Vol. XLVI. No. 2 25 Cents a Copy August, 1933 tt MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE

HIS EXCELLENCY J. A. LYONS Prime .11inistcr of An.ctralia, and an Honorary President Of the Pon-Pact fir IT nion.

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION -

Inticonnall—ninunnirfs-Chaiiins'anihat- ra inizialwhatniClufaitnuitinuntitli1370: r aritir ilittga3tur CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD Number 2 Vol. XLVI.

CONTENTS FOR AUGUST, 1933 5 000

Winter Sports in Australia 103 By Percy Hunter

The Last of the Morioris 113 By Donald J. Cowie

Dr. Jose Rizal and His Nation 117 By Trinidad A. Rojo

Ambassador Joseph C. Grew Addresses the - 122 Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo - -

The Romance of Economics Along the Mandarin Road - 125 By Consul Henry S. Waterman

133 A Nature Trail at Hauula By E. H. Bryan, Jr.

139 Interesting Facts About Canada By G. M. Robertson

- 145 Nanking, the Capital of China By Alexander Hume Ford

Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union, New Series No. 162 149

.1 Mr I: tb-rarifir fRagazittr Published monthly by ALEXANDER HUMS FORD, Pan-Pacific Club Building, Honolulu, T. H. Yearly sub- scription in the United States and possessions, $3.00 in advance. Canada and Mexico, $3.25. For all foreign countries, $3.50. Single Copies, 25c. Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoffice. Permission is given to reprint any article from the Mid-Pacific Magazine. kstvw.voil St.DUlt ujarrivnunvnur„._ roncTarmunvounvz • 1 • • • KM 1).„1.4X.WAll1 etttlB.MIPAMI 1 Printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. 102 THE MID-PACIFIC

view from Carruthers Peak in the Muniong Range looking into the state of Victoria. THE MID-PACIFIC 103

Touring skiers in front of Hotel Kosciusko, Australia's main snow center.

4 • IVZIVIICJEKARCZPVIP:71778CYriC717717C7nrY17707Z1V1i1C1170:70(.71 • • • • • •~Piwy,mkwytsevAr Winter Sport in Australia 14.

,31 By PERCY HUNTER

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It is a long while since I wrote an ahead. The main skiing ground of Aus- article for the MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINJ. tralia is situated in the Kosciusko range, But such great strides have been made in more correctly known as the Muniong this country in recent years in the organi- range, roughly 300 miles south of Syd- zation of our snow sports that I thought ney. This range, though not of great I would like to tell Mid-Pacific readers height, contains the highest mountains in something about them. In the early days Australia, three or four of the peaks of the development of this sport, Mr. being in the vicinity of 7000 feet above Ford was a visitor to Sydney and he came sea level and Kosciusko, the highest, be- to Kosciusko, our main snow center, with ing 7328 feet. It will be seen from this me on one occasion. He was greatly in- that height is not the characteristic dis- terested in skiing and he made some practical suggestions which resulted in tinction of Australian mountains, but they the formation of a new skiing course have other advantages, and this lack of there which has ever since borne the height and consequent absence of preci- proud application of "The Alexander pices and other broken ground, make them Ford Glissade." perhaps the safest skiing country in the Since those days we have gone far world. For instance there are no ava- 104 THE MID-PACIFIC

3 party of racing skiers preparing to leave for the start outside the Charlotte's Pass Chalet.

lanches, and practically the only risk the W. Government Tourist Bureau, and is skier takes is the weather. one of the few instances of capable and In the far off clays of which I speak, efficient Government control. The success before the war, skiing as an organized achieved at Kosciusko opened up similar sport was really in its infancy in Aus- activity in Victoria, and there is now in tralia. It is true that the miners of that state an extensive and well-equipped Kiandra, a small village at the end of the skiing area in the Dividing range, with range, 50 miles north of Mount Kosci- several very successful centers. usko, had been skiing since the middle In 1909 there was only one skiing club of the last century, but their practise had in Australia, the Kosciusko Alpine Club. not been emulated, and to those outside Now there are many clubs in New South Kiandra, the sport was practically un- Wales, all flourishing and full of life, known until the Hotel Kosciusko was banded together in a federation with a built. This hotel was erected within the governing body known as the Ski Council winter snow line on the banks of Dig- of New South Wales, which consists of gers Creek, three miles from the famous delegates from each club. The delegates Snowy river and 50 miles from Cooma have done me the honor each year since the railhead. It was due to the sympa- the formation of the council, of electing thetic interest and farsighted vision of me President. The sport in Victoria and the late Sir Joseph Carruthers, who was then Premier of New South Wales, and in Tasmania, where there are also splendid who since those days became very well skiing grounds, is organized on somewhat known to the people of Hawaii, that it similar lines and from the councils in each was practicable to erect the hotel. of the three states are appointed delegates The Hotel Kosciusko was opened in to what is known as the Australian Na- 1909. Then the ski runners of Australia tional Ski Federation (the A.N.S.F.) the could almost have been numbered on the counterpart of the F.I.S. of Europe. This fingers of the two hands. Now they run Australian organization is affiliated with into thousands. The hotel proved an im- the Ski Club of Great Britain and with 'mediate success. It was begun, and still the F.I.S. and also has close relationship continues, under the auspices of the N. S. with the skiing clubs of New Zealand, THE MID-PACIFIC 105

