil, 226 Brightboy Industrial, 474 Boar, welded steel, 294 Bright dip, 132, 482 Bobbing compound, 401, 403 Brindaban, India, 447 I , 4, See also pecific metals Brinell test, 5 1 Bolivia, 22 f Britain. See England (Great Britain) Bolster, defined, 482 Britannia metal, 23, 246, 264-69 Bolts, bolting, 283; sources of supply for, 477 British Columbia, 101 Bombay, India, 70, 204 '-- British Imperial Standard Wire Gauge, 48, 451 Bonbonnikre, silver, 248 Brittleness, 6, 482. See also Shortness Bone: with silver, 219; pique work, 222-23 Broaches, 430 Bonnell, William L., Company, Inc., The, 467 Broaching, defined, 482 Book covers: filigree, 201; with metals and stones, 232 Brodhead-Garrett Company, 469, 472 Books on metalcrafts, 487-90 Brogen, John, 202 Boot scrapers, 75 Bronze, bronzes, 17, 18, 23, 464 (See also specific , 163-64 (See also Fluxes; specific uses) ; cones, techniques); articles made of (see specific articles, 163, 164; glass, 163, 165; , 163, 164 techniques); coefficient of linear expansion, 463; Boric acid and firescale, 13 discovery of, 22; extruded, 49; hot-tinning, 23-24; sources of supply, 467, 468-69; temperature for an- Bossing (See also Embossing) : tools, 97 Boston, Massachusetts, 119 nealing, 246 (see also Annealing) Bronze Age, 17 Bottles (See also specific uses) : Egyptian silver, xii; Bronze solders. See Spelter solders hand raised, sterling silver, 263; pewter, with stopper, Bronze welding. See Brazing: braze welding 268 (See also Pins) : engraved silver with , Bottoming, 249; defined, 482 121; with granulation, 206-7; inlaid with ebony and Bottoming hammer, 257 ivory, 222; inland Zuiii silver, 229, 230; lost-wax cast, Bottoming stakes, 249, 437. See also Stakes 356, 372-73; pierced work silver, 76; with shot, Bouging, 247ff., 482 Israeli, 210 Bowls (See also Silversmithing; specific kinds, uses): Brookside Metal Company, Ltd., 480 bidri work, 138; cast bronze, 34647, 349; electro- Brown Brothers, Ltd., 479 formed copper, 386; engraved silver, ebony-tipped Brown cutting compound, 402 feet, 120; fluted form, Iranian gold, 248; glass and Brown & Sharpe Standard gauge (B. & S.), 9, 12, 47, bronze epergne, 237; irregular form, solid silver base, 48, 425, 451ff. 11; repouss6, 111; spinning of, 305, 306-10; swami Brushes, brushing, 395, 407-9, 410, 416; for asphal- decorated, 137; as tools (see specific techniques, uses) tum, 127; flexible shafts and, 396, 443, 445; for in- Bow Solder Products Company, Inc., 477 vestment casting, 364, 367; solder, 163 Boxer Adhesives, 477 Brynner, Irena, 8 Boxes (See also specific kinds, techniques, uses) : fili- Buccellati, Mario, 119, 219 gree, 197; inlaid, 213; pewter, 269; repousd, 110; Buckeye Products Company, The, 474 shot-decorated, 208; wrought iron on wood, 277 Buckingham Products Company, The, 474 Box furnaces, 39 Buckles with niello work, 188, 191 Bracelet mandrels, 436. See also Mandrels Buckskin buffs, 395, 396

INDEX Buffs and buffing, 254, 394, 396, 404-7ff., 446 (See Carry-all, Florentine finish on, 119 also Polishing and grinding; specific metals, tech- Carter Products Company, 474 niques); "buff," defined, 482; and polishing supplies, Cartier, 14 sources of, 473-74 Carving, 121 Bulb sponge with brush, 324 Casket, ivory, 220 Biilow-Hube, Torun, 12 Casseroles: aluminum, 328; steel, 303 Bunsen burners, 168 , 22, 465 Burell Corporation, 475 Castellani, Fortunato Pio, 202 Burgess Vibrocrafters, Inc., 473 Castillo brothers (Los Castillo), 154, 184-86, 226, 237 Burins. See Scorpers Casting, 319-78 (See also specific metals, techniques); Burmese work, 103, 111 centrifugal, 350-74, 482; core (see Core casting); Burnett, James, 479 defined, 482; lost-wax, 16, 205, 338-77; with plashF Burnishers, burnishing, 115, 116, 409, 442, 482 molds, 28, 330-35; sand, 27-28, 324, 325-30 (see Burnout (See also Lost-wax casting) : defined, 321 also Bidri work); slush, 268, 324; sources of sup- Burnsides, Tom, 334-36 plies, 475-76; vocabularly of, 322-25 Burrs, on metal, 58, 482 Casting strains, defined, 482 Burs (tools), for flexible shaft, 444 Casting Supply House, 476 Bus bars, 380, 381 Cast iron, 6, 24, 33-34, 35 (See also specific kch Butler finish, 410 niques, i.e., Welding); articles of (see specific arT Butter lamp, Tibetan silver, 93 ticles, techniques) Butt joint (See also Soldering; Weldi*) : defined, 482 Cast metals. See Cast iron; specific metals , 379, 380, 482 (in casting), 370, 373 I Buttons, bone with silver, 219 I Cement brasses, 44142 Butt welding (See also Welding) : defined, 482 Cements, 441. See also Adhesives Byzantine work, 76, 85 Center, , 56 Center (prick) punches, 71, 247, 249, 425, 430; pic- C-clamps, 67, 439 tured, 56, 58, 72 Cabochon: defined, 482; setting in bezel, 442 Centrifugal Casting Supply Company, 476 , 463; alloys (see main components, specific Centrifugal Investment casting, 351-74, 482 techniques); -plated steel. toxicity of, 51; solders Ceresine, 357 with, 266 Cetin, 357 Cairo, Egypt, 93, 197, 228; Chain polishing, 406 Cake knives, chasing of, 106 Chains, 470; soldering shown, 167; sources, 472-73 Calamine, 25 Chairs: welded steel, 291; wrought iron, 274 , 417. See also Whiting Chalices, 258 Chamois, 394, 395, 404,405, 446 Calcium chloride for coloring, 417 I-- Champagnat, Jean Claude, 69,209, 374, 377 Calcutta, India, 302 Champa-kali, 90 Calipers, 424, 425-27 Channel-work tufa casting, 334-36, 337 Canada, 29, 48 Chaps, defined, 482 Canadian Laboratory Supplies, Ltd., 475 Charcoal (See also specific uses), 64, 163, 170 Candelabra, 259 (See also Candlesticks) ; being buffed, Charts and tables, 449-65 392 Chase Brass and Copper Company, Inc., 469 Candelilla wax, 358 Chasing, 84-85, 105-10 (See also Repoussb); defined, Candlesticks; candlestick holders (See also Cande- 482; demonstrations, 94, 105, 106 labra): brass, modern, 259; crystal ball in pricket, Chasing hammers, 85, 97, 435. See also Chasing, 238; forged and split, 121; inlaid Persian bronze, demonstrations 150; patterned tin, 23; pierced, chased, repouss6 Chasing tools, 85, 97 (See also specific tools); hand- silver, 78; screws in silver-plated, 318; welded steel, made, 105; hardening, 447 296; wrought iron, 273, 277 Cheeks, defined, 323 Cane and Company, Ltd., 475 Chelmsford, England, 318 Canteen, Syrian brass, 150 Chemetron Corporation, 476 Canton de Thu~r,275 Chemicals, sources of supply for, 475 Canton-flannel buffs. See Buffs and buffing Chemionics, 477 Capillarity, defined, 482 Chenier, defined, 482 Capitol Tool and Findings Company, Inc., 472 Chess sets, 87, 353 Cap Screw and Nut Company, Inc., 477 Chest, brass and white metal dowry, 315 "," 9,482 Chibcha Indian work, 8, 82 Carbon, 463, 465; as component (see Iron; Steel); for Chief's collar, copper, 17 etching, 130; as residue (see Casting); ring Chile, mat6 cup bombilla from, 216 stick, 175; sparks from steel, 413 Chilled cast iron, 34 , 3 China, Chinese work: cast bronze, 348, 350, 351; , specific gravity, weight of, 465 damascene, 150, 153; filigree, 200; nickel, 29; pew- , specific gravity, weight of, 465 ter and brass, 268; pierced work back, 77; Carbon , 55, 115 repoussi plaque, 101 Carborundum Company, The, 474 Chinese tallow, 358 Carborundum equipment, 398, 405, 411, 418. See also Chinese white, 55, 115 specific techniques, uses Chisels, 74, 75, 279, 281, 429 (See also specific kch- Carnauba wax, 358 niques) ; hardening, 447

