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Review of Rauvolfia Serpentina(L.) Benth.Exkurz.” International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124 “Review of Rauvolfia serpentina(L.) Benth.exKurz.” Varsha Umesh Ghate1, Manisha P Gajendragadkar,2Arun B. Jadhav3 1) Ph.D. (Scholar), Bharti Vidhyapeeth( Deemed to be) University Homoeopathic Medical College and hospital, Pune. 2) Department In-charge, Homoeopathic Pharmacy, Bharti Vidhyapeeth( Deemed to be) University Homoeopathic Medical College and hospital, Pune. 3) Principal, Head of Institute Bharti Vidhyapeeth( Deemed to be) University Homoeopathic Medical College and hospital, Pune. Email id –[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT Rauvolfia serpentina is medicinal plant explained in homoeopathic literatures for curing various upcoming non-communicable lifestyle disorders like hypertension, insomnia, anxiety, stress etc. and these newer incidences of freshly occurring cases in youth will be the big catastrophic strategy for upcoming years in medical and pharmaceutical world. Ever increasing cost of treatment in conventional medicine brings enormous burden over economy and budget. Offering few options to the treatment and management; homoeopathic system of medicine found some good maladies to put forward the efficacious and safe replacement or application in conjunction to modern medicine to give better quality of life. This paper is going to through light upon identification, description (organoleptic, macroscopic and microscopic), historical background, classification, distribution, habitat, cultivation, harvesting of roots, phytoconstituents mainly reserpine, uses and side effects of Rauvolfia serpentina in homoeopathy. Keywords: Rauvolfia serpentina, sarpgandha, phytoconstituents, reserpine 1. Introduction Increase in world population poses huge challenges to satisfy the demands for herbal medicine. There is a rise in demand for herbal medicine. Medicinal plant includes various types of plants used in herbalism (herbal medicine). The word herb has been derived from the Latin word, “herba” and an old French word herbe. Now days, herb refers to any part of the plant like fruit, seed, stem, bark, flower, leaf, stigma or a root, as well as a non-woody plant. These medicinal plants are also used as food, flavonoid, medicine or perfume and also in certain spiritual activities Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:414 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124 [1].Recently, WHO (World Health Organization) estimated that 80 percent of people worldwide rely on herbal medicines for some aspect of their primary health care needs. According to WHO, around 21,000 plant species have the potential for being used as medicinal plant. As per data available over three-quarters of the world population relies mainly on plant and plant extracts for their health care needs. More than 30% of the entire plant species are used for medicinal purposes. It has been estimated, that in developed countries such as United States, plant drugs constitute as much as 25% of the total drugs, while in fast developing countries such as India and China, the contribution is as much as 80%. Treatment with medicinal plants is considered very safe as there is no or minimal side effects. In India, various indigenous plants are used to cure disease, as nature has provided a perfect storehouse of remedies to cure all elements of humanity. The medicinal plants show the presence of various chemical substances such as alkaloids, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, glycosides, volatile oils, fatty acids, resins, gums and tannins that are responsible for treating various diseases[2]. Now a day large amount herbal species of medicinal and aromatic plants are used worldwide in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics and fragrance industries. 2. Material and method: Material: Type of study: Literary study. For thorough understanding of this topic available literatures and research papers on Rauvolfia serpentina has referred. Method: Extensive theoretical study was done from various source books of homoeopathy, Homoeopathic pharmacopoeia of India, Homoeopathic encyclopedia. Review work done in PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Shodhadhara, Scopus etc. 3. Review of literature: Rauvolfia serpentina (L.)Benth.exKurz is known as Sarpagandha in Hindi. Extract of this plant is used since ancient time. Rauvolfia serpentina is used in Homeopathy, Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and modern system of medicine. [3] The Indian political leader Mahatma Gandhi was known to employ Rauvolfia, reportedly using the root to make a tea that he consumed in the evening to help relax after a busy, overstimulated day [4]. Description of Rauwolfiaserpentina Plant: Rauvolfia serpentina is an erect herb or under shrub which is 15-75 cm high. Its roots are tuberous, irregularly nodular with pale brown bark. Its leaves are in whorls of three. Its flowers are 1.5 cm long, white or pink in color [5]. Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:415 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124 Historical Background: Rauvolfia serpentina has mentioned since 4000 years, its properties are described in SushrutaSamhita, CharakaSamhita in Ayurveda. In the 20th century, Sarpagandha made its place in MateriaMedica as one of the first herb listed for its use to cure hypertension. The Rauvolfia was named in honor of the 16th-century German physician Dr. Leonhard Rauvolfia, who studied plants while travelling in India [6, 7]. Common names: Rauwolfae Radix, Indian Snakeroot, Sarpgandha, Serpiria, Rauvolfia Canescens,Rauvolfia serpentina, Alpha yohimbine, Corynanthidin, Corynanthidine, Isoyohimbine, Rauwolscine hydrochloride, 17 α-hydroxy-yohimban-16α-carboxylic acid methyl ester.Assamese: Arachorititia, Bengali: Chandra, Chinese: Lu fu mu, English: Rauvolfia, Indian Snakeroot, Hindi: Chandrabhaga, Chot:chand, Sarpagandha, Indian Snake root, Kannada: Keramaddinagaddi, Latin: Rauvolfia serpentine, Malayalam: Churannavilpori, Suvapavalporiyam: Amalpori, Marathi: Harkaya, Harki, Hadaki, Adakai, Other names: Indian snakeroot, Devil pepper, Sanskrit: Sarpaghanda, Tamil: Chevanamalpodi, Sarpagandha, Telugu: Patalaguni, Patalgandha, Sarpagandha, Trade name: Sarpagandha [8]. Classification:Kingdom: Plantae – Plants, Subkingdom: Tracheobionta – Vascular plants, Superdivision: Spermatophyta – Seed plants, Division: Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants, Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons, Subclass: Asteridae, Order: Gentianales, Family: Apocynaceae – Dogbane family, Genus: Rauvolfia L. – devil’s-pepper, Species: Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth.Ex Kurz [9]. Varieties ofRauvolfia Serpentina: About 26 different species. Important are Rauvolfia densiflora (contains sclerenchyma), Rauvolfia tetraphylla, (has uniform cork, abundant sclereids of fibats but devoid of resinnumine), Rauvolfia vomitoria (having very larry vessels), Rauvolfia conescence, Rauvolfia beddomei, Rauvolfia caffra,Rauvolfia cumminsfi, Rauvolfia obscura,Rauvolfia rosea,Rauvolfia mambasiana,Rauvolfia volkensii, Rauvolfia nitida, and Rauwolfiaoreogition. All varieties of Rauwolfia serpentine contain reserpine [10]. Distribution: Sub-Himalayan ranges, Western Ghats of India. Habitat: It grows well in hot humid climate, with a temperature between10-38oC, rainfall ranging from 250-500 cm. Cultivation: The propagation from seeds is usually the method of choice. Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:416 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124 Harvesting of the roots: Roots are collected from 3 to 4 year old plant in winter season, mainly after rainy season [11]. Phytoconstituents: It contains about 200 alkaloids, major important alkaloid is Reserpine, where as other important alkaloids are listed below, Ajmalicine, Ajmalimine, Ajmaline, Deserpidine, Indobine, Iindobinine, Reserpiline, Rescinnamine, Rescinnamidine, Serpentine, Serpentinine, Yohimbineetc [12]. Reserpine: In 1952 reserpine was isolated by the Swiss scientist, Schiller and Mueller, of CIBA Pharmaceuticals in Switzerland, from its root and has been used by western medicine as valuable drugs for treatment of high blood pressure. Chemical constituent in this plant mainly reserpine is used by pharmaceutical company from 1954 to 1957 to treat high blood pressure and for mental disorders [13].The hypertensive properties of sarpagandha was first discovered by Chopra in 1953, but the attention of the Western countries was drawn to it only after the isolation and identification of its most active alkaloid “Reserpine” Reserpine has been classified as an indole alkaloid. It is a white-to-yellow powder that becomes darker when exposed to light. It is odorless, insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, and freely soluble in acetic acid. It has a chemical formula of C33H40N209, a molecular mass of 609 g, and a bitter taste [14]. Percentage of reserpine: All parts of the plant, including the stem and leaves, contain reserpine but found in highest concentration in the root. Alkaloids analysis in root and leaf fractions - Reserpine percentage in root is 0.416 mg/gm. and in leaves 0.217 mg/gm., as higher in root [15]. Reserpine content in the roots of six Rauvolfia species (R. hookeri, R. micrantha, R. serpentina, R. tetraphylla, R. verticillata, and R. vomitoria), Among the six Rauvolfia species, reserpine content was highest in the exotic species R. vomitoria (689.5 μg/g, dry wt.), while among the five Indian species the highest reserpine content was for R. tetraphylla (450.7 μg/g, dry wt.). In the most common Indian Rauvolfia species, R. serpentina, the reserpine content was comparatively
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