Skiers on a sleigh diligence, drawn by caterpillar tractor, leaving Hotel Kosciusko for higher slopes.

which have also formed themselves into a club, and concurrently with the growth federation. and development of the organization of Although we have no direct affiliation the sport, so the sport itself has grown with the official skiing organizations of and developed and increased abundantly. the United States or Canada, we have The art of ski running as practised in many points of contact with them and Australia when the Hotel Kosciusko was have correspondents in many centers there opened has outgrown itself. New meth- who contribute to our annual journal, ods and new equipment have altered the known as the Australian and New Zea- character of the pastime until it has be- land Ski Year Book. We are watching come a thing almost new and unrecog- the development of skiing in the various nizable. At the same time we are very famous centers of the United States with proud of our humble beginnings, and of great interest, and doubtless if Mr. Ford the gear we used in the early days. Our had not found it necessary to spend so ski bindings were sanctified by time, for much time recently in the Far East, we they were largely similar to those in use should have heard of the formation of a in Norway, Finland and Northern Si- ski club to operate on the slopes of your beria nearly a thousand years ago. How- noted snow mountain, Mauna Kea, I ever, though we are hot on tradition, think it is from memory. If not, per- we went cold on the antiquated and in- haps the Editor will put me right. efficient bindings and ski, and gradually So it is a long stride that we have procured up-to-date kits, until now we made from one small and insignificant have reached the stage of holding annual 106 THE MID-PACIFIC

Lounge room of Charlotte's Pass Chalet, said to be the best-equipped mountain skiing but in the world.

Interior view of the Chalet, men's dormitory. THE MID-PACIFIC 107

Snow scene in the vicinity of the Chalet at Charlotte's Pass. exhibitions of skiing gear and equipment has a varying width of from two to and sending racing teams abroad to com- twenty miles. So it will be seen that pete in the international contests in there is plenty of room and great possi- Europe. bilities before the sport. The parts at There were negotiations for a Japanese present easily accessible are those in the team of skiers to come to Australia this vicinity of Mount Kosciusko itself and year and compete in the national cham- the district around the village of Kiandra. pionships which are to be held in August At Kosciusko there are the hotel, and at Kosciusko under the auspices of the eleven miles higher up the mountain New South Wales Ski Council. But it range, the Charlotte's Pass Chalet, prob- has not yet been found possible to com- ably the best equipped skiing mountain • plete the necessary financial arrangements but in the world. Between that point and owing to the general depression and we Kiandra there are several other huts, but may be forced reluctantly to abandon the practically it may be said that no adequate project for the present year. But if so, accommodation exists between the two we have hopes of bringing it into fruition centers. next year. Japan, in Kagami, possesses The snow season each year lasts from one of the world's best mountaineering the middle of May to the middle of Sep- skiers, and he was to lead the Japanese tember, with an extension into the later team. spring for those who like spring skiing The skiing terrain in the Kosciusko dis- on the tops of the main range. trict is very extensive and stretches in a A more intimate view of the sport may straight line for 50 miles north and south be given by quoting a few passages from from Mount Kosciusko to Kiandra and an account of a day's skiing on the main 108 THE MID-PACIFIC

Skiers on the main range two hours out from the Chalet.

range in the vicinity of Mount Kosciusko we are off for the day. As we have a by three club members. They set out from big clay's effort before us, we take the Betts Camp, nine miles above the hotel. climb to Charlotte's Pass quietly, but, as Skiing from the hotel in the afternoon, the heat of the sun has not had time to the party spent the night at Betts Camp, soften the frozen surface of the snow, a two-roomed but about a mile above the Perisher Gap. Their account of the traveling is excellent, and each lunge of clay's run says : "After an early break- the skis carries us half a ski's length with- fast, all being ready, we fasten on our out effort, just as a boat travels between skis, and with a wave to the camp cook strokes.

THE MID-PACIFIC 109

View of Charlotte's Pass Chalet from Mt. Stillwell.

"Arriving at the top of Charlotte's high, from the southerly aspect of which the Abbott range trails away towards the Pass, which separates the camp valley Victorian border, and fades into the from the Snowy River valley, we behold densely wooded Murray valley. Eighty one of the finest views on the whole of miles farther on are seen the snow- the mountains. On the opposite side of capped Victorian Alps, with Mts. Buffalo, the Snowy valley, the first ten miles of Hotham and Feathertop prominently the Muniong range forms an amphithea- standing out. After taking several pho- tre of jagged and irregular peaks which tographs, we proceed along the crest of pierce the sky line, and appear in the the Main or Muniong range, with its early morning sunlight as if their rose- many humps and elevations which might tinted bases are capped with gold dust, be likened to the vertebral column, with which as the day advances becomes trans- its numerous spinous processes. formed into heaps of sparkling diamonds. "First we climb over Mount North- "We propose to travel along the very cote, and then traverse a tongue of the crest of this ten-mile section from Mount range on to Mount Clarke, around the Kosciusko to Mount Twynam, but before steep side of which we had to skirt in reaching it we must run down into the order to reach the continuation of the trough of the Snowy valley and then crest of the range as it extends north- climb several thousands of feet on to the wards. This is one of the most difficult Townsend Saddle, at the base of Kos- sections of the range to cross, and might ciusko itself. The distance across is about better be classed as mountaineering six miles, and the climb is long and te- rather than skiing. The steep, almost dious. perpendicular slope of ice extending from reach the crest of the "However, as we the summit of Mount Clarke to Lake Al- Saddle, we are rewarded by another ex- bina, 1,200 feet below, was covered with ceptional scene. Beyond Wilkinson's val- a layer of soft snow which allowed us ley, which is one of the sources of the to chop the edge of our skis in sufficiently Murray river, stands the inspiring and precipitous Mount Townsend, 7,300 feet to obtain a grip, but then only after sev- 110 THE MID-PACIFIC