INDEX Chloral Chemical Corporation, 477 Conques, Cathedral of, 234 Chlorides, 179. See also specific chlorides, uses Constantine, Albert, & Son, Inc., 478 Chou Dynasty, 101, 150, 153, 348, 351 Containers (See also Boxes; specific uses) : bronze, Chromatic acid to anodize aluminum, 26 with wrought silver ornament, 286 Chrome (See also Chromium) : buffing composition, Cooke, Alvin, 290 43 1 Cookie cutters, tin, 24 Chromic acid for coloring, 418 Cooper, Charles, 479 Chromium, 463, 464 (See also Chrome) : alloys (see , 358 Nichrome; main components; specific uses); plating, Cope (See also Sand casting) : defined, 482 385-86; toxicity, 51 Copeland, Lawrence G., 268 Chucks, 301, 340ff., 398; breakdown, defined, 482; de- Copenhagen, 392. See also Jensen, Georg, fined, 482; for flexible shaft, 443, 446; sectional, de- Copper, 3, 4, 6, 7, 16-18, 461, 463, 464 (See also Silver- fined, 485; in use, 306-10 smithing; specific techniques) ; alloys, 24 (see also Chud, 93 main components; specific techniques) ; articles (see Cigar box, married metal, 184-85 specific objects, techniques); coefficient of linear ex- Cigarette boxes: bidri, 148, 149; cast iron, 37; gold, pansion, 463; coloring, 416, 417, 418, 419; crystallized 51; pewter, 268 native, 2; etching solutions, 131, 132; extruded alloys, Cincinnati, Ohio, 301 4849; fabricated metal pieces, wire, 40; gauges for, "Cinema, The" (cast ), 356 48; hot-tinning, 23-24; mine, 2; and pickling (see , 31 Pickling) ; plating, 385 (see also Plating) ; sources of Circles, circumferences and area of, 45F57 supply, 467, 468-69; stripping, 126; testing for silver- Cire perdue. See Lost-wax casting , plated, 13; toxicity, 51 Cistern, cast lead, 20 I Copper and Brass Research Association, 467 City Chemical Corporation, 475 Copper carbonate for coloring, 417 Cladding, 6, 16, 196, 482 Copper nitrate for coloring, 417, 418 Clamp-on vise, 438 Copper oxide (firescale), 483. See also specific metals Clamps, 67, 114, 174,175,281, 439 Coppers and irons, soldering, 179-80, 181 Clark, L. A., Company, 473 Copper-Stone Age, 17 Clarke, Geoffrey, 354 Copper sulphate (blue vitriol), 145, 385, 417, 418; Brothers & Company, 479 toxicity, 51 Cleveland Crafts Company, 478 Copper-zinc solders. See Spelter solders Cleveland Dental Manufacturing Company, 475 Cordoba, Spain, 220 Clip's, electrician's, 380, 382 Core; core casting, 321-23, 336-37, 338, 350, 378, 482. Clock, welded iron, 299; , 331 See also Lost-wax casting Clock case, engraved, 120 Coring, in forging, 282-83 Cloth: buffing, polishing, 394, 395, 401, 402, 404, 406 (See also Buffs and buffing; Polishing and grinding); Cork, specific gravity and weight of, 465 Cornwall, England, 22 metalwork with, 224-26 Coastal USA, Inc., 474 , 4, 5 (See also ; specific metals) : defined, 482 Coated abrasives. See Abrasives . See Aluminum oxide , 36, 463, 464 Cotter pin, defined, 482 Cobb, W. R., Company, 472 Coursing, defined, 483 Coefficients of linear expansion, 4, 463-64 Covering agents, defined, 483 Coffee pots: silver, wood handle, 217; tin-lined, brass, Italian, 261; tin-lined copper, 17; tin punchwork, 86 Cow's tongue stakes, 435 Coffee set, married metal, 186 Craftool, Inc., 471, 477 Coffee urn, silver with wood, 257 Crafts, books on metal, 488-89 Coffer, German etched, 129 Craft Service, 472, 478 "Cogging," 281, 482 Craft Service Supply, 478 Cohn Sigmund Corporation, 468 Craftsman's Supply House, 478 silver, 12, 13, 452, 453, 482 Craftsman Wood Service Company, 479 Cold forging (working), 4, 287 Crayfish, copper, 99 Cold metal spinning, 301-10 Craythorne, William, 70 Cold shut, defined, 323, 482 Cream of tartar for coloring, 418 Collaring, 283, 482 Creasers, 442 Collars: copper chief's, 17; Egyptian gold, 90 Crimping, 240, 249-50, 251, 263, 483 hammers, 434 Crimping stakes, 244, 246, 249,435 Colombia (See also Chibcha Indian work) : gold Cristobalite, 364-65, 366, 370 plaque, 98 Critical range, defined, 483 Color, coloring, 4-5, 64, 409, 415-19, 482 (See also Crocodile god , 338 specific metals, techniques) ; compounds, 402-3 Crocus composition, 394, 402, 403 Comb, sterling silver, 12 Cronstedt, Axe1 F., 28 Commercial Standards, 87 Crosses: cast and forged silver with quartz, 284-85; Compression, 6. See also Silversmithing pierced Monel Metal, 79; wrought iron Mexican, "Concha" belt, 88 275 Cones, abrasive, 402, 405 Cross-peen hammers, 247, 249, 279 Congo, 22 : repousst Peruvian, 101; repoussB Torah, 105; Conklin, T. E., Brass and Copper Company, Inc., wire Torah, 196 467 Crozals, Jean-Vincent de, 294, 299

INDEX 495 Crucibles (See also specific techniques, uses) : defined, Door escutcheons, 237, 292, 327 323, 483 Door handles, 325, 354 Crysacolla stone for granules, 204 Door knob, welded wire, 292 Crystallinity, crystals, 2, 4; crystallization defined, Door pulls, 28, 237 483; in electroforming, 386-87 Doors: cast iron aumbry, 354; riveted bronze panels, Cuff links: cast silver, 374, 376, 377; chased gold, 312; wrought iron for, 275, 276 119; silver with wood, 215 DorC silver, defined, 483 Cupellation, 11, 483 Dow Chemical Company, The, 477 Cupric hydroxide for granules, 204 Downgate (runner), defined, 321, 485 Cups: commemorative, with ivory and ebony, 222; Drackett Products Company, 474 pierced work wedding, 110 Drag (See also Sand casting) : defined, 483 Curtin, W. H., & Company, 475 Drag-out, 384 Cushion tools, 97 Drawfiling, defined, 483 Cutlery cement, 441 Drawing out (forging down), 281 Cuttack, India, 196, 198 Drawing wire. See Wire, wirework; specific metals Cutting, 54, 240, 427-30 (See also specific techniques, Drawplates, 42, 45, 145, 438, 483 tools) ; in finishing: compounds, techniques, 401-3, Drill presses, 430 409; flame-, 298; as forging term, 281 Drills, , 58, 71-72, 73, 396, 429-30, 483 (See Cyanides, cyanidation, 7, 11, 384, 385. See also also specific techniques, uses); bracelet decorated specific cyanides, uses with, 50; gauges for, 425; hardening, 447; and Cylinders. See specific techniques sawblade sizes, 459; and wire gauges, 457-58, 460 P Cyprus copper mines, 17 Drop, in casting, defined, 323-24 , Drop forging, defined, 483 Dahomey (Africa), 286, 315, 316 Dross, defined, 483 Damar, 358 Drumm, Don, 28, 325, 327, 329, 330, 354 Damascene, 8, 119, 150-58, 483 Duby-Blom, Gertrude, 275 "Dancing Siva" (cast bronze), 322 Ductility, 4, 464, 483. See also specific metals Danish work. See Denmark Dunand, Jean, 153 Dapping blocks, 83, 84, 483 Du Pont de Nemours, E. I., & Company, 475 Dapping punches, dies, 83-84 Dust, metal, 52, 410, 477 Dapping tools. See specific tools, uses Dustfoe respirator mask, 410 Darius, 248 Dutch raising, 240, 249 Darjeeling, India, 99 Dwinnell Art & Craft Supply, 478 Dauber, 130 Davis-K Products Company, 479 Ear ornaments, Peruvian, 209, 230 Debubblizers. See Wetting agents : cast iron, 35; inlaid, 218; repouss6, 99 Decanter, silver, with ivory stopper, 90 Eastern Abrasives, Inc., 474 Deep drawing, defined, 483 Eastern Chain Works, 472 Delhi, India, 71 Eastern Findings Corporation, 472 Denmark, Danish work, 392. See also Jensen, Georg, Eastern Metalizing Company, 468 Silversmiths Eastern Mohair and Trading Company, Inc., 475 Dental amalgam, 12 Ebony, 465. See also Inlay Dental tools, 359ff., 396, 441; hardening, 419 Edge thickening, 248, 249, 282, 486 Deoxidized copper, 18 Egyptians, Egyptian work: copper, 17; damascene, De Patta, Margaret, 36, 195 150; engraved gold-footed goblet, 248; fluted silver Deposited metal, defined, 483 bottle, xii; and forging, 271; and granulation, 202; Dessau, Maurice S., Inc., 473 intaglio , impression, 82; and lost wax, 338; Deutch & Brenner Ltd., 479 and niello, 186, 191; pierced, engraved , 75; De Walt Power Tools, 473 and pitch, 96-97; stamped work, 90, 93, 228; stone Dhaemers, Robert, 361-65ff., 376, 377 with metal, 228; wirework, 194, 197 jewelry. See Necklaces Elasticity, 6 Diamond Tool Research Company, Inc., 473 Electricity (See also Electric tools; Electroplating) : Diamond wheels, 411 metals as conductors, 4 Diehl, William, and Company, 475 Electric Smelting Company, 476 Dies (See also specific metals, techniques) : for Electric tools, equipment, 442-46 (See also specific extruded metal, 4849; hardening, 447; in screw- techniques, uses); sources of supply, 473 making, 317-18, 486 Electrocleaning, 382, 383 Direct current, 379, 380 Electroforming. See Electroplating and electroform- Disc punch set, 81 ing Discs (See also specific kinds, uses): for flexible Electrolytic action, 379-91; cleaning silver by, 13 shafts, 444, 445 Electrometallurgy, 3 Disodium phosphate, 384 Electrolating and electroforming, 4, 33, 379-91 Ditzel, Nanna and J@rgen, 69 Electrostripping. See Stripping Dividers, 56, 57, 59, 242, 425 , 12 Dixon, William, Inc., 472 Elements, table of, 448 Doming, 83-84 (See also Encrustation); examples of, Elephant, metal, being set with gems, 231 81ff., 86, 197, 336 (see also specific objects) Ells, Dick, Company, 469 Doming and embossing hammer, 243 Embosser punch, 84, 85 Donald, John, 51 Embossing, 85; examples of, 86, 93 (see also specific Don Jer Products, 477 objects)

