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08 Proclss and Reprbsentation in Canada Abid Australia INDIGRNOUS CUL- TOURfSn: 4h -TI- 08 PROCLSS AND REPRBSENTATION IN CANADA ABID AUSTRALIA BY Gwyneth E. M. Parry, B.A. (Ron,) A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Sociology and Anthropology Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario January 3"' 200 0 O Gwyneth Parry, 2000 National Library Bibliothéque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 CntawaON KlAW Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, disûibute or seii reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Indigenous cultural tourism is becoming increasingly popular in both Canada and Australia. As a resuît, Indigenous communities in both these countries are becoming more involved in the cultural tourism industry in order to retain control over cultural materials and traditions that may otherwise be misrepresented in tourist attractions that depict Indigenous cultures. This thesis will focus on the process whereby Indigenous people become part of the cultural tourism industry, as well as examining hou these groups (te)present their culture once theyrve become established as Indigenous tourisrn operators. This will be accomplished through the analysis of current tourism sites where Indigenous cultures are depicted at the site, as well as being involved in the running of the operation. Two case studies will be used, firstly Petroglyphs Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada, and secondly, Geikie Gorge National Park in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. So many people must be thanked for their contribution to this thesis. First and foremost, 1 would like to thank pxofessor Valda Blundell of the Sociology/Anthropology Department for taking me under her wing, molding my resesrch focus to include Australia, and for giving me the opportunity to join her in the Kimberley. Those two short, but wonderful months 'in the field' gave me authentic anthropological fieldwork experiences, and left me with memories 1 can only look back on with fondness. Gwen Reimer, also of the Sociology/Anthropology Department, was a valuable and consistent resource throughout the writing process, Her willingness to read and thoroughly edit several drafts, combined with her support and encouragement is very much appreciated. For this, 1 thank her. Thanks go to my Canadian and Australian informants whose willingness to participate in interviews and answer many questions must be recognized. 1 would also like to acknowledge and thank Paz Blundell for allowing me to use some of his exceptional photographs. They gave this thesis a sense of place and really made it corne alive. Thanks must go to Pat Vinnicombe, for her speedy assistance to a small but crucial part of my research. Special thanks to my fellow colleagues, friends and family members for putting up with my mood swings over the past two and a half years. It was with your help 1 was able maintain both a sense of humour and at least one foot in reality. Last but by no means least, 1 would like to extend my deepest respect and gratitude to my parents, Michael and Charlotte Parry. Their ever-present love, guidance, patience, encouragement and support gave me the confidence to continue on to Graduate School. 1 hope 1 have made you proud. You are my role models and it is to you this thesis is lovingly dedicated. Abs tract ............................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments ., ..............,............-.--..........w......-......................-.................. iv List of Abbreviations ..,...........,.,......-.-.-....-......-.-............................. vii List of Figures ..-.-......,...,-...-........-....-.-.-................................ viii Introduction to Tourism Sites .6 Anthropology and the Study of Tourism ..................................... 9 Methodology .........................-.....-....-.......................................... .. 11 CmII . WE STüDY: PBTROGLYPH PRUVINCIA& PARK ... 14 Historical Background of the Site ........-....-....-..........-.-................... 14 Academic Studies of the Petroglyph Site ..-....,..........-....--..... ,.. 20 Cultural Affiliations to the Petroglyph Site .................-.-..36 Anishinabe Spirituality .....,.,.,.-.-.-.-.......-....--.................,....... ... 40 A New Partnership Between First Nations People and the Ontario Government .....-.......-.-.......-.-.-................................. 43 CrUPTGR III .RSPRBSEMTING FIRST NATIONS CUL- AT PBTROGLYPHS PROVINCIAL PARK ... .......-.-........................... ... 51 The Learning Place .. ...,................-.......-.-........... .... 59 Roles of The Learning Place .....-.........................-.... ., ................................... 69 Historical Background of the Site ......-..................-...... -....... 75 Aboriginal People and Tourism in Australia .............................. 78 The Bunuba ............................................................................................................ .... 82 Aboriginal Spirituality : The Dreamtime .......................................... 84 Conf lict : White Colonization ............................................... ........................... 89 Jandamarra : The Bunuba Res istance ................................................. 97 A Contentious Partnership Between Aboriginal People and the Western Australian Government ................... .... 103 The CALM Boat Tour ........-...-... ,,.- -.---.- ...................................................... 108 Danguu Heri tage Cruise ................................................. -. ..............-.. 11 1 CHAPTER VI .COWPARIS~S. CONCLUSIûNS AND DIRECTIONS KIR mmuRE RESEARCH .....-..........................-.-.. .... 120 Cornparison. of Process .- .-........ 121 Cornparison of Representat ion .. .....................-...-..-....... -.--.-W.-.-..-- 12 3 Directions for Future Research ........................................................ 126 Conclus ions ..-.-....-.......,.-..........-.-.e.~............................................................... 132 LIST 01 -TXONS ANPWS - Australian National Park and Wildlife Services ATSfC - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission CAIW - Department of Conservation and Land Management COR - Canadian Pacific Railway DAC - Darlangunaya Aboriginal Corporation LtW= - Kimberley Land Council OMNR - Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources PC - Police Constable WA - Western Australia ybp - Years Before Present LIST OF FI-S Fig. 1. Area of Research in Ontario, Canada ...................-----a--.. 15 Fig . 2. Petroglyphs Provincial Park: a Chronology ..,..,........ 17 Fig. 3. Site Map of Petroglyphs Provincial Park .,,,.,.-,-.-.. 52 Fig. 4. Area of Research in Western Australia - Geikie Gorge National Park .....-.-.-....-.-.- .... .. .............................. 76 Fig. 5. Area of Research in Western Australia - The Kimberley Region .................................... --~-.-........ 8 3 Fig. 6. Geikie Gorge National Park: A Chronology ...........,. ,.. 91 Fig. 7. Comparison of triangular symbols of Peterborough petroglyphs to other sources, including O j ibwa birch-bark scrolls ............................................ 143 Fig. 8. Comparison of shaman figures at Peterborough petroglyphs to other sources, including O j ibwa birch-bark scrolls ......................................................... 144 Fig. 9. Sign at entrance to Petroglyphs Provincial Park .........................................................................................................................14 5 Fig. 10. Sign asking visitors to respect and preserve the sacredness of the site, Petroglyphs Provincial Park ........................... ....,.,,........,.,.................,............,,.,.,.,.,-,.. 14 6 Fig. Il. Glass and steel protective building constructed in 1984 and opened to the public Fig . Nanabush, the Trickster Fig . 13. The Thunde rbird ..,..,.......,.......--.-.*-*-.........--........ -........... .. 143 Fig. 14. Gitchi Manitou .........................................................................................150 Fig. 15. Visitor Centre building was constructed in 1988, but the interior will not be opened until the fa11 of 2000 .........................................................151 Fig . 16. The Learning Place exhibit f loor plan ..................... ... 152 Fig. 17. The Learning Place exhibit f loor plan ........,..,.,.-. -.. 153 Fig. 18. Western gorge wall. White rock indicates the Fitzroy Riverf s average flood level during the wet season ...---l.--.-. ... ......-.-....-....-..........-.--...-... ..... 154 Fig. 19.
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