Scene in Snow Mountains close to the summit of Mt. Kosciusko.

eral hard side stamps of the foot. So all the soft snow and the top was a sea difficult was the going that it took us of ice knobs, which necessitated great over an hour to do less than 100 yards. care to prevent our bindings from being Every now and again it looked as if we cut to pieces. However, it was worth all were going head over heels into Lake Al-. the effort and danger to see the Northcote bina, 1,200 feet below. Once we thought canyon walled in by cliffs of ice thousands one of the party had really gone, as both of feet in height, as well as to view the his skis slipped sideways, but fortunately Snowy valley and the Monaro and River- as he fell hard in towards the slope, he ina plains from the top of the Main Di- dug his right elbow deeply enough into vide. We made our way over Mount Lee the snow to prevent his sliding down. He the Carruthers Peak, down past the Blue was unable to obtain a grip with his skis, Lake, and then up again to the top of and had to hang by his elbow for twenty Mount Twynam. minutes until we were able to dig a series "We had traveled nearly ten miles of steps above him and so render him as- along the crest of the most interesting sistance. This is the only part of the Aus- part of the Muniong range, and saw tralian Alps where you need an ice axe, views which are beyond my power to de- and where the skiers should be roped to- scribe. While on the top of Mt. Twynam, gether. It was extremely dangerous, and lost in contemplation of the wonder and we were pleased when we had extricated beauty of Watson's Crag, the Razorback, ourselves, and were once more on the crest of the range. Mount Anderson Spur, Mann Bluff, Mount David, and Gill's Knob, clouds "We still had many difficulties to con- and fog were beginning to appear, beau- tend with, as the wind had blown away tiful and awe-inspiring, but also danger- THE MID-PACIFIC 111

Overlooking the main Kosciusko Range from Charlotte's Pass. ous, so we decided to leave the crest and "There were two ways, one across the run down to Pounds Hut, near the junc- ranges, involving a steep climb and the tion of Spencer's creek and the Snowy other along the valley of Spencer's creek, river, a three-mile non-stop run, except which does not call for so much effort. when we fell. In these three miles we Two of us, revived by the excellent meal, dropped 2,500 feet, and as you will un- decided to go across country, so off we derstand there was little time to enjoy the went, steadily climbing through dense tim- scenery, all attention had to be given to ber, and as we paused for breath, we our legs as we stemmed, telemarked, and looked back across the Snowy river to see christianaed to find the best and safest the range we had left, bathed in a glorious gradient. What we would take two and sunset, in which molten gold and verdant one-half hours to climb, we descended in green played as important a part in the under ten minutes. At times the speed color scheme as the usually prevailing must have approached 50 miles an hour. reds. The deep Guthega valley, winding As ski-runners, we are always looking its way from the Snowy up to the Con- for long and fast slopes, but after that sett Stephen pass between Mount Tait run we admitted to each other that we and Granite Peaks, gave a perfect trans- had had enough of the down grade. Our formation scene of spectral colors. So legs were trembling, and we were quite enthralled were we that we forgot the out of breath as we reached the Snowy approaching night, and arrived at the top crossing. A few hundred yards' climb of the Perisher range in the darkness. and we were at Pounds' Hut, where our "There are three valleys leading down faithful cook met us with hot soup and to Bett's Camp from the crest of this other delicacies. We had arranged with range. In daylight, the camp can be seen him to come to this camp from Bett's, a from the saddle of the middle valley, 500 distance of four miles, as we thought we feet below, and it is the best and safest might be too tired to get any farther that valley to run down. In the darkness we day. However, after a good meal, we de- could not see the camp, but ought to have cided to return that night to Bett's camp, been able to see the light shining from as it was bigger and more comfortable one of the windows which faces this val- than the Pounds' Hut. ley. We saw no light, so thought we had 112 THE MID-PACIFIC

Visitors from Sydney on the snow at Hotel Kosciusko.