496 INDEX Embossing hammers, 243, 255, 434 Fiber-backed abrasives, 401 with metallic yarn, 224, 226 Fiber hammers, mallets, 256 Emery, emery buffs, 115, 394, 395, 399-400, 439; Fibula, Greek wire, 193 with brushes, 407; cloths illustrated, 147, 395; discs Cards, 264, 433, 435, 483 illustrated, 446; for niello, 191 Files, filing, 121, 430-33, 434 (See also specific tech- Emulsion, defined, 483 niques); drawfiling, 483; for flexible shaft, 444; Enamels, enameling, 10, 119, 390 float, 180-82, 264, 432, 433; needle, 61, 121, 125, Encinitas, California, 374 405; objects as examples of, illustrated, 123, 124, Encrustation, 134-38, 183, 483 205, 287; rifflers, 432, 433, 434, 485; use shown, Engelhard Industries, Inc. (Newark), 468 58, 60, 61, 254 Engelhard Industries, Inc. (San Francisco), 469, 473 Filigree, 196-200, 201, 483 Engine , 111 Filler metal, defined, 483 England (Great Britain), English work, 264 (See Fillet weld, defined, 483 also London; specific craftsmen); cast iron door Filters, paper, for electroplating, 382 with quartz, 354; cast lead cistern, 20; embossed Findings, 12-13, 175, 314, 483; sources of supply, bronze shield, 70; engraved pewter, 265; gauges, 472-73 48, 451; niello, 190-91; pique work watchcase, 219; Fine gold, 7. See also Gold , 6, 196; sources of supply in, 479- Fine silver, 12. See also Silver 80; stamping, 87, 90; threaded, bolted candlesticks, Fine solder, 178 318; tin mines, 22 Fingerprints, removing, 407 Engraver's block (ball vise), 113, 114, 439; in use, Finishing, 50, 64-65, 254, 392-419 (See also Polish- 116-17 I ing and grinding; specific metals, techniques); hard- Engraver's marker, 425 t ening of tools, 447 Engraver's tools, 112, 119. See also ~dgraving;spe- Finnish work, 17, 20, 121. See also specific craftsmen. cific tools, uses techniques Engraving, 111-19, 483; aquamanile with, 109; brace- Fins, 323, 369 lets with, 78, 101; canteen with, 150; casket mounts Firescale (firestain; fire; scale), 323, 483. See also with, 220; coffer with, 129; demonstrated, 116-17; specific metals ewer with, 26; goblet with, 248; lock and key , 26 with, 76; platter, trays with, 109, 152, 265; wed- Fish, gilded silver, 33 ding cup with, 110 Flame-cutting, 298 Epergne, bronze and glass, 237 Flames. See Torches Epoxy, 441 Flannel buffs. See Buffs and buffing Ericson, Estrid, 269 ! Flasks, casting, 344, 372-73, 483 (See also Casting); Escapement files, 433 illustrated, 324, 371, 373 Escutcheons. See Door escutcheons Flask tongs, 329, 370, 371, 372 Etching, 126-33, 267, 483 Flatters, 279, 280 Eternal Light, spun pewter, 269 Flatware, 13, 106 (See also Knives; Spoons); pat- Etruscan work, 86, 109; granulation, 202, 205 terns for, 69 Europe (See also specific countries) : filigree in, 196; Flexible shafts and motors, 396, 442-44ff.; acces- stamping in, 9, 12, 87 sories, equipment shown, 444, 446 Eutectic alloys, 159, 483 Flint: as abrasive, 394, 400; lighters (see Lighters) Eutectic Welding Alloys Corporation, 476 Float files, 180-82, 264, 432, 433 Evening bag, metal-embroidered, 226 Florentine finish, 116-19 Everdur-1010, 463 Flores, Gabriel, 353 Ewers (See also Pitchers) : Korean silver and gold, Flow points. See Soldering; specific solders 261; Persian cast bronze, 350; Tibetan, encrusted, Fluidity, defined, 483 139 Fluoboric acid for stripping solution, 182 Expansion, coefficients of linear, 4, 463-64 Fluting stakes. See Crimping stakes , extruded metals, 6, 48-49, 483 Fluxes, 62, 63, 160, 163-65, 178-79 (See also Solder- Eye loupes, 114 ing; specific metals); defined, 323, 483 Eyeshields, 288, 293 Foil, defined, 484 Fontenay (), 202 Face shields, 410. See clso Eyeshields Footprint, copper, 107 False core, defined, 323 Forceps for pickling, 127 Fans, exhaust, 410. See also specific uses Forging, 205, 271-87, 484 Faraday, Michael, 379 Forging brass, 18, 246 Far East (See also Orient; specific countries) : filigree, Forging down, 281 196; granulation, 202; inlay, 212; pierced work, 73; silver alloys, 12; yellow gold, 9 Forging hammers, 435. See also Forging Fats (See also specific fats, uses) : specific gravity, Forks: filigree-handled, 200; inlaid wood handle, 212 weight, 465 Forming tools and materials, 423, 430-37. See also Federal Stamping Law, 9, 87 Silversmithing Federal Trade Commission, 87-88 Forswall, Matthias, 119 Federated Sales Company, 474 Foundries, 476 Feeder heads, defined, 321 Foundry sand, 326 buffs, 191, 396, 404; shown, 405, 446 Fourpoint Products, 474 Ferrosilicon, 464 Fractional equivalents, 458 Ferrous metals, 3-4, 7, 32-37. See also specific France, French work, 12 (See also Paris; specific metals craftsmen); repouss6, 103, 232; stones with metal,

INDEX 497 232, 234, 238; welded pieces, 299; wire drawing, Glossary, 481-86. See also specific techniques 192; wrought iron, 274, 275, 277 Gloves, 131, 288ff., 320, 329, 370, 372; rubber, 382 Frankfurt-am-Main, 201 Glues, 401, 441. See also Adhesives Franklin, New Jersey, 25 Goblet brushes, 407, 408 Franklinite, 25 Goblet buffs, 404-5, 406 Franklin Plating and Polishing Company, 479 Goblets: Egyptian gold-footed, 248; inlaid silver, 223 Franklin stove, 35 Godwin Warren & Company, Ltd., 480 Free-cutting brass, 18 Goggles, 288, 293, 329, 412, 413, 438; illustrated, Freezing point, 4 289 French Sudan, 21 5 Gold, 2, 3, 4, 5-6, 7-11, 463, 464 (See also specific Fullers, 279, 280 techniques); alloys, 7-11 (see alsa main compo- Funerary figure, wood and stamped brass, 87 nents; specific alloys); articles of (see specific ~b- Funerary (funeral) masks, 103, 228 jects, techniques); balances and sales, 426, 427; Funnel, glass, for electroplating, 382 coefficient of linear expansion, 463; coloring, 416 Furnaces, 278, 323, 327 (See also specific processes); 17, 418-19; definition of gold leaf, 484; etching illustrated, 39, 180, 320, 343, 344ff. solution, 131; extruded, 49; making of foil, leaf Fused borax, 164 by hand, 5; plating (see Plating); quality stamp- Fuses, plater, 382 ing, 9, 89; solders, 172-74; sources of gold leaf, Fusibility, 4. See also specific metals 467, 469; stripping, 126; and toxicity, 52; weight Fusing, 133 per square inch, 452; weights of wire, 453 Fusion solder, 178 t Gold chloride for coloring, 419 Fusion welding, oxyacetylene, 288-99 ' "Gold filled," 9 Gold Leaf and Metallic Powders, Inc., 467 Gabon Republic, 87 "Gold rolled," 9 Gagers , 473 Brothers Smelting and Refining Company, , 19, 464 469 Galvani, Luigi, 26 Goldsmith's Hall, 87 Galvanizing, 26, 299 Gouges, hardening, 447 Gamzon Brothers, 471 Graduates, 427 Ganeshi La1 and Sons, 226 Grain, metal, 49 Gang, Mr. and Mrs. Leonard, frontispiece Granulation, 202-8, 484 Ganging, 366, 484 Graphic Chemical and Ink Company, 474 Gangue, 3,484 Graphite: plumbago, 323; stirring rods, 187, 188 Gar-Alloy, 469 ! Grauert, Ralph W., Inc., 467 Gardberg, Bertel, 121, 183, 215, 230, 312 Gravers. See Scorpers , 399 Gravity pour, defined, 484 Gas-air torches. See Air-gas torches Gravy bowl, sterling silver, 255 Gases, specific gravity, weight, 465 Gravy ladle, chased, 107 Gasoline, 465 Gray, E., & Son, Ltd., 479 Gate, gate assembly, 321, 484. See also Casting Gray compound, 403 Gated pattern, defined, 323 Grease. See specific uses Gau, 101 Greaseless compounds, 401, 402, 403 Gauges, 47-48, 72, 425, 460 (See also specific gauges); Great Britain. See England (Great Britain) comparison of standard metal, 451; degree spring, Greeks, 12, 25, 186; works by, 108, 193 424; oxygen tank, 289ff.; ring sticks, 397; surface, Green compound, 403 242, 255, 486 Green gold, 8, 10, 173, 174, 246 Gaya, India, 107 Green rouge, 403 Gems. See Stone(s) Green Tara, gilded bronze, 30 General Findings, Inc., 472 Grenville, John, 90 Geneva, Switzerland. See Patek Philippe Grieger and Company, 473 "German" silver. See Grinding, 484. See also Polishing and grinding German work (See also specific craftsmen) : cast Groove weld (See also Welding) : defined, 484 iron jewelry, 35; etched coffer, 129; filigree, 200-1; Grounders, grounder punches, 85, 96 inlaid goblet, 223; pierced, engraved lock and key, Grundy, B., & Company, Ltd., 479 76; punchwork coffee pot, 86; wire necklet, 194; Guilds, 87 wrought iron lamp hook, 272 Gum arabic and gum tragacanth, 441 Gesswein, Paul H., & Company, Inc., 471 Gypsum, 28, 366-67. See also Plaster Ghana. See Ashanti work Ghost. See Skull H. J. Company, Ltd., 356 Gilbert, Stephen, 41 Haas Wood and Ivory Works, 479 . See Plating , 427-28, 447 Gilding metal, 18, 49-50, 246 Hagstoz, T. B., & Son, 469, 472 Gilding water, 419 Haida Indians, 101 Girard, Charles, 78 Hair ornaments: filigree, 198; silver, 54 Giuliano, Carlo, 202 "Half and half" solder, 178 Glaser, Georges, 76 Hall, Harry, 103 Glass: articles of (see specific articles, techniques) ; "Hallmark," 87 for coloring, 415; containers (see specific uses); Hammering. See Malleability; specific metals, tech- specific gravity, weight, 465 niques

498 INDEX Hammers, 56, 71, 243, 244-46, 256, 433-35 (See also (See also Electroplating) : specific gravity, specific kinds, techniques, uses); hardening faces weight, 465 of, 447 Hydrogen peroxide for stripping solution, 182 Hammett, J. L., Company, 478 Hydrogen potassium carbonate for coloring, 419 Handcrafters, The, 478 Hydrometallurgy, 3 Hand tools, 421-47. See also specific kinds of tools, uses Ikons, 82, 108, 232 Handy and Harman, 3941, 467, 477 lllinois Bronze Powder Corporation, 469 Hardening, 44447, 484, 485 (See also Tempering); Illinois Zinc Company, 469 age hardening (aging), 13, 33, 481 Immerman and Sons, 469 Hard ground, 130 Impact resistance, 6, Hardies, 279 Imperial Buff Company, Inc., 473 Hardness, 5 Imperial Standard Wire Gauge, 48, 451 Hard solders. See Silver (hard) solders Incas (See also Peruvian work): metal on cloth by, Hard temper, defined, 486 225 Hardy, Charles, Inc., 468 Incense burner, Persian bronze, 19 Harrison Abrasives Metals Disintegrating Company, Inches, decimal equivalents of, 458 474 India, Indian work, 25, 70, 338, 471; bidri, 24, 25, Harshaw Chemical Company, The, 475 138-49, 481; burnishing by hand, 409; carving, "Harvest" (lead-glass construction), 20 121, 123; cast brass, 18, 227, 302, 353, 447; cast Hastings and Company, Inc., 469 ; bronze, 106-7, 322, 350, 351; chasing, 94, 101, 105, Hatchet stake, 245 106-7, 216; embroidery with metallic yarns, 224, Hauser and Miller, 469 I 226; filigree, 196, 198, 200; gold leaf being made Havemeyer, Mrs. H. O., 223 by hand, 5; granulation, 202, 204, 207; intaglio Headbands, silver, 88 ikons, 82; kuftgari, 153-58, 484; pierced work, 71, Headgear, bridal, Persian, 93 73, 75; planished brass water pot, 50; repouss6, front- "Head of Girl" (lead), 103 ispiece, 99, 101, 110; shot on jewelry, 209, 210; Heading, defined, 484 siah qalam work, 109; soldering demonstrated, 167; Heads: cast brass, Goddess Lakshmi, 353; lead stamped jewelry, 90, 93; stones with metal, 8, 227, "Head of Girl," 103; silver-gilt reliquary, 315 231, 232; swami work, 134-38; tarkashi work, 213- Hearth (See also Furnac'es) : defined, 484 14; wirework, 43, 192, 196, 198, 210, 232 (see also Heating frames (See also specific uses) : pictured, specific techniques); wood and metal, 213-14, 216, 163, 187 2 I 217, 315 , defined, 484 India ink, 59 Heavy-Duty Electric Company, 476 Indians, American (See also ; spe- , 33, 464 cific countries, tribes) : filing by, 121; metal on Herring, Morgan & Southon, Ltd., 479 cloth, 225 Herrold, Clifford, 128 India oilstones, 114, 115 Higgins Ink Company, Inc., 477 Indonesia, 22 High-, 36, 278. See also Steel Ingots, 38ff., 319-22 (See also Silversmithing); de- High fine silver, 12. See also Silver fined, 484 Highlands University (Las Vegas, New Mexico), 345 Ink, use of, 59 High-zinc brasses, 18 Inkrustacja, 213 Hill, C. R., Company, 472 Inlay, inlaying, 134-58, 212-14, 484. See also specific Hill, V. D., 478 techniques Hill Cross Company, Inc., 479 Intaglio, 130, 186; examples of, 82, 128 Historical books, 487-88 International Gem Corporation, 478 Holding furnace, defined, 323 International Nickel Company, Inc., 468 Holding tools and materials, 438-42 Interstate Commerce Commission, 288 Holland, J., and Sons, Inc., 474 Invar, 31 Hollenbeck, R. L., 478 "10" (bracelet), 71 Hoover and Strong, Inc., 468, 479 Iranian gold fluted bowl, 248 Horn: hammers, 256; pique work, 222-23 , 13, 14, 16, 463 Horse and rider, cast bronze toy, 351 Iron, 4, 6, 7, 32-35, 463, 464 (See also specific Hoses, 168, 288ff. techniques) ; alloys (see main components; specific Hot forming, defined, 484 alloys) ; articles of (see specific objects, techniques); Hot metal spinning, 305 cast, 6, 24, 463, 464 (see also specific articles, tech- Hot plates, 380, 381-82 niques); coefficient of linear expansion, 463; etch- "Hot short," 18, 49 ing solutions, 132; gauges for, 47, 48 (see also spe- House of Wood and Crafts, 478 cific gauges); Monel Metal in contact with, 30-31; Howe and French, 475 platinum's attraction for, 16; wrought, 6, 34-35, Hunting knives, etched, 129 271-78 (see also specific techniques); zinc to pre- Husted-Andersen, Adda, 105, 255 vent corrosion, 25-26 Hyderabad, , India, 141, 148 , 417. See also Rouge Hyderabad, Deccah, India, 24 Iron perchloride, 131 Hydrochloric (muriatic) acid (See also Aqua regia) : Irons, snarling. See Snarling irons for coloring, 418; for etching, 131, 132; for finish- Irons, soldering (coppers), 179-80, 181. oee also ing dip, 132; flux with, 24, 179; to pickle platinum, Soldering 16 Israel Creations, 24

