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Birds of the South-West Division of Western Australia

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Birds of the South-West Division of Western Australia Records oIthe Western Australian Museum Supplement o. 35 Birds of the South-West Division of Western Australia G.M. Storr Birds of the South-West Division of Western Australia Records ofthe Western Australian Museum Supplement No. 35 Birds of the South-West Division of Western Australia G.M. Storr Western Australian Museum 1991 World List Abbreviation: Rec. West. Aust. Mus. SuppJ. no. 35 Cover: Australian Magpie (Cracticus tibicen dorsalis). Illustrated by Jill Ruse. ©Western Australian Museum 1991 ISSN 0313-1229 ISBN 0 7209 3995 2 Published and printed by the Western Australian Museum, Francis Street, Perth, Western Australia 6000. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract. 7 Introduction. .......................................................... 7 List of Birds 12 Gazetteer. ..................... .. ... .. .. ... .. ........ .. .. .. 141 Index to Families ,.. 150 ~ --~~---. Abstract This paper is an annotated list of the 379 species and subspecies of birds resident in or visiting the South-west Land Division of Western Australia and the seas over the adjacent continental shelf. It is the most diverse part ofthe State, the climate varying between arid with hot summers in the far north-east and humid with cool summers in the far south­ west. Almost all of the Division lies south ofthe mulga-eucalypt line and receives most of its rain between late autumn and early spring. Originally the dryland vegetation consisted almost wholly of forests, woodlands and shrublands; there was little grassland before European settlement. With more than 90% of the population this Division is by far the most environmentally disturbed part of Western Australia. The many changes resulting from these disturbances are dealt with in the species accounts. Introduction This is the last in a series of regional avifaunas covering Western Australia. Earlier papers dealt with the Kimberley Division (Storr 1980, Spec. Pubis West. Aust. Mus. No. 11), North-eastern Interior (StOff 1981, Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 9: 65-99), Pilbara (StOff 1984, Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Suppl. No. 16), Gascoyne (Storr 1985, Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Suppl. No. 21), Mid-eastern Interior (Storr 1985, Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Suppl. No. 22), South-eastern Interior (StOff 1986, Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Suppl. No. 26) and Eucla Division (Storr 1987, Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Suppl. No. 27). Annotated lists have been recently published on two important parts of the South­ west Division, viz. the Houtman Abrolhos (Storr, Johnstone and Griffin 1986, Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Suppl. No. 24) and the Swan Coastal Plain and adjacent seas and islands (Storr and Johnstone 1988, Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Suppl. No. 28); the reader is directed to these papers for a finer-grained treatment of the two areas. The aim of the present work is the same as the others, i.e. to summarize for each species and subspecies our knowledge of present and past distribution (localities just outside ofthe Division are enclosed in square brackets), ecological status (whether it is a vagrant, visitor or resident), relative abundance, whether it feeds alone or in groups, habitat preferences, breeding season (i.e. the months in which eggs are laid), clutch size*, movements and changes in status etc. following European settlement. The South-west Division has an area of 254 500 sq. km. Lying on the west side of a continent between lat. 27°16' and 35011'S, it has a Mediterranean (winter-rain) type of climate, which however is greatly modified by latitude and distance from the sea and to a lesser extent by elevation. Mean annual rainfall ranges from 23 cm in the far north-east to 145 cm in the deep south-west. In the north and north-east the wettest months are March to August, and the driest September to December. In the south-west and south the wettest months are May to October, and the driest November to February. Mean daily maximum temperature in January and February ranges from 210C in the far south to 380C in the far north-east, and mean daily minimum temperature in July ranges from 40C in the southern interior to 12°C on the north coast (and about 15°C in the Houtman Abrolhos). Frosts are rare or unknown near the coast but common from late autumn to early spring in the southern * C/4(2), BI 5( I) signify, for example, two clutches offour eggs (or broods offour nestlings) and a brood of five young out of the nest but still dependent. 