struck the wrong valley head, and for reached camp. We had traveled a round half an hour we climbed along the crest. trip of 25 miles and climbed about 3,000 Eventually, after much side stepping, we feet during the course of the day. We can reached another valley head, but still no truthfully say that every mile of the guiding light was to be seen. Wearying trip provided us with some thrill or of groping about, we decided to chance it, other." and down we went through the darkness These wonderful winter sports fields at twenty miles an hour, heart in mouth are reached very comfortably from Syd- for fear of striking a rock, or falling into ney by a fast train which runs six nights an open creek. Fear spoilt a good half a week, equipped with comfortable sleep- mile run, but we got down safely, and as ing cars, and lands the travelers at Cooma we ran into the open plain we saw the at 7 o'clock in the morning. From that lights of Bett's Camp. point the journey is continued for the re- "The first valley was the right one, but maining 50 miles by motor car, a very we were on the saddle before the Spencer good service being maintained. The creek travelers had arrived to light the Hotel Kosciusko is reached for luncheon. lamp, which accounted for the light that The fares are reasonable, transportation failed us. from Sydney and back costing about /6, "Weary and tired, with an appetite and the hotel accommodations being about that would do Gargantua credit, we £1 per day. THE MID-PACIFIC 113

Preparing for a "tang?' or native feast in New Zealand. Last of the Morioris By DONALD J. COWIE

Tommy Solomon, the last of the Mori- name was Tame Horomona Rehe, and he oris, has died. The event might not be was born in 1884. He was reputed to be significant to the layman, whose knowl- quite wealthy, as he had the sole rights edge of the Chatham Islands must neces- over 2,000 acres of sheep country, the sarily be vague ; but to the ethnologist it Moriori reserve that was originally set has consuming 'interest. For the Mori- aside by the New Zealand Government. oris, inhabitants of the small group of He paid periodical visits to the mainland islands off the coast of the South Island of New Zealand, but in later years was so of New Zealand, like the extinct Tasma- fat that he had to be transported every- nian aborigines, were a race of their own ; where in a dray. and like the ancient Tasmanians their In more ways than one it is a pity that numbers gradually dwindled, until there the Morioris have died out, for they have was only one surviving individual. ever been a mystery to the scientist, and Of course there are still half-caste Mo- now it will be impossible to study their rioris on the Chathams—with both white characteristics out of court. Ethnologists and Maori blood in their veins—but still disagree as to their origin. Some say Tommy Solomon was positively the last that they migrated from the New Hebri- pure-blooded native. He .was a jolly, des, others that they formed part of the good-natured person, a great lover of food mythical race of New Zealand aborigines, and sleep, who at the time of his death who occupied the land prior to the corn- weighed nearly 30 stone. His Moriori ing of the Maoris, and who were respon- 114 THE MID-PACIFIC

The y oung men o f t he Maor i THE MID-PACIFIC 115 sible for the extermination of the giant enough, like so many other peoples, they moa. The only thing that is really cer- had a Messiah tradition. It was pre- tain is that they were of Melanesian dicted by their priests that one clay a stock, for they possessed the character- child would be born who would embody istic flat, distended noses, and bushy hair. the spirit of their god, Hatitimatangi, the The words of authorities on the subject rider of the stormy winds. are conflicting, and the best account of The peace of the simple community Moriori history is one compiled by the lasted until the year 1836, when the natives themselves in 1852, when the in- Maoris arrived from New Zealand to fluence of missionaries, and the realiza- wreak havoc. "November must have tion that they were a dying race, brought been the month," says the natives' story, them together in a great assembly at Te "for we were drinking honey from the Awapatiki. There a roll call was taken, flax flowers when they landed at Whan- and the elders of the various tribes set garoa and built a fort at that harbor. In down in writing the history of the race, the month of December they spread all as preserved by traditional word-of- over the island, slaying the people." The mouth. The account is to be found in the Morioris gathered together to plan re- Transactions of the New Zealand Insti- prisal, which from force of numbers tute. could not fail to succeed. But then the According to the story the Morioris once-wise law of Nunuke, that no man arrived in the Chathams from their his- should slay another, intervened to cause toric home, "Hawaiki," in three canoes, doubts in the minds of the Moriori lead- the "Rangimata," led by the chief Ma- ers; and before the point had been thor- wake, the "Rangihoua," led by Honeke, oughly thrashed out the Maoris were vic- and the "Oropuke," whose chief was torious. Moe. Many generations before an ances- Thenceforward the Morioris were a tor had discovered the Chatham Islands subject race, and the destruction effected by accident, and the three tribes decided among them by the invaders presaged to emigrate on account of "trouble at their doom. "The Morioris were taken home." There were internecine wars (lur- prisoners, the women and children were ing the first few years on the Islands, and bound, and many of these, together with it was because of this that one great chief. the men, were killed, being considered by Nunuke, enacted the law that no Moriori the Maoris as mere animals. should slay another. "After me," he When this account was written down said, "through all generations, all evil is in 1852 there were 1,673 Morioris in the to be laid aside. Even if blood he shed, Chathams, 946 men and 727 women. Mis- sionaries arrived to alleviate their lot no one must be put to death." This law about this time, and the Maoris, deprived later proved the undoing of the Morioris. of their supremacy, began to find their But its effect among the natives at first way back to Taranaki, whence they came : was good, for it brought them peace in but the fatal seed had been sown, and a their time ; and a result was that the Mo- census taken in 1866 revealed that there rioris became the most benevolent and were fewer than 100 pure-blooded Mori- upright of native races. They were sim- oris left. The following year an epidemic ple folk, leading primitive lives hemmed of measles carried off 40 of the survivors. around by many tapus and religious ob- and the few families remaining, though servances. Their food consisted of eels, granted ample reserves by the New Zea- fish, karaka-berries, birds, fern-root, land Government, and afforded every as- whitebait, and other native delicacies sistance, slowly dwindled. The last sur- they wore garments of woven flax, or viving female Moriori was Solomon's sealskin, and adorned themselves with red aunt. Mrs. Heta Namu, who died in 1923. feathers and sharks' teeth. Curiously Of Tommy himself the tale has been told. 1 1 6 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 117

