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Youdell, Deborah "Raising Standards" & Deepening Inequality

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Youdell, Deborah DOCUMENT RESUME ED 424 332 UD 032 595 AUTHOR Gillborn, David; Youdell, Deborah TITLE "Raising Standards" & Deepening Inequality: Selection, League Tables, and Reform in Multiethnic Secondary Schools. PUB DATE 1998-00-00 NOTE 27p.; Paper presented at the symposium, "Racism and Reform in the United Kingdom: The Market, Selection, and Inequality," held at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (San Diego, CA, April 13-17, 1998); some pages contain light type. PUB TYPE Reports - Evaluative (142)-- Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Academic Achievement; Disadvantaged Youth; *Diversity (Student); *Educational Change; *Equal Education; Ethnic Groups; Ethnography; Foreign Countries; Government Role; Secondary Education; *Selection; *Standards; Teacher Expectations of Students; *Urban Schools; Urban Youth IDENTIFIERS *England; Reform Efforts ABSTRACT Although education in England is dominated by the rhetoric of "standards," this paper attempts to show that the overall shape and drive of English education reform has remained largely consistent. The annually published School Performance Tables continue to be assigned a special place in the reforms, as a means to and as an index of raising standards. Behind the New Labour talk of social justice and inclusivity lies a reality of increasing inequality and social exclusion. The reforms instituted under the previous Conservative government are retained and actually given a sharper edge. This paper explores how current reforms are translating into new and increasingly divisive practices at the school level. In particular, it draws on ethnographic data at a single comprehensive school in London. An "A-to-C economy," driven by the relative market value of high grade examination passes, has come to shape priorities in the schools. Strategies have been adopted to raise the percentage of students attaining five higher grade passes in external examinations, so that for certain students a "D-to-C conversion" is sought through mobilization of a particular understanding of ability and the identification of underachievers. A sort of educational triage is acting systematically to neglect some students while directing additional resources to those deemed most likely to benefit. The case study of one particular secondary school shows a school operating in a responsive mode, trying to piece together a range of practices in an attempt to succeed within the Government's definition of standards. Many young people have been predicted to be underachievers, and they are fulfilling these predictions. The developments at the school level are threatening deeper and more extensive inequalities of opportunity and outcome between groups of students in relation to "ability," social class, gender, and ethnic origin. The school illustrates an approach in which students likely to achieve the five passing grades receive much attention, and those considered unlikely to "survive" the educational requirements are essentially abandoned. (Contains 2 figures and 48 references.)(SLD) ******************************************************************************** selection, league tables and reform in multiethnic secondary schools David Gil !born i Ieborah Youidell University of London Institute of Education U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research end Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND CENTER (ERIC) comments wekome DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS Y1 This document has been reproduced as BEEN GRANTED BY received from the person or organization originating it. please do not quote without permission 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. taiz1d__ilLhofrin Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES official OERI position or policy. Paper prepared for the symposium INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 'RACISM & REFORM IN THE UK: the market, selection and inequality' submitted to the journal RACE ETHNICITY & EDUCATION Correspondence: David Gillbom & Deborah Youdell Tel. (0171) 612 6820 Institute of Education Fax (0171) 612 6819 University of London [email protected] 55-59 Gordon Square [email protected] London, WC I H ONT ENGLAND BEST COPY AVAILABLE 2 Gil lborn & Youdell Standards & Inequality INTRODUCTION 'To those who say where is Labour's passion for social justice, I say education is social justice. Education is liberty. Education is opportunity.' Tony Blair (speaking shortly befbre the General Election that returned him as leader of the first Labour Government for eighteen years).1 'Performance tables help focus debate on standards. Parents need the tables to inform their decisions about their children's future; Local Education Authorities and schools, to focus their attention on areas where action is needed.' Estelle Morris, Labour Education Minister (speaking eight weeks after the General Election) Education in England is currently dominated by the rhetoric of 'standards'. Originally the preserve of the New Right and successive Conservative Governments, the slogan has been colonized by the re-styled centrist New Labour Party. Speaking as the first Labour Education Secretary for almost two decades, for example, David Blunkett was quick to proclaim that 'Standards not structures are now the prime concern' (Blunkett 1997). In understanding the context for contemporaryeducation reform in England it is worth considering this statement a little further: the Government's confidence in the relative unimportance of structures (both of educational systems and society itself) indicates clearly an acceptance of a paradigm that views communities, schools, teachers and students as participants in a common enterprise in which all have the opportunity to succeed. This perspective also fmds expression in the assumption that 'raising standards' will benefit everyone, or at least all those willing to invest the necessary time and effort to succeed. Much hasbeen made, for example, of the Government's 'zero tolerance of underperformance' (Labour Party 1997: 7), presented publicly as a having high expectations for all, a bold refusal to write-off people simply because of their social circumstances. The aim may be laudable, but in. practice the result has been to construct a tyranny of standards: all schools must strive continually for more and more success; judged by traditional, biased and elitist criteria; where those who fail to measure up must look to themselves for the cause. As we will show, despite the change from Conservative to Labour administrations, and some superficial changes in policy, the overall shape and drive of Englisheducation reform has remained largely consistent. The annually published school performance tables, for example, continue to be assigned a special place in the reforms, as both a means to, and an index of, raising standards. And yet, behind New Labour's talk of social justice and inclusivity lies a reality of increasing inequality and social exclusion, where Conservative reforms are not only retained, but given a sharper (even more disciplinary) edge.2 In this paper we seek to understand how current reforms are translating into new, and increasingly divisive practices at the school level. In particular we draw on ethnographic data gathered in a single London Comprehensive school.' Widespread reforms of public school systems, in the UK, USA and elsewhere, have spurred educationists increasingly to focus on the complex interrelations between the various contexts of policy production and educational practice. It has become clear that old models of policy as a unidirectional, linear and rational process cannot be sustained (Ball 1990; 1994; Whitty, Edwards and Gewirtz 1993). Education policy and practice are complexly and contingently interrelated at the classroom, school, state and global levels (Apple 1996). There is heated debate as to the precise nature of the interaction between different aspects of the processes that make, remake and reshape education policy but the need to understand school-level developments within a wider policy and societal frame has never been more clear (Whitty 1997). Gillborn & Youdell Standards & Inequality Our paper adds to this growing body of sociological work by examining the consequences of market-oriented reforms as they are experienced and remade in a single school. The case of Taylor Comprehensive (a pseudonym) offers an opportunity to explore in detail the complex and conflicting demands faced by teachers and school managers in a situation that they experience as increasingly hostile to the 'comprehensive' (i.e. inclusive and progressive) ideal that informs their understanding of the school's ethos.4 Our study indicates that the multiple constraints acting upon schools do not have any automatic consequences their outcomes are neither certain nor uncontested. Nevertheless, in the struggle to Survive the education market, to 'drive up standards' and improve 'effectiveness', the losers (among students) are those traditionally denied equality of opportunity (on the basis of their ascribed 'ability', social class, ethnic and gendered identities). The relationship between national reforms and school processes is not simple, but it is vitally important. Drawing on our ethnographic study of a London secondary school, subsequent sections of this paper examine how an 'A-to-C economy', driven by the relative market value of high grade exam passes, has come to shape priorities
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