INDEX 499 Israeli work: brooches with shot, 210; link , Knives: chasing on, 106, 281; cutlery cement for, 21 l; copper tray, 24 etched, 129; filigree-handled, 200 Italy, Italian work, 31, 202 (See also specific crafts- Knox, Charles, 70 men); tin-lined brass coffee pot, 261 K&, West Germany, 202 Ivory, use of, 219ff., 258, 312 Koppel, Henning, 11,248,250,251,258 Ivory Coast, 353 Koran case, leather with silver, 226 Korean wine ewer, 261 J. J. Jewelcraft, 473 Kramer, Sam, 478 Jadau work, 232 Krishna figures, 106, 107; polishing of, 447 Jain deity, 409 Krohn, J. William, 477 Jain shrine, 228 Krueng Tome. See Niello Jaipur, India, 228, 231 Kuftgari, 153-58, 484 Janes Asbestos Company, 477 Kultasepanliike Ossian Hopea, 49, 116-17, 208, 2~ Japanese work: brass smoking pipes, 123; cast iron, 37; 315 inlaid sword guard, 223; mokume, 182-84; repousd Kunkei, 216 crayfish, 99 Kwickheat Soldering Irons, 473 Japan wax, 358 Kyoto, Japan, 99, 123 Jelrus Company, Inc., The, 476 Jensen, Georg, 258, 259 L. S. Plate and Wire Corporation, 467 Jensen, Georg, Silversmiths, xiv, 11, 69, 81, 217; crafts- Lacquer, 382, 389. See also specific uses men chasing flatware, 106; making oftsilver pitcher Ladles: with chased handle, 107; as tools, 320, 3% at, 250-54; repoussk work demonstrated, 94 l Lamination, defined, 484 Jensen, S@renGeorg, 262 I Lamp hook, wrought iron, 277 Jerarts House of Many Crafts, 478 Lamps: for blowpipes, 167, 168; cast brass, 18; Tibetm Jewel box, silver, 70 silver, 93 Jeweler's cement, 441 Lanterns, 22; pierced work, 71, 73-74, 75 Jeweler's tools (See also specific kinds) : basic, 422 Lapcha women's earrings, 99 Jewelers Vigilance Committee, Inc., 87 Lap joint (See also specific joining techniques) : defiwd, Jewelry Craftsman Company, The, 472, 478 484 Jewels. See Stone(s) , 410 Jigs, soldering, 163, 174-75, 254, 266 (See also Binding Lasalco, Inc., 474 wire) ; defined, 486 Lassaw, Ibram, 292 Johns-Manville, 477 i Las Vegas, New Mexico, 345 Johnson, Matthey & company, Ltd., 479, 480 Lata, J. S., and Son, 478 Johnson Clapham & Morris, Ltd., 480 Lathes. See Cold metal spinning Johnson Gas Appliance Company, 476 splasher, 396 Joints, 283, 293. See also Forging; Riveting; ~bldering; Lathe tools (See also specific tools) : hardening, 447 Welding "Layout dye," 55 Jutrem, Arne Jon, 267 Leach and Garner Company, 467 Kabat Arts and Crafts, Inc., 478 Leaching, 3 Kairouan, Tunisia, 75 Lead, 4, 6, 7, 19-22, 463, 464; alloys (sea main Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Sales, Inc., 468 components; specific alloys); articles of (see spe- l Kalimpong, India, 94, 101 cific articles, techniques); coefficient of linear ex- Kalsi, 302 pansion, 463; coloring, 418; etching solution for, Kamesar, Katia, 132 132; solder (see Soft (lead) solders); sources of Kansas City Laboratory Supply Company, 475 supply, 468-69; tools (see specific tools, uses); Karat gold, 8-11, 172-73, 410 (See also specific tech- toxicity of, 51-52 niques); "karat" defined, 484; weights, 452, 453 Lead acetate for coloring, 417, 418 Kastical, 331, 332 Lead blocks, 81, 84, 93ff., 409; casting, 321 Kawai, Kanjire, 123 Lead burning, 22 Keeling, A. D., & Company, Ltd., 480 Leaded brasses, 18 Kemetrade, Inc., 467 Lead Industries Association, 468 Kemp & Son Ltd., 480 Lead solders. See Soft (lead) solders Kennedy, John F., 184 Lea Manufacturing Company, The, 474 Ken Centrifico machine, 372 Lea's Compound, 29 Kerr Dental Manufacturing Company, 476 Leather: metalwork with, 224-26, 274; mallet tipped Kester Solder Company, 477 w~th,256 Keioh, Navajo, 337 Lechtzin, Stanley, 269, 379, 380, 388, 389, 390 Keys: in casting, 333; pierced, engraved, 76; wrought Leicester University, 80 iron, 277 Leighton, Henri, 375 Khundun work, 231 Lemberg, , 105 Khurasan, Persia, 350 Lemel, defined, 484 Kickapoo Indian pipe tomahawk, 215 Liberty and Company, 70 "Killed acid," 179 Lighters, flint, 63, 169,288, 289,292 Kilns (See also Furnaces; specific uses) : burnout, 342, Lime, 400, 407 344, 345, 346, 370 Limoges, France, 103 King, Robert J., 249 . See Yellow (limonite) King and Malcolm Company, Inc., 474 Linde Company, 476 King's water. See Aqua regia Liners, 105, 116-19; examples of use, 119

500 INDEX Linick, Ernest, Company, 472 Marshall, C. and E., Company, 473 Linoleum: cutting tools for wax, 359; on plywood, Marshall, William L., Ltd., 478 for repouss6, 93, 95 Masks: French funerary, 103; for metal dust, 52, 438; Linotype metal, cutting, 268 Mexican tin, 23; Senufo cast bronze, 353; Sudanese Lions: aquamanile in form of, 109; wood with metal, metal on wood, 215 316 Mastic, 358 Lipchitz, Jacques, 339 Matchplate plaster, 330, 332 Liquid measure, 450 Mat6 cup bombilla, 216 L~quidustemperature, 4. See also specific metals Matheson's Stone House, 478 Lisbon, , 237 Matte, 3 Lithium, 4 Matte finishes, 409 (See also Polishing and grinding); Liver of sulphur, 416-17, 484 dips, 132 Loam, 323. See also Yellow ochre Matting tools, 84-85, 97, 99, 105; examples, 85, 96 Lock and key, pierced and engraved, 76 Mayombe, 216 London, 33, 87, 202 (See also specific craftsmen); Meaker Company, The, 479 sources of supply in, 479 Measurements, measuring equipment, 55, 57, 59, 395- London gauges, 451 99, 450 (See also specific equipment, uses); com- London Metal Warehouses, Ltd., 479, 480 parison of, 457-58; equivalents of, 450 Lost-wax casting, 16, 205, 338-77; centrifugal, 351-74; Medieval guilds, 87 defined, 484 Medieval times, lead in, 19 Loucks Dental Supply, 476 Medium-carbon steel, 36 LOW-alloy . 36. See also stekl; specific tech- Mellor, David, 259 niques I Melting points, 4, 173, 463. See also specific metals Low-carbon (soft) steel, 6, 35-36 (dee also Forging; Mercer, William, 478 Welding) ; cold spmning, 301 Mercuric chloride for coloring, 418 Low-zinc brasses, 18 Mercur~csulphide, 3 1 Lubrication, 301. See also specific techniques Mercury, 4, 31-32, 463, 464; toxicity, 52 Lucknow, India, 75, 110 Meshed, Persia, 109 Lukula, Mayombe, 216 Mesopotamians, and pitch, 96-97 Luster, 5. See also Polishing and grinding Metales casados, 184-86 Lute, defined, 323, 484 Metal Findings Corporation, 472 Lye, specific gravity, weight of, 465 Metal fume fever, 52 i Metal Goods Corporation, 469, 478 M. D. R. Manufacturing Company, Inc., 478 Metalizing Company of America, Inc., 468 McCracken, R. S., and Sons, 476 Metallurgy, 31-41 McKinney Welding Supply Company, 476 Metal Powder Producers Association, 468 Madhya Pradesh, India, 211 Mexico, Mexican work, 22, 23 (See also Oaxaca; Madonnas: silver, Mexican, 220; welded iron, 299 Taxco); bluing of steel in. 158; married metals, Madrid, Spain, 276, 277, 299 18686; and mercury, 31; piqu6 work, 218, 220, 223; , 463, 464; alloys (see main components; polishing of silver beads, 394; pressing of metal, specific techniques); soldering blocks, 170, 171 256; wirework ring, 200; wrought iron crosses, 275 , 33, 464 Miami, Florida, 296 Magnifiers, optical, 114 for soldering, 198-99 Magnus Craft Materials, Inc., 477 Michigan Buff Company, Inc., 474 Maher, Patrick F., 414 Mickelson, A., Company, 392 Mahua, India, 315 Microcrystalline, 357 Malay Peninsula, Malaya, 22, 188 Micrometers, 47, 48, 427 Malleability, 5-6, 464, 484. See also specific metals Middle East (See also specific countries) : filigree, 196 Malleable iron, 33 Milan, Italy. See specific craftsmen, techniques Mallets, 256, 435 Milch, Hermine, 215 Mallory, D. N., 474 Mild steel. See Low-carbon steel "Man" (sculpture), 312 Miller, Frederick, 120, 217, 223 Mandrels, 283, 425, 437, 484; examples of, 436, 446; Miller, I., Inc., 469 for flexible shaft, 443, 446 Miller, John Paul, 202, 206, 207 , 463, 464; alloys (see main components; Millers Falls Company, 473 specific techniques); platinum's attraction for, 16; Miller Tool and Supply Company, 473 toxicity, 52 Millimeter equivalents, 458 Manhattan Adhesives Corporation, 477 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation, 473 Manhattan Aluminum Corporation, 467 "Minerva" (bracelet), 50 Manhattan Brass and Copper Company, Inc., 467 Mine Safety Appliances Company, 410, 477 Mani, 103 Minnesota and Manufacturing Company, 474. Mani, P., 157 477 Manin Jewelers Supply Company, Inc., 472 Miracle Adhesives Corporation, 47' "Man of War" (pendant-), 207 Mirko, 354 Marggraf, Andreas, 26 Mirror, Etruscan bronze, 109 Marinha Grande factory, 237 Mirror back, gold pierced work, 77 Marking and measuring tools and equipment, 425-27. Mirror finish, 29, 407 See also specific equipment, uses Mirror lapping, 403, 410 Marking out, defined, 484 "Mission" (cast aluminum sculpture), 355 Married metals, 184-86 Mixtec gold wirework ring, 200