Dr. Jose Rizal and his Nation A fragment of Asiatic history and sociology By TRINIDAD A. ROJO, Y.M.C.A., University of Washington

Statesmen and humanitarians who are men of the period was Juan Luna, a giving a hand in shaping the destinies of patriot and painter whose paintings, with the nations bordering on the Pacific can those of his fellow countryman, Hidalgo, not afford to ignore Dr. Jose Rizal, his won prizes in many European competi- works, and his time, for he propounded a tions. Their success stimulated other Fil- theory of races which, if propagated and ipinos to win recognition in various fields. practiced, will help to eliminate misunder- Juan Luna had a brother, Antonio, who standings and friction between the white studied military science in France and. and the colored peoples. His execution Germany, and who led the Filipinos in sounded the death knell of the Spanish many desperately-fought battles with colonial system whose deterioration af- valor, tenacity, and skill that won the fords invaluable warnings for us and for admiration of the opposing forces. He posterity. In fact Theodore Roosevelt, was indeed the mainstay of the forces Elihu Root and other American statesmen of General Emilio Aguinaldo, the presi- studied Rizal's life and works before lay- dent of the short-lived Philippine Repub- ing the foundation of their policy for the lic. Second to none in heroism was Gre- Philippines. In a public address at gorio del Pilar, the Leonidas of the Phil- Fargo, North Dakota, on April 7, 1903, ippines who, in order to cover the retreat Theodore Roosevelt said : of General Emilio Aguinaldo, defended Tila Pass with sixty men against a bat- "In the Philippine Islands the Ameri- talion. An hour before the battle in can government has tried, and is trying, which he died he wrote to his sweetheart : to carry out exactly what the greatest genius and most revered patriot ever "I am surrounded by fearful odds that known in the Philippines, Jose Rizal, will overcome me and my gallant men, but steadfastly advocates." I am glorified with the thought that I die "The greatest genius and most revered fighting for my country." patriot" is right, for Rizal was a star of Second to Rizal in the hierarchy of the the first magnitude in the constellation of Philippine heroes was Apolinario Mabini, sincere patriots who figured in Philippine the "sublime paralytic" and the brains of history during the last quarter of the the Philippine revolution. His struggle nineteenth century. Within that brief in life is comparable to that of Lincoln ; period the country produced more great for he fought, not only against extreme men than in the three centuries preced- poverty, but also against paralysis. He ing it. Before resuming the main thread had to win an education "partly through of this article I should like to make a few the pathetic sacrifices of his mother and remarks about some of Rizal's contem- partly through his own exertions, which poraries in order to present more clearly in that time and place amounted to hero- his relation and place in his country's ism," as Charles Russell puts it. He had history. only one suit, and did not have money to One of the foremost of the talented buy books. However, at school he noted 118 THE MID -PACIFIC

down the lectures carefully, and re-wrote time in hunting for them. Shoot me, the and mastered them at home. He quit author of it. I am ready whenever you school three times due to lack of means. are." Finally he got a clerical position which The Americans offered Mabini a high enabled him to continue his studies. He government position, but unlike other won first place in the Philippine bar ex- Filipinos he refused the offer. Shortly amination. But his beloved mother had before his death in 1903 he wrote : died, and he himself was soon attacked "I am not one of those who acted ac- by paralysis. In the dedication of one of cording to exigencies, right or wrong; his books he wrote: for I have always tried to follow the dic- "Mother of Mine : In the midst of my tates of my conscience. This is the sooth- misfortunes your memory is not pain ful ing balm to my bitter life." to me for I am consoled with the thought that your death saved you from witness- In purity of character, courage, perse- ing them. But if in the future fortune verance, patriotism, and intellectual stat- will smile on me, success and happiness ure, Mabini, a full-blooded Filipino, will be mingled with sorrow, for you will "would have deserved eminence in any not be with me to share them. country or any time," to borrow the words of Charles Russell. "Apolinario." During the Philippine Revolution he Europeans and Americans who know had to be carried in a litter. His physi- Rizal's life agree that he was a man of cal infirmities, however, did not prevent commanding greatness. Dr. Ferdinand him from playing an outstanding part in Blumentritt of Austria considers Rizal as this dramatic and momentous period of the greatest man the Malayan race has Philippine history. He was the adviser ever produced. William Jennings Bryan, of General Emilio Aguinaldo ; he wrote in an address delivered on December 30, manifestos and pamphlets for the revo- 1915, said : lutionary government: he headed Agui- "If you will permit me to draw one naldo's cabinet ; and he was the secretary lesson from the life of Rizal, I will say of foreign affairs for the short-lived that he presents an example of a great Philippine Republic. man consecrated to his country's wel- He was captured by the Americans in fare. He, though dead, is a living rebuke September, 1899. They kept him in to the scholar who selfishly enjoys the prison for a year ; then deported him to privileges of an ample education and does Guam where he was kept for two years, not impart the benefits of it to his fel- after which he was returned to Manila lows." and set free. Afterwards, when under Dr. Miguel de Unamuno, rector of the an examination by American army offi- ancient University of Salamanca, one of cers, he was asked if he had heard anyone the most talented Spaniards of today, talking in favor of Philippine independ- wrote the following appreciation of Rizal ence, he answered in his low, even voice : as a novelist : "I have." "Whom have you heard ?" "Rizal's style mostly is smooth, undu- "Myself." "What ? Are you opposed to lating, sinuous, without harshness or the rule of the United States in the Phil- thorns, erring, if at all, on the side of ippines?" "I certainly am," he replied. diffuseness. It is an oratorical style and "I am opposed to the rule of any power a Hamlet-like style, full of vacillations here except that of the people of these amidst the firmness of the central Islands. If you wish to shoot somebody thought, full of witty sayings. It is not for holding such sentiments shoot me. Do t he style of a dogmatic person. . . . not shoot or imprison those to whom I "Like Plato, he presented his ideas in have urged this doctrine ; do not waste (lialogues, for nothing but sociological, THE MID-PACIFIC 119