7 and central interior. The warm south-flowing Leeuwin Current off the west coast favours tropical seabirds, which predominate in the Houtman Abrolhos and are still evident as far south as Cape Naturaliste. Temperature itself is nowhere sufficiently extreme to be an important determinant in bird distribution, and its effects are generally minor and indirect, e.g. a shortage ofaerial insects in autumn and winter induces bee-eaters and some swallows to emigrate. Rainfall, however, is a very important determinant, mainly through its effect on the vegetation but also on the seasonality of many wetlands. In this paper bird ranges are often expressed in zonal terms, i.e. the arid zone (mean annual rainfall <25 cm), semiarid zone (ca 25-60), subhumid zone (ca 60-100) and humid (>100 cm). Most of the Division is occupied by the precambrian shield, largely an undulating plateau 150-500 m above sea level. Except in the far north (south to Bluff Point), far south ofthe west coast (between Capes Naturaliste and Leeuwin) and on the south-east coast (at the Barren Ranges), the plateau is flanked by coastal plains up to 40 km wide. The prevailingly gentle relief ofthe plateau is broken in the middle and lower west by the heavily dissected strip known as the Darling Range, and still more so in the south by the jagged hills of the Stirling Range (rising to 1100 m). On most of the west coast, sea cliffs and islands are composed of limestone. Granitic rocks predominate on coasts and islands south and east of Cape Naturaliste. The continental shelf varies in width from 35 to 100 km. Of the watercourses reaching the sea, only short ones arising in the humid and subhumid zones are fresh; the longer streams draining the semiarid interior are salty. In the far interior the numerous lakes (actually sections of former rivers) are saline; approaching the coast an increasing number of lakes and swamps are fresh. In most of the semiarid interior fresh surface water was originally veryscarce and confined.to soaks in sandplains and to rockholes at granite outcrops and ironstone breakaways: On coastal plains the soils are predominantly sandy. On the p1ateau locally higher areas tend to be covered by sandplains or laterite, and the lower (dissected) country by clays, loams and saltpans. The vegetation is mainly controlled by rainfall and soil type. In the humid and subhumid zones the original vegetation was mostly eucalypt forest, regardless of soil type; only on the deepest sands, on islands and coasts and in swamps, was the forest replaced or intermixed with shrublands and sedgelands. In the semiarid zone eucalypt woodlands and scrubs dominated the heavier soils, and shrublands dominated the sands, laterites and saltlake margins. In the arid zone, Le. north-east of the mulga­ eucalypt line, the heavier soils usually carry scrubs or thickets of acacias, and the sandplains mostly scrubs or thickets of mallees (multistemmed eucalypts). Only the more important south-western plant associations and formations are noticed below. Because ofthe paucity ofgood soils within the small area where the dry season is short, wet sclerophyll forest is restricted to a minute part ofthe deep south-west. The dominant tree is the karri Eucalyptus diversicolor. The low tree/tall shrub layer is dense and dominated by Trymalium jloribundum and other relatively soft-leaved plants. Dry sclerophyll forests occupy a much greater area and extend north to Mt Peron and New Norcia. By far the most extensive is the jarrah Eucalyptus marginata/marri E. 8 calophylla forest, which covers most ofthe Darling Range, deep south-west and eastern zone ofthe Swan Coastal Plain; its shrubby understory is lower and more sclerophyllous than in karri forest. On calcareous soils near the west coast, between the Swan River and Geographe Bay, tuart Eucalyptus gomphocephala forms a forest with a low tree layer of peppermint Agonisflexuosa (north of the Swan the tuart is lower, less dense and more appropriately termed woodland). The most extensive eucalypt woodlands are the wandoo E. wandoo and salmon gum E. salmonophloia/gimlet E. salubris. They occur on medium to heavy soils, the first mainly in the wetter half ofthe semiarid zone, the second in the drier. The understory in these and other semiarid woodlands (e.g. the York gum E. loxophleba and flat-topped yate E. occidentalis) is sparser than in forests and more herbaceous and less shrubby. Except in the far south, streams are lined with woodlands offlooded gum E. rudis, which is replaced by the river gum E. camaldulensis north of the Hill River. Scrubs include the Melaleuca rhaphiophylla and other paperbarks of humid and subhumid wetlands; Acacia rostellifera and Melaleuca cardiophylla and other wattles and teatrees of subhumid and semiarid west-coastal dunes; jam Acacia acuminata and sheoak Allocasuarina huegeliana of heavy soils in the semiarid zone; Eucalyptus oleosa and other mallees on light soils in the arid and semiarid zones; and Acacia ramulosa and other bowgadas on medium to heavy soils in the arid zone. Thickets include the tarnmar Allocasuarina campestris and wodjil A. acutivalvis of semiarid lateritic soils, and boree Melaleuca lanceolata around saltlakes and in the understory of drier eucalypt woodlands. The shrublands of sandplains are usually termed heaths when they largely comprise ericoid myrtaceous genera like Kunzea, Darwinia and Verticordia, but they are often mixed with or replaced by the generally taller, larger-leaved proteaceous genera Banksia, Dryandra, Grevillea and Hakea.
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