INDEX Mochica, Peru, 83 Nests, soldering (mops), 172, 486 Modeling tools, 97, 99, 105. See also specific tools Netherlands, spun pewter vase from, 302 Modern Art Foundry, Inc., 339, 341, 34243, 476 Neutral flame, 292-93 Mohammed Abu Abdullah, 226 New Caledonia, 29 Mohammedan work. See Muslims, Muslim work New Delhi, India, frontispiece Moharram, 75 New Orleans Jewelers Supply Company, 473 Mohs table of hardness, 5 New 's Eve, Flnnish lead form as custom of, 20 Mokume, 182-84 New York. See specific craftsmen, jewelers Molds, 484 (See also Casting); chasing of flatware, New York Laboratory Supply Company, 475 106; forming, 255 (see also Silversm~thing);repousst New York Welding Supply Company, Inc., 476 copper aspic, 99 Ney, J. M,, Company, The, 468 Mold wash, defined, 323 Nicholson File Company, 474 "Mollusk" (pendant-brooch) , 207 Nichrome, 4, 31. See also specific tools, uses , 37, 463, 464; and sparks, 413 Nickel, 4, 6, 7, 28-31, 246, 463, 464 (See also specific Mona Industries, Inc., 477 techniques) ; as alloy (see Nichrome; main compo- Monel Metal, 18, 29, 30-31, 246, 464; cold spinning, nents; specific techniques); extruded, 49; plating, 13, 301, 302; examples of use, 29, 79 385 (see also Plating); and sparks, 413; toxicity, 52 Mongolian youth, cast bronze statuette of, 350 Nickel silver, 18, 29-30, 246; gilding, 419; testing for, Monogramming demonstrated, 116-17 13; welding, 295 Monte Alban, ring from, 200 Niello, 119, 18691, 484 Monteath, J. H., Company, 478 Nlgeria. See Benin bronze casting Mops, soldering, 172, 486 I Nippers, 202, 427 Moradabad, India, 105, 109 f Nitric acid, 465, 481. See also Aqua regia; specific uses I Mortars and pestles, 187, 188 , specific gravity, weight of, 465 Mother of piqut work, 223 Nobema Products Corporation, 473 Motors. See Electric tools; specific uses Noble metals, 4, 13. See also specific metals Mundt, Charles, and Sons, 468 Nokorode flux paste, 178, 179 Munlch, Germany, 194 Nonferrous investment plaster, 330-31, 332 Munning and Munning, Inc., 474 Nonferrous metals, 3-4, 7-32 (See also specific met- Muntz brass (muntz metal), 18, 246 als); cold forglng, 287; hot-tinning, 23-24 Muriatic acid. See Hydrochloric acid Nordman & Aurich, 473 Murti, 82 Norton Company, 474 Mushroom stakes, 246, 435-37. See also Stakes Norvell Marcum Company, 473 Muslims (Mohammedans), Muslim work, 75, 109, 110 Norwegian work: appliqued tankard, 138; pewter, 267, Mysore, India, 106-7 268, 269 Novgorod, U.S.S.R., 312 Nach, Florence, 49, 356 Nowe, Francoy, 120 Nagas work. See Swami work Nuggets, 2, 484. See also specific metals Nails, nailing, 216, 314, 315, 316 Nursing bottle, pewter, 266 Najahe pendant, casting of, 334-36 Nuts (See also Bolts, bolting) : source for, 477 Nanubhai Jewelers, 204 Nylon, objects using, 154, 258 Nasca, Peru, 209 National Bureau of Standards, 9, 12, 16, 87, 425 Oakite, 383 National Cylinder Gas, 476 Oaxaca, Mexico, 75, 129, 200 National Distillers & Chemical Corporation, 477 Oersted, Hans Christian, 26 National Foil Company, 468 Ohio Jeweler's Supply, Inc., 472 National Lead Company, 468, 469 Oil lamps, 167; contemporary brass, 18 National Welding Equipment, 476 Oils, 465. See also specific oils, uses Native ores, 3; nuggets of, 2 Oilstones, 114, 115, 412 Navajo Indians, 88, 89, 334-36, 337 Old English gauges, 451 Naval brass, 18 "Olga" (bracelet), 50 Near East (See also specific countries): wood inlaid Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation, 467 with metal, 212 Necklaces, 69; cast iron, 35; chiseled gold, 123; Ollve spoon, 78 domed gold, 83; etched, 128; filed, with ball-and- Omvik, Mons, 267, 268 socket joints, 124; forged and split silver, 121; fused Opacity, 4 gold, 133; with granules, 205, 206; link, 211; lost- Open casting; open-face casting, 321, 331 wax cast, African, 377; mokume, 182; with niello, Ores, 3, 464, 465, 485 (See also specific metals); ex- 190; piquC work, 218, 219, 220; platinum, 14, 16; amples, 2 with shot, 210, 211; stainless steel with , 36; Orient (See also Far East; specific countries) : stones stamped gold, 85, 90; tufa cast, 336; turquoise with and metal with rivets, 314 silver, 229; wire, 192, 193, 195, 210 Orissa State, India, 350 Necklet, gold wire, 194 Ornaments (See also specific kinds): cast gold, Pan- Needle files, 61, 121, 125, 433 amanian, 352; with stones, 231 Needle-point scribers (markers), 55, 115 Oslo, Norway, 267, 268, 269 Needles: etching, 127; gold testing, 10; hardening, Osman, Louis, 195, 284 447; soldering, 160 , 13, 14, 16, 463 Nele, E. R., 194 Ottapalam, India, 217 Nepal, .99, 232 Oxidation. See Corrosion Nepir Ltd., 237 Oxide ores, 3

INDEX , 3, 29 (See also Firescale; specific oxides) ; fluxes Philadelphia, 298. See also specific craftsmen and (see Fluxes) Philippine betel box, 153 Oxidizing flame, 170, 292, 293, 485 Phillips, Robert, 202 Oxyacetylene welding, 288-99. See also specific metals Phillips Manufacturing Company, 477 Oxygen, 4, 465; as component (see specific metals, tech- Phoenicians, and lead, 19 niques) Phosphor bronzes, 18, 246 Oxygen-free copper, 18 , 463, 465; in deoxidized copper, 18; in Oxygen-gas torches, 27, 169. See also Torches , 33; for steel alloy, 37 Ozokerite, 357 Physician's Hospital Supply Company, 475 Pickling, 7, 63-64, 121-26, 174, 247, 416 (See also Pacific Metals Company, Ltd., 469 specific metals); of filigree, 198, 199, 200; granulated Pai, 216 pieces, 208; "pickle" defined, 485; repouss6 work, Pail, Etruscan bronze, 86 100; tools shown, 127 Paillon, defined, 485 Piercing, pierced work, 58-59, 60, 71-79, 427-30, 485; Paktong, 29 examples of, 71ff., 110, 219, 221; in swami process, Palitana, India, 409 135-36 , 13, 14, 452, 453, 463; alloys, 16 (see also Pig, defined, 323, 485 main components; specific uses); polishing, 438; and Pinart, Robert, 294 toxicity, 52 Pinchbeck metal, 18 Panama, cast ornaments from, 338, 352 Pinding, 188 Panang, Malaya, 188 Pine, Alvin, 219 Pandan, brass, 110 I Pinhole porosity, defined, 323, 485 Pane hammers. See Peen (pein) ham~pers Pink compound, 403 Panels (See also Screens) : cast alylminum, 28; cast Pinning, 283 pewter, vi; copper, 386 Pins (jewelry), 49 (See also Brooches); cast metal, Pangborn Dust Control Equipment (Pangborn Cor- 29, 35, 374, 377, 378; electroformed, 380, 389, 390; poration), 477 filigree, 11, 198; forged in silver and gold, 286; Pans: annealing, 171, 172 (see also Annealing); pick- forged gold, with pearl and , 287; piqu6 work, ling, 124, 127 (see also Pickling) 218; stainless steel screen on silver, 36; wirework, 11, . See specific techniques, uses 193, 195; yellow metal on silver, 414 Paraffin: for casting, 357; for etching, 128; as lubri- Pins (metal particles), 433 cant (see specific techniques) Pins, bench (tools), 67, 429 Parcel-gilt, 485. See also Plating Pinstems, riveting, 3 14 Pardon, Earl B., 222 1 Pin vises, 430, 439 Paris, 202. See also specific craftsmen Pipes, 19, 40; smoking, 123 Parting compounds, 331, 485 Pipe tomahawk, inlaid, 215 Parting line, defined, 323, 485 Pipkin, sterling silver, 255 Parting sand, defined, 323 Piqu6 work, 218-23 Pastes (See also specific kinds, uses) : solder-inhibiting, Pitch (See also Chasing; Engraving; Repouss6) : for 176-77 (see also specific techniques) hard ground, 130 Patek Philippe, 14, 16, 51 Pitchers (See also Ewers) : bidri work, 139; raised sil- Patina, 485. See also Color, coloring; specific metals ver, 250-54; silver, with ebony handle, 217; silver, Pattern, defined, 323,485 with ivory handle, 223 Pearson, Ronald Hayes, 79, 121, 124, 286 Placer (alluvial) gold, 3, 7 Pectoral, gold, 75 Planisher (spinning tool), 304, 310 Peen (pein) hammers, 435 (See also specific uses); Planisher punch, 84, 85 ball, 72, 74, 187, 279, 435; cross, 247, 249, 279 Planishing, 247, 249, 485; brass water pot finished with, Peerless Roll Leaf Company, 467 50; silver teapot finished with, xiv Pencils, 59 (See also specific uses); soldering, 181 Planishing hammers, xiv, 243, 249, 252, 257, 435 , 56-65; cast metal, 8, 333-36, 338; fused Planishing stakes. See Stakes silver, 132; with granulation, 207; pique work, 218; Plaques: lost-wax cast, 340; repouss6, 95, 98, 101; platinum, with , 14; shot-decorated, 210; with stamped edge, 82 stamped silver, 88; wirework, 8, 194 Plaster, 330-32 Pennsylvania Dutch work, 35, 86 Plaster-mold casting, 28, 330-35ff. Perak, Malaya, 188 Plaster of Paris for cements, 441 Periodic table, 448 (s) : containers for pickling, 126; for electro- Perloir, 84 forming, 387; pique work with, 222, 223 Persian work, 19; cast bronze ewer, 350; chased silver Plates (See also Trays) : bidri, 24, 140-49; damascene, Torah case, 109; damascene candlestick, 150; em- 154, 157; filigree, 198; kuftgari, 156; spinning of, bossed headgear, 93; granulation on bracelet, 203; 304-5; swami decorated, 135, 137 leather belt with metal, 225; niello, 186 Plates (tools), 187, 188, 255, 437 Pertot, Frank, Company, Inc., 476 Plate stakes, 437 Peruvian work, 70 (See also Incas); cloth with metals, Plating, 4, 31, 193, 379-91, 485; examples of gilding, 224, 225; doming, 83; repouss6 , 101; shot, 33 (see also specific objects); "parcel-gilt" defined, use of, 209; stone inlay, 230 485; Sheffield plate, 6, 196; sources of supply, 479 Pet Power Tools, 473 Platinum, 3, 4, 6, 7, 13-16, 452, 453, 463, 465 (See Petrolatum for casting, 357 also specific techniques); alloys (see main com- Petroleum, 465. See also specific techniques, uses ponents; specific alloys); articles of (see specific ob- Pewter, vi, 23, 264-69, 319; coloring composition, 431; jects, techniques) ; coefficient of linear expansion, etching solution, 132; sources of supply, 468-69 463; extruded, 49; polishing, polishing compounds,

INDEX 503 402, 403, 410; refractory brick for soldering, 172; R. & B. Art Craft Company, 47s sample nuggets, 2; stripping, 126; and toxicity, 52 Rack, hammer, 243 Platters (See also Trays) : English pewter, 265; Span- Radakovich, Ruth, 374 ish silver-gilt, 84 Radakovich, Toza, 205 , 61, 62, 202, 437-38 Raising, 485. See also Forming tools; Silversmithing Plinking, 137 Raising hammers, 405. See also Silversmithing Plumbago, defined, 323 Rajasthan, India, 351, 353 Plumber's torch, 168, 170 Rakes, 281; wheel, 403-4 Plumbing, 19; solders, 178 Rammer, sand, 324, 326 Plunkett, A. J., & Company, Ltd., 479 Ramming, defined, 485 Point hardening. See Hardening Randals Ltd., 480 Point tempering. See Tempering Rasps, 281, 432, 433 Poison. See Toxicity Ratcliff, J. F., Ltd., 480 Pokers, 281; hard solder, 160 Ratton, Charles, 315, 316 Polishing and grinding, 5, 29, 394414 (See also Buffs Reamers, 429 and buffing; specific metals, techniques); sources of Rectifiers, 379, 380, 381 supply, 473-74 brass, 18, 246 Polish work: forged metal, 270, 273; repouss6, 105; Redfern, Keith, 258 wood with metal inlay, 212, 213 Red gold, 8, 10, 173, 174, 246 Pomodoro, Arnaldo and Giorgio, 391 Red rouge. See Rouge Porbandar, India, 192 Red scar, defined, 485 Porcelain, 465 1 Reducing (reduced) flame, 170, 204, 292, 293, 485 Porcelain rouge, 403 i Reed and Barton, 468 Porosity, defined, 323 I Reef gold, 7 Portugal: epergne from, 237; and zinc, 25 Reemer-Kareer Company, 475 Porvoo, Finland. See Kultasepanliike Ossian Hopea Refining, defined, 485 Pot, spun brass water, 302 Refractory, defined, 485 Potassium carbonate (potash), 385, 416 Refractory brick, 172 Potassium chloride for coloring, 418 Regent Products Company, 475 Potassium cyanides, 384, 385 Registered trademark, 88-89 Potassium hydrogen tartrate, 418 Renaissance, and engraving, 111 Potassium nitrate (saltpeter), 147, 419 Renk, Merry, 54 Potassium sulphide. See Liver'of sulphur Repouss6, 84, 85, 93-103, 485; articles with (see spe- Poulat, Matilde Lugenia, 220 ! cific objects) ; deep pieces, 110 Pouring gate or basin, defined, 321 Repoussi hammers. See Chasing hammers Prayer wheel, Tibetan silver, 103 RepoussC tools. See specific techniques, uses Precious metals, 7-16 (See also specific metals); Residual stress, defined, 485 sources of supply, 467, 468-69; stamping, 85-89 Resinoid abrasive wheels, 41 1 (see also Stamps, stamping, quality); and toxicity, , 465. See also 52 Revere, Paul, 119 Pre-Columbian silver alpaca, 70 Revere Copper and Brass, Inc., 467 Prehistoric man, and nickel, 28-29 Reynolds Metals Company, 467 Pressing, metal, 255, 256 Rheostats, 381, 485 Prest-0-Lite tank, 63 Rhoden, John, 298 Prest-0-Lite torches, 63, 168 Rhodium, 13, 14, 16, 463; plating, 13, 385 Primary metals, 3 , 399 Prip, John, vi, 194, 208, 210, 262, 263, 286 Rice measuring bowls, 216 Propane torches, 170, 247 Rice measuring container, 217 Protractor, 55 Riddles, 324, 485 Ptolemaic , xii, 82, 194 Rifflers, 432, 433, 434, 485 Public Law 87-354, 88-89 Right angles (tools), 423 Puddling, 27 1, 296 Rigidity, 6 Pueblo, New Mexico, 229 Rigidized Metals Corporation, 468 Pumice, 400,407,409, 415; wheels, 446 Ring buffs, 400, 405 Pump, , in investment casting, 368 Ring mandrels, 283, 425, 436, 437, 484 "Punch," defined, 485 Punches, punchwork, 78ff., 83-84, 430, 485 (See also Ring pads, 93, 114 Center punches; Chasing tools; Piercing, pierced Rings, 69, 226, 230 (See also various ring tools); work; Repouss6; Stamps, stamping); in forging, 282- casting of, 363, 371, 372; cast metal, 8, 205, 374- 83; hardening, 447 75; with crumpled metal soldered to shank, 69; Punch Set, raised silver, 262 encrusted silver, 183; forged, 205, 286; forging of, Purses: filigree, 198; metal-embroidered evening bag, 283; with granules, 49, 204, 205; inlaid with dacron, 226 154; how to remove gold ring from swollen finger, Pyrex containers. See specific uses 32; repouss6, 103; with rivets, silver, 312, 315; with , 464 shot, 49, 208, 209, 210; stamped, production, assem- Pyrometallurgy. See Smelting bly of, 80-81; stamping tool for quality marking, 89 Pyrometer, defined, 485 Ring sizers, 427 Ring sizes, 425; table of, 461 Quenching, 49-50, 247, 485. See also specific metals Ring sticks, 427; soldering, 170, 175 Quicksilver. See Mercury Ring tongs, 329

INDEX Ring tools, 97. See also specific tools Saunders, Alexander, and Company, 476 Ring vise or clamp, 439 Saws, sawblades, 56-57, 65-73, 425-29 (See also Riser, defined, 321 specific uses); charts of, 459; for flexible shaft, 444; Riveting hammer, 435. See also Rivets, riveting hardening, 447 Rivets, riveting, 225, 283, 311-15, 318 (See also Sax Crafts, 473 Piqd work); rice measuring bowls with, 216; rice Sbar's, 478 measuring container with, 217; shrine with, 101; Scabs (casting defects), 326 source for, 477 Scale (firescale), 323, 483. See also specific metals Roach, Ruth S., 50, 71 Scales, 426, 427 "Rock Lines" (copper panel), 386 "Scalping," 41-42, 485 Rods, welding, 294, 295-96, 486 Schaffner Manufacturing Company, Inc., 474 Rohde, Johan, xiv Schatz, Zahara, 24 Roller, William G., Inc., 473 Scherr, Mary Ann, 36, 128 Rollett, H., & Company, Ltd., 479 Schor, Ilya, 78, 110, 312 Rolling, 46-47, 485. See also Malleability; specific Schwarcz, June, 379, 386 metals, processes Scientific Supplies Company, 475 Rolling mills, 39, 46-47, 438 Sconce, brass with mirror, 3 15 Roman Bronze Works, Inc., 476 Scorpers (gravers), lllff., 116-18, 482, 485 Romanoff Rubber Company, 476 Scotch stone, 191 Romans, ancient: and electrum, 12; and lead pipes, Scrapers, 127; hardening, 447 19; and niello, 186; tin mines of,)22; and zinc, 25 Scrap metal, 38, 40, 485 Rome. See specific craftsmen Scratch awls, 55, 115, 425 Rosebowl, gilded silver, 80 I Scratch brushing. See Brushes, brushing Rose engine, 111 Screens (See also Panels) : cast aluminum, 330; Rosin, 22, 130, 179, 465; for cements, 441; synthetic, welded, 296, 298 401; as wax additive, 358 Screwdrivers, hardening, 447 Ross, Frank B., Company (Ross Industrial Waxes), Screwplates, 3 17, 3 18 475 Screw punch, 81 Rothschild, Salomon de, 223 Screws, screwing, 283, 314-18, 477; thumbscrews, 63: Rouge, 160, 176, 191, 199; for polishing, buffing equip- 66 ment, 394, 395, 402-3,407,409 Scribers, 55, 115, 425 "Roughing," 281 Sculp Metal Company, The, 469 "Rounding up," 281 i Sculpture (See also specific artists, techniques) : cast Routers for flexible shaft, 444 aluminum "Mission," 355; cast bronze "The Cin- Rowe Brothers, Ltd., 480 ema," 356; cast bronze "Dancing Siva," 322; riveted Rowland, William, Ltd., 480 brass "Man," 312; sheet metal "Structure 14B," 41; Royal water. See Aqua regia welded bronze and chrome, 296; welded steel "Star Rubber, 465. See also specific tools, uses 11," 290 Rubber cement, 441 Sculpture Associates, 475 Rulers (rules), 55, 59, 423 Sculpture House, 475 Run, in casting, defined, 323 Scythian cast bronze openwork , 350 Runner, defined, 321, 485 Sealing wax, 93, 441, 477 Runout, defined, 485 Secondary metals, 3 Russell Investment Corporation, 474 Seidler Chemical & Supply Company, 475 Russia, church doors in, 312 Selenious acid for coloring, 418 Russian niello, 191 Sells, John, and Sons, 472 Russian Tula, 191 Sel-Rex Corporation, 479 , 13-14, 16, 463 Selvyt polishing cloth, 395 Senier, T. W., & Company, Ltd., 479 Salad utensils: cast pewter, 269; ebony with silver Senufo, Ivory Coast, 353 handles, 217 Serabian, H., 473 Sal ammoniac. See Ammonium chloride Set hammers, 279-80 Salt, table () : to clean silver, 13; for "Setting down," 282 coloring, 147, 418 Setting hammer, 243 Saltpeter (potassium nitrate), 147, 418 Sgrol-Yan, gilded bronze, 30 Sambayeque, Peru, 101 Shake-out, 324, 349, 485 San Cristobal de las Casas, Mexico, 275 Sharpening tools, 113-15, 412 Sandbags, 93, 94, 114, 116,255,437 Shear, 6 Sand burning, defined, 323, 485 Shears, 60, 162, 240, 241, 399; hardening, 447 Sard casting, 27-28, 324, 325-30. See also Bidri work; Sheet metals, 38ff. (See also Rolling; Soldering; spe- Casting cific metals); crystalline structure of brass, 4; gauges Sandpapers, 394 for (see Gauges); sculpture, "Structure 14B," 41; Sandrat, J. M., 201 weights per square inch, 452 San Francisco. See specific craftsmen Sheffield, England, 259, 264; sources of supply in, 480 Santa Clara del Cobre, Mexico, 256 Sheffield plate, 6, 196 Santhals, work of, 18 Sheffield Smelting Company, Ltd., 479, 480 Saponify, defined, 485 Shell. See Stone(s) ; specific kinds Sargent, E. H., and Company, 475 Shellac, 411, 441; sticks, 93, 115, 441 Satin finish, 254. See also specific metals Sheraton Hotel (Philadelphia), 298

INDEX Sh~ft(casting defect), defined, 485 Sodium bichromate, 122 Shift spalling, defined, 323-24 Sodium bisulfite, 384 Shock, resistance to, 6 Sodium carbonate, 126, 385, 416 Shor, I., Company, Inc., 471 Sodium chloride. See Salt, table Shortness, 485. See also "Hot short" Sodium cyanide, 126, 384, 385 Shot, shotting, 49, 50, 197, 199, 208-11 Sodium ferrocyanide, 384 Shovels, 281, 324 Sodium hyposulphate, 418 Shrines: brass with crystal, 228; repouss.6, chaqed, 101 Sodium silicate, 411 Shrinkage lumps, defined, 321 Sodium thiosulphate for coloring, 417 Siah qalam work, 109 Soft annealing, 50 Siam. See Thailand Soft (lead) solders, soldering, 6, 20ff., 159, 178-82, , 33 422 (See also specific metals); and electroplating, Sidi-Bou-Said, Tunisia, 201 390 Sifter for niello, 187, 188 Soft steel. See Low-carbon steel Silica flour for investment casting, 366 Solderall, 178 Silicates, 3, See also specific s~licates Soldering, 24, 62-64, 81, 159-211, 253, 486 (See also Sllicon, 33, 463, 465; alloys with (see main compo- Silver (hard) solders; Soft (lead) solders; specific nents; specific alloys, techn~ques);plat~num's attrac- metais); basic equipment, 422; sources of supply, tion for, 16; and sparks, 413 i 477 bronzes, 18, 295 Solidus. See Melting points , 400; wheels, 41 1 f Solvents, sources of, 477 Silken, Paul, Inc., 473 Somers, C. W., Company, 472 Silvaloy, 414 Soul washer's badge, gold, 101 Sllver, 4, 6, 7, 11-13, 31, 452, 463, 465 (See also South America. See specific countries, objects, tech- specific techniques); alloys (see Sterling silver; main niques components); articles of (see spec~ficobjects, tech- "Southern Cross" pins, 11 niques); coefficient of linear expansion, 463; color- Southland Jeweler's Supply Company, 473 ing, 416-17; drawing of wire shown, 44; etching Southwest Smelting and Refining Company, 469 . - solution, 131; extruded tubing, 48, 49; forms of wire Spam, Spanish work, 31; ivory casket, 220; leather U ? z available, 454; gauge for, 48 (see also Gauges; Koran case, 226; silker-gilt platter, 84; welded iron, specific gauges); gralnsj 49; native formation, ore, 2, 299; wrought iron, 276, 277 3, 11; plate, plating, l'3, 384-85 (see also Plating; Spalling, 323-24, 369, 486 specific plates); quality stamping, 9, 12, 89, 90; Sparex No. 2, 126 stripping, 126; testing for plate, 13; and toxicity, 52; Sparks, in grinding of steel, 412-13 weights of wire, 453, 454 Spatulas and spreaders, 187ff., 359ff., 364, 441 Silversmith hammers, 433. See also Silversmithing Spearheads, 75 Silversmithing, 240-63 Specific gravities, 4, 464-66. See also spec~ficmetals Silversmith's , 436 Speeds, table of surface, 399 Silver (hard) solders, 29, 159-77, 422 Spe~ss,3 Simmons, L. E., Refining, 469 Spelter solders, 177-78, 486 , 486. See also Silversmithing Sperisen, Franc~sJ., 478 Skil Corporation, 473 Spermaceti, 357 Sklmmer, defined, 324 Speyers Smelting and Refining Company, 469 Skin, dermatitis, 410 . See Blende Skoogfors, Olaf, 154 Spiegeleisen, 464 Skull, 166, 176, 177, 324, 486 Spinning, 301-10, 477, 486 Skura, Stanislaw, 270, 273 Splash pan, 410 Slag, 3, 271, 295, 464 Splitting, 120, 121, 277, 486 Sledge hammers, 279 Spoons: being chased, 94; Lapland with raised bowls, "Slicing," in forging, 281 258; mold for, 319; monogramming demonstrated, Slick and oval; slick and square, 324 116-17; pierced silver, 78 Slush cashng, 268, 324 Spoon stakes, 245 Smelting (pyrometallurgy), 3, 4, 486. See also specific Spoon-straw, sdver, 216 metals Spotting hammer, 243 Sm~t,J, K., & Sons, Inc., 473 Spratling, William, 218 Smith, J., & Sons, Ltd., 479 Spraying, metal, 484 Smith, T. A., Welding Supply Corporation, 476 Springs, hardening, 447 Sm~th'shand hammer, 279 Spring temper, defined, 486 Smithsonite, 25 Sprue cutter, 324 Smoking pipes, Japanese, 123 Sprue formers, 364ff. See also Casting Smut finish, 390 Sprues, 368ff., 373, 374 (See also Casting); in centrif- Snapvent Company, 472 ugal castlng, 361-64; defined, 321 Snarling irons, 110, 244, 252, 437 Squares, areas of, 455-57 Snippets, 162. See also Soldering Squares (tools), 55, 423 Snips, 160, 162, 241, 427 Sri Chamarajendra Technical Institute, 106 Soap: as debubblizer, 366; as lubricant (see specific Stainless steel, 24, 295, 301, 391; objects illustrated, processes) 36, 303, 331

INDEX Stakes, 244-46ff., 435-37, 486. See also specific uses Sugar castor, engraved, 120 Stamps, stamping, 96, 486 (See also Dies; Punches, Sulphates (See also specific sulphates) : for plating, punchwork; Stamps, stamping, quality); examples of, 385 85-93 passim, 103, 108, 111, 152, 215, 228; produc- Sulphide ores, 3 tion and assembly of ring, 80-81 Sulphides, 29 (See also specific sulphides); tarnish, 13 Stamps, stamping, quality, 9, 12, 16, 85-89, 427; on (see also Corrosion) decanter, 90; tools for, 89, 427 Sulphur, 3, 465 (See also Corrosion); iron ore, 33; Standard Birmingham gauges, 451 in Monel Metal, 30; for niello, 188, 191 Standard Diamond Tool Company, Inc., 472 Sulphuric acid, 465; to anodize aluminum, 26; as by- Standard Rolling Mills, 468 product of zinc purification, 26; for copper baths, Standard Tinsmith & Roofer Supply Corporation, 467 385; for etching, 131, 132; for finishing dips, 132; Stanley Works, The (Stanley Electric Tools), 473 for layout dye, 55; for pickling (see Pickling); to Stannous chloride, 24, 389 remove investment material, 373, 374; for swami Stan Pak Products, 467 work (see Swami work) "Star 11" (sculpture), 290 Sunbeam Equipment Corporation, 476 "Starfish" (silver with granules), 204 Superior Gems and Materials, 478 Statues (See also specific subjects, techniques) : Supply, sources of, 467-80 Mayombe ritual, wood with nails, 216; reliquary, of Surface blocks and plates, 72,255,437 St. Foy, 234; Tibetan gilded bronze, 30 Surfaces. See Finishing Steadco Waxes, 475 Surface speeds, 399 Steadman, F. W., Company, Inc., 473 Suri, India, 216

Stearic acid, 402 j Sutton, Thomas, Ltd., 480 Stearin fluxes, 179 I Sutton-Hoo, England, 191 Steel, 6, 7, 35-37 (See also specific techniques); alloys Swage blocks, 280-81 (see Stainless steel; main components); articles of Swages, 279,280 (see specific objects, techniques); coefficient of lin- , 248, 282; example of edge thickening, 249 ear expansion, 463; coloring, 158, 417, 418, 419; Swart, Jan de, 28, 355 etching solutions, 132; extruded, 49; gauges for, 47- Sweat soldering, 180,267 48 (see also Gauges; specific gauges); plating of, Sweden: iron ore, 33; pewter boxes from, 269; silver 22, 23 (see also Plating; specific metals); spark beaker from, 119 observation in grinding, 412-13; tools (see specific Sweeps, defined, 486 tools); toxicity of cadmium-plated, 51; zinc-, Swiss files, 431, 433 26 ! Switzerland. See specific craftsmen Steel blocks, 93 Sword guards, Japanese, 182,223 Steel wool, 160, 395, 396 Syrian canteen, 150 Stephensen, Magnus, 262, 303 Sterling silver, 12-13, 14, 173, 246, 247, 452, 453, T-joint, defined, 486 454; articles made of (see specific objects, tech- T-stakes, 435. See also Stakes niques); centrifugal casting of, 370; manufacturing Tallow, 22, 42, 179; as casting additive, 358; as spin- of sheet metal, 3842; scratch brushing, 410; testing ning lubricant, 301, 302 for, 13; tubing, measurements of, 454 Tang, defined, 486 Stevens, Ronald, 120 Tang Dynasty, 77 Stick solder. See Soldering Tanjore, India, 134-38, 322 Stirrers, electromagnetic, 382 Tankard, coin-appliquied, 138 Stirring rods for niello, 187, 188 Tanks, welding, 63, 298 Stirring rod tongs, 187, 329 Tapemeasure, 55 Stockholm, Sweden, 269 "Tapering," 281-82 Stone(s) (See also Encrustation; Inlay) : black testing, Taps, tapping, 317, 318,486 for gold, 10; and electroforming, 390; metal with, Tarkashi work, 213-14, 486 226-38, 442 (see also specific metals, objects, tech- Tarnish, 486. See also Corrosion; specific metals niques) ; oilstones, 114, 115, 412; relief modeling Taxco, Mexico, 23, 218, 353. See also Costillo brothers 82; riveting wire for, 314; sources of supply, 478 Teapots: engraved silver, 119; planished silver, xiv; Stone Age, 17 silver with horn handle, 262 Stoneware crocks, 131,415 Technical Adhesives, Inc., 477 Stove, Franklin, 35 Technical books, 489-90 Strength, 6 Technicraft Corporation, 478 Stress equalization annealing, 50 Teke tribe, chief's collar by, 17 Stretching, 486. See also Silversmithing Tellurium, copper alloy with, 18 Stripping, 126, 182, 382, 383, 486 Temper (See also Tempering) : defined, 486 Strips, 40 Temper annealing, 50 "Structure 14B," 41 Temperature conversion tables, 462 Stubbs gauges, 4748,441,451,457-58 Tempering, 115,444-47, 486 Studs on leather, 224-25 Tensile strength, 6, 464 Stumps, tree, 246, 255, 256 Tepping Studio Supply Company, 473 Styrofoam, 331, 387, 388, 389, 390 Ternary alloys, 7, 159 Sudanese dance mask, 215 Terrazzo, 226; strip, 26 Sudbury, Ontario, 29 Testing. See Assaying Sugar bowls, plated, 196 Thailand: and niello, 186; silver-gilt bowl, 111

INDEX 507 Thebes, gold-footed goblet from, 248 , 37, 463, 465 Theophilus, 191 Tunic, Peruvian gold, 224 Thermometer for electroplating, 382 Tunisian work: inlaid brass tray, 152; pierced work Thor Electric Tools (Thor Power Tool Company), lantern, 75; wire birdcage, 201 473 Turkish filigree box, 197 Thrumming, 396,486 Tutenkhamon, 202,228 Thuma, 94 Tweezers, 62, 80, 175, 439,440 Thumbscrews, 65,66 Twist drills. See Drills, drilling Thutmose 111, 90 Twisting (See also Torsion) : in forging, 282 Tibetan work: chasing, repousst, 93, 94, 101, 103; en- Two-man pouring shanks, 344-48 crusted ewer, 139; gilded bronze statue, 30 Type metal, 23, 268 , chased gold, 119 Tyzack, S., & Son, Ltd., 479 Tie tacks, wood-filled, 215 Tiffany and Company, 33, 193 Uele Zande throwing knife, 281 Tiger, cast bronze, 351 Undercuts, 324-25 Timbers, specific gravities, weights of, 464 Underhill, William, 345-46, 347, 349 Tin, 6, 7, 22-25, 463, 465; alloys (see main com- Union Carbide Corporation, 476 ponents; specific alloys); articles of (see specific Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), church objects, techniques) ; coefficient of linear expansion, doors in, 3 12 463; etching solution, 132; nontoxicity of, 52 United Mineral & Chemical Corporation, 474 Tin brasses, 18 United States (See also American work): gauges in, Tin cry, defined, 486 I 47-48 (see also Gauges; specific gauges); and mer- Tinning, defined, 486 i cury, 31; quality stamping in, 9, 87-89 Tiruchirapalli, India, 471 United States Bureau of Mines, 410 Tomahawk, Kickapoo pipe, 215 United States Bureau of the Mint, 9 Tongs: crucible, 187, 188, 320, 329, 346; draw, (draw- United States Bureau of Standards. See National Bu- plate tongs), 42-43, 45, 410; for etching, 131; flask, reau of Standards 329, 370, 371, 372; forging, 280, 281; foundry, 347; United States Department of Commerce, 87 jaw, 329; pickling, copper, 27; ring, 329; safety, 329; U. S. Company, 474 soldering, 163, 171; stirring rod, 187, 329 United States Gypsum Company, 330, 331,468 Tools, 56-64, 421-47 (See also specific techniques, U. S. Industrial Chemicals Company, 477 tools, uses); sharpening; 113-15, 412; sources, 471- United States Stamping Law, 9, 87 73 (see also specific kinds) United States Standard gauges, 47,451 , 36 United States Treasury Department, 89 Torah case, chased, 109 Universal Chain Company, Inc., 472 Torah crowns: repousst, 105; wire, 196 .-- Unsoldering, 177 Torches, 62, 63, 166-70, 288ff. See also Reducing Untracht, Oppi, 286,291, 374 flame; Soldering; Welding Untracht, Saara Hopea, 49, 103, 208, 226, 296, 315; Torit Manufacturing Company, 477 creating silver pendant, 56-65 Torsion, 6, 486 Upsetting, 248, 282, 486; example of edge thickening, Tortoise-shell work, 218, 219, 222-23 249 Toughness, 6 Urn: Chinese bronze, 150; silver coffee, 257 Tough pitch copper, 17-18 Tower stands, lathe turned, 301 V-boards, 67, 429 Toxicity (poisonousness), 31, 51-52,486 Vacit, Mr. and Mrs. Homer, 229 Tracers, 84, 85, 97, 98; duplex, 55 Valley stakes. See Crimping stakes Trademark, registered, 88-89 Vanadium, 37, 463,465 Trade Practice Rules, 87-88 Vanadium Corporation of America, 468 Transfer pad, 115 Van Dugteren, A. J., &Sons, 302 Transite board, 170 Van Kleeck, A., 356 Trays (See also Platters; specific techniques) : forming Vases: appliquted pewter, 267; chasing demonstrated, mold, 255; inlaid Tunisian brass, 152; inlaid wood 105; inlaid bronze, 153; repousst, stamped, 103; sol- with brass, 212; for pitch, 93; siah qalam work, 109; dering, 176; sterling silver, hammered, 249; spun tin-washed copper, 24 pewter, 302 Tray stakes, 437 Vegetable waxes, 358 Trenton Iron Company gauges, 451 Veins (casting defects), 326 Treskow, Elisabeth, 202 Vence, France, 294,299 Tridex, 276, 277, 299 Venetian lime, 405 Tripods, 163, 172, 187 Vents, 321, 486. See also Casting Tripoli, 191, 400, 401, 403 Vemeil fish, 33 Trivets, 172; cast iron, 35 Vernier, Pierre, 427 , 9, 450 Vibrators for centrifugal casting, 364, 365, 367, 368 Truing, defined, 486 Virgin metal, defined, 486 Tsuba, 182,223 Viscosity, defined, 486 Tubes, tubing, 40; extruded, 48, 49; forming with Vises, 281, 430, 438-39; engraver's ball (block), 113, drawplate, 45; measurements of sterling silver, 455; 114, 116-17,439 purchasing silver, 12; spun, 305 Vitrified abrasive wheels, 411 Tufa (tuff) casting, 334-36, 337 Volatility, defined, 486 Tull, J. M., Metal and Supply Company, 469 Voltmeters, 381

INDEX Waffle iron, 35 Williams & Peterson, 473 Warsaw, Poland, 270, 273 Wilson, Byron, 220 Washburn and Moen Wire Gauge Standard, 408. See Wine ewer, Korean silver and gold, 261 also American Steel & Wire Company gauges Wine jug, lost-wax cast bronze hollow, 350 bracelet, gold, 51 Wine vessels, Chinese, 153, 348 Watchcase, pique work English, 219 Winston, Robert (Bob), 29, 338, 378 Water, specific gravities, weights of various forms, 465 Wiping, lead, 22, 178 Waterbreak, 383 Wire, wirework, 6, 40, 192-200, 210, 212-14, 221, 228, Water ewers. See Ewers 232 (See also Bidri work; Damascene; Niello; Water gilding, 419 Swami work; specific metals, techniques) ; binding, Water glass, 41 1 171, 441 (see also Jigs, soldering); drawing 42-47; Water jug, swami decorated, 137 forms available, 454; gauges, 47-48 (see also Water pitchers. See Pitchers Gauges; specific gauges); rivet, 311, 314; weights, Water pots: copper, frontispiece; planished brass. 50; charts of, 453-54 spun brass, 302 Wolpert, Ludwig J., 196 Waxes, 465; casting, 357-58 (see also Casting); en- Wood: with metal, 212-17, 232, 257, 275, 277, 312, graver's, 115; sealing, 93,441, 447; supplies, 475-76 315 (See also specific objects); sources of supply, Wedding cup, gold and silver, 110 478-79; specific gravities, weights, 464, 465; tools We~dinger,Charles, 469 (see specific techniques, tools) Weights, 9, 450, 464-65 (See also specific metals); Worshipful Company of , 87 atomic, 4, 463, 466; balances and scdes, 426, 427 Wrenches, 281, 282, 289, 318 Welch, Robert, 257, 318 Wrist guard, Navajo cast silver, 337 Welders Supply, Inc., 476 I Wrought aluminafn. See Aluminum Weldex Equipment Company, Inc., 476 Wrought iron, 6, 34-35, 271-78. See also specific tech- Welding, 288-99 (See also Brazing; specific metals); niques forge, 283; supplies, sources of, 476 Welding rods, 294,295-96, 486 Weldon Roberts Rubber Company, 474 Werkhaven, William, and Son, 469 Yale Lock Collection, 273 Western Gold and Platinum Company, 469 Yale & Towne Manufacturing Company, The, 354 Wetting agents (debubblizers), 364, 366, 367, 486; Yarns, metallic, 224, 226 sources of supplies, 477 Yasugo, Japan, 123 Wheel rake, 403-4 Yellow brass, 18 Wheels, polishing and grinding, 404-5, 410-13 Yellow gold, 8, 173, 452, 453; annealing, 10, 174, 246; White, S. S., Dental Manufacturing Company, The, use in necklace, 14 475,476 Yellow ochre (limonite), 33, 115, 160, 176, 199, 464 White compound, 403 Yemen, necklace with beads and shot from, 211 White diamond polish, 402, 403 Yo, cast bronze, 348 White gold, 7-8, 9, 10, 173, 174 White metal, 24, 70, 268, 315; sources of supply, Zari work, 226 468-69 Zinc, 4, 6, 7, 25-26, 463, 465 (See also specific tech- White Metal Rolling and Stamping Corporation, 468 niques); alloys (see Bidri work; Brass; main com- Whiting, 176, 199, 400, 407 ponents); coefficient of linear expansion, 463; color- Whiting Corporation, 476 ing, 446; etching solutions, 132; to refine lead, 19-20; Wiener, Ed, 133 toxicity of, 52 Wigs, soldering. See Mops, soldering Zinc-ammonium chloride, flux with, 24 Wildberg Brothers Smelting and Refining Company, Zinc chloride, 179 469 Zinc-copper solders. See Spelter solders Wild boar, welded steel, 294 fumes, 52 Willbraham & Smith, Ltd., 479 "Zinc shakes," 52 Will Corporation of Georgia, 475 Zinc sulphate for matte dip, 133 Willemite, 25 Zuiii Indians, 229, 230 Williams, Ichabod T., & Sons, Inc., 478

INDEX