The Malate Church, one of many similar edifices in the Manila area. and, at times, philosophical dialogues ap- compeers in one respect, or in two or in pear in his novels." three. Of this man the versatility was so An authority no less than William great and the genius so many-sided and Dean Howells says of Rizal : real, that they seemed almost incompre- "He was born with a gift far beyond hensible, and one would be puzzled to that of any or all of the authors of our cite from any other country an equal roaring literary successes. . . . No one prodigy. who has read his pathetic novel can deny "With the most astonishing facility he its immensurable superiority." devoted himself to various callings not only diverse, but, in the world's usage, in- The Outlook for In his book entitled compatible. He was, for instance, one of Charles Edward Russell, the Philippines, the greatest oculists of his day, so great private correspondent in Russia of ex- that the scientists of Europe held him in President Wilson, says : "Rizal is the honor and followed with attention his hero most beloved, the spirit that is still discoveries and work ; so famous that most powerful upon his people. It is not patients came from far distant countries easy to write about him because to those to he treated by him and when he was unfamiliar with this chapter of human exiled, still followed him into the wil- history any account of him as he really derness. He was a sculptor of such was will seem extravagance. We of the power and skill that his works often fas- West have not known that such men cinated the beholder with their almost could be bred in that obscure region and mysterious suggestions of life and signifi- of that alien race ; hence with distrust cance. (One of the busts he modeled won must we look upon their records. a gold medal in an international exposi- "Yet it is certain that from whatever tion held in St. Louis several years after point of view we come to examine this his death.) He was a zoologist who dis- life, or by whatever test we care to apply covered, classified, and recorded new to it, here was one of the most extraordi- specimens of animal life in remote re- nary persons in human annals. Of other gions.* He was an accomplished linguist, men that the world has reason to honor, *See Austin Craig, Ri2al's Life and Minor it is to be said that they excelled their Writings, pp. 224 and 240. 120 THE MID-PACIFIC

the fluent and easy master of native dia- kind has ever produced. In the United lects, of Latin, Spanish, French, Italian, States Congress, June 19, 1902, Repre- German, English, and even Japanese, able sentative Cooper of Wisconsin, in a to compose in these with facile and idio- heated debate about the Philippines, made matic power ; beginning a letter in Ger- the following peroration : man, continuing it in French, and ending "It has been said that if American it in English without a flaw in the expres- institutions had clone nothing else than sion ; ornamenting his books with senti- furnish to the world the character of ments in Japanese or in Hebrew as the George Washington, that alone would en- fancy seized him. (The text book he title them to the respect of mankind. So, prepared in French and the treatise on Sir, I say to all those that denounce the the Visayan dialect he wrote in English Filipinos indiscriminately as barbarians are extant.) He was an artist in por- and savages, without possibility of civil- traiture and caricature with his pencil ized future, that this despised race proved and on canvas ; drawings and other works itself entitled to their respect and to the to which he contributed his skill are to be respect of mankind when it furnished the seen now in churches in the Philippines world the character of Jose Rizal." and in Saragossa, Spain ; so that if he Charles Edward Russell in The Hero had cared to pursue this branch of art he of the Filipinos writes : might have rivaled Luna, his great coun- "Happy should be the land that has tryman and friend.* He was a novelist, such a national hero, in whom the pitiless whose pictures of life, manners, and char- searchings of later years have not discov- acter were etched in acid and so vividly ered enough of flaw to discredit any part that they startled Europe, stung his own of the homage paid him but instead cause people to revolt, served his enemies to him to appear always the more imposing destroy him. He was a poet who in his figure, morally and intellectually. It is native tongue sang with pathos and but truth to say that his analogue is hard charm. He was an educator and an able to find in any nation of any color at any civil engineer ; when he was banished, his period of history. He had what is so first work in the uncouth country to seldom to be found in the men we call which he was sent was to establish a `great,' a union of brilliant gifts and of school on exactly the same basis that has lofty character. Of him it is never nec- since been followed in remaking the edu- essary to offer the Baconian apology ; he cational system of the Philippines ; and was of the brightest and wisest of man- his second, to provide the little town with kind but without an alloying trace of the waterworks, still in use. He was a pub- mean. licist who knew well the evils that af- "Intellectually there is no doubt he de- flicted his country. knew their source, served the praise paid wonderingly to knew their cure ; and strove conscien- him by Sir Hugh Clifford and others ; he tiously for the common good. For he was a master figure. To the capacity of was a philosophical democrat, with faith his mind there seemed no normal limit ; founded upon reasoning, upon knowledge he could comprehend any subject, learn of history and upon deliberate convic- any craft, acquire any language, absorb tion." any science. It seemed to be a mind of Above all, Dr. Jose Rizal was a patriot the order of octopi with tentacles that and a martyr, one of the greatest man- reached out and pumped up, not the superficialities, but the heart of the mat- * For illustrations of Rizal's drawings, paint- ings, statues, etc., see Austin Craig's "The ter. . . . Such are the facts of his life, Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal," and however reluctant prejudice may be to Charles Russell's "The Hero of the Philip- acknowledge them. If there has yet ap- pines." peared upon this earth what may justly THE MID- PACIFIC 121 be called a universal genius, it seems The poet in Bastazar, the sculptor in from the records that he was not of white Felix Pardo de Tavera, the martyr in Dr. race, the world's confident overlords, but Burgos, the publicist in Marcelo del Filar, of the misunderstood Malay. the novelist in Crisologo, the painter in "Of the veritable basis for these con- Juan Luna, the thinker in Mabini, the clusions, so strange in an age and a scientist, anthropologist, and linguist in world that makes of disillusion a fetish, Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, were com- no fair-minded inquirer can have a bined in Jose Rizal in a more or less de- doubt." gree. He was the quintessence of Fili- pino spirit, the symbol of the union of the Rizal was not a "freak" nor an accident western and eastern culture in his coun- nor a meteor bursting from unknown, try, and the embodiment of Filipino na- inexplicable sources. Sir Hugh Clifford tionalism seasoned with enlightenment states that Rizal was a "Filipino of Fili- and humanitarianism. pinos." His coming into being can be I repeat that Rizal's greatness is at explained in terms of the most rigid logic least as much a product of his country as of cause and effect in the historical devel- of his genius. In other words, the stage opments of his country. He was not an was the Philippines, the drama was the isolated phenomenon. There are no nation's history, whose performance de- traits, no talents in Rizal that could not be manded a hero of the versatility of Ham- found among his contemporaries or let, of the fortitude of Socrates, and of among the Filipinos today. The differ- a heroism no less than that of Bolivar ; ence is that he had more talents and more and Rizal rose splendidly to the occasion, excellent qualities than any of his coun- rendering the drama glorious ; and the trymen. "Like the heroes of other lands, drama elevated him to Mount Olympus as he epitomized the best that is in his race." one of the greatest heroes of all time.

The old Bridge of Spain in Manila. 122 THE MID-PACIFIC ,ri,,,,, .r nunurt,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,iur ,,__ ik, ,ICI„,,,,,,,n,,,,,,,,,„,.., American Ambassador Joseph C. Grew Addresses the Pan_ 14. Pacific Club of Tokyo Luncheon meeting, September 30, 1932 Viscount T. Inouye presiding • drroiveotria aaaa • • mrarrnrrnrrn 4::•

Chairman: We feel greatly honored by periods of Western history. Of course, the presence of His Excellency the to the people of Japan and the Pacific American Ambassador to Japan, and Mr. basin generally, it has a new meaning. To Neville, American Councillor, at our both Easterners and Westerners this new opening meeting of the Club after the era has opened up new horizons, new in- summer holiday. The Ambassador ar- terests and new conceptions of life. When rived in Japan only a couple of months we consider the fundamental nature of ago, but his distinguished personality and these changes, we may congratulate our- sympathetic disposition have already selves, all of us, that they have been gained the hearts of the Japanese people. brought about on the whole so peacefully. The present relations between Japan and Today we are living in a new period the United States of America require, I in human history, and since from the dare say, very careful attention. By this earliest times the chief basis of human I do not mean that there is any danger intercourse has been trade and barter, whatever to be conjectured, but there is the world is prone to evaluate these deplorable propaganda going on on both changes that have taken place in the sides of the ocean which must be very Pacific in terms of commerce. Indeed, carefully considered by the diplomats of the development of commerce with the both countries. Under such conditions we Far East, stimulated through the open- particularly welcome an able diplomat like ing up of the Pacific Ocean to navigation, His Excellency as the representative of has led to profound changes in inter- the great Republic. I do not doubt that national outlook, affecting both the coun- his mission to this country will be a very tries of the West and the countries of the successful one for the benefit of America East. But commerce is only one element, as well as of Japan. and perhaps not the most important ele- Ambassador Grew: I thank you cor- ment, of the changes that have occurred. dially and heartily for your most encour- 'These changes have thrown into close aging words, which give me a very warm contact many peoples of diverse race and and pleasant feeling, and I appreciate very cultural background. Until modern much being permitted to come today to times the people of Europe had en- the first meeting of the season and of hav- countered, at least on a large scale, few ing a chance of meeting you all in this races with whose antecedents they were pleasant and informal way. not to some degree familiar. Their ar- This Club, it seems to me, has an im- rival in the Pacific introduced them to portant mission to perform. The present peoples and civilizations as ancient and era is often referred to as the Pacific as well settled as their own, and there era, something distinct from the Medi- immediately arose the necessity for terranean and Atlantic eras of the earlier mutual adjustments by which each might THE MID-PACIFIC 123

The Imperial Hotel, home of the Pan-Pacific Club in Tokyo. profit. These adjustments are still going lationship with the Commodore but be- on, and the responsibility devolves upon cause of the essential part which he those of us who live in the Pacific area played in the history of the relations be- today to contribute our utmost to those tween Japan and the United States. adjustments while maintaining the great About the middle of the last century, cultural and historic heritage both of the the United States had spread to the East and the West which should be the American shores of the Pacific Ocean, common treasures of all mankind. It is and naturally looked to the Far East for consequently inspiring to see a body of opportunities for trade. China was partly men who realize the importance of de- open to our trade, but Japan was closed, veloping a common understanding in this and had been closed for over two cen- new day of the problems that confront turies, by the voluntary action of the peo- both East and West, to whose ultimate ple of the country themselves. In addi- solution we look forward with confident tion to the opportunities for trade, there- assurance. fore, there was an element of mystery I have spoken of the advent of this about Japan, and mystery always applies Pacific era. May I touch for a moment to sea-going men. They have an innate on the man who in one sense may be desire to see what lies over the horizon. said to have inaugurated it? I have re- The opportunities for trade and the de- cently had an opportunity to examine the sire to solve the mystery of Japan, how- official account, as published by order of ever, were not the only reasons for Com- the Congress of the United States, of modore Perry's expedition. The whaling Commodore Perry's expedition in 1852, industry of the United States was then in 1853 and 1854 to the China Seas and its heyday of prosperity, and American Japan, and have found in it much of in- whaling ships frequented the North Pa- terest, not only because of my family re- cific Ocean and the Behring Sea. Occa- 124 THE MID-PACIFIC

sionally one would be wrecked on the states in one place that "the common peo- shores of Japan, and it had become neces- ple, as had been elsewhere observed, sary to find means of caring for and re- seemed very much disposed to welcome patriating these shipwrecked American the strangers and engage in friendly con- seamen. Also, American shipping com- verse with them." In another place the panies were considering the establishment chronicler records that "On the return of of a steamship line to the Far East, and the ships' boats from sounding, all the it was necessary to establish coal depots officers and men were in raptures with along the route. We have, therefore, four the kindly disposition of the Japanese and primary motives for Commodore Perry's the beauty of their country." expedition : (1) the desire to establish The treaty which was finally concluded friendly commercial relations with Japan ; between the United States and Japan at (2) the necessity of arranging for the this time bears eloquent testimony to the care and repatriation of shipwrecked spirit of friendship which Commodore American seamen ; (3) the desire to solve Perry and his officers developed during the coaling problem ; and (4), and most the negotiations, and to the patience of important of all, the wish to penetrate the the Japanese officials themselves in ulti- mystery of a proud, brave people who had mately reaching a happy conclusion. There voluntarily isolated themselves from the are various provisions in the treaty rest of the world. which may seem strange to us today, It is hardly necessary for me to go into such as those stating that "shipwrecked detail regarding the actual visit of Com- persons shall be free, and not subjected modore Perry's expeditionary fleet. You to confinement," and that "citizens of the have all heard of the appearance of the United States shall he free at Shimoda "black ships" off Uraga, of the long and to go where they please within the limits patient negotiations with the officials, of of seven Japanese miles (or ri) from a the gradual overcoming of their suspi- small island in the harbor of Shimoda," cions, of the growing conviction on the but there is one provision which applies part of the Shogunate that the intentions today as much as it did in 1854. I refer of the United States were essentially to that in the first article of the treaty, friendly, and of the final conclusion of the which states : treaty which opened Shimoda, Hakodate "There shall be a perfect, permanent, and Nawa to American trade. and universal peace, and a sincere and In reading this account I noticed that cordial amity, between the United the people of Japan were basically friend- States of America on the one part, and ly toward the Americans. When I say the Empire of Japan on the other, and "the people," I mean the common people between their people, respectively, with- —the farmers and fishermen, the mer- out exception of persons or places." chants and artisans. In several places in May I not suggest that this article the account the writer relates how the would seem fitly to express an important Japanese people, whenever the officials element of the public-spirited aims and relaxed their restrictions, would gladly endeavors of the Pan-Pacific Club of and freely mingle with the Americans. He Tokyo today ? TFI E MID-PACIFIC 125

9 market place on the outskirts of Saigon, Indo-China.

• VVIAVVVYMKNIVW41W WNW- •' • ' /C7 7‘71771K37 Ii 1.71WZ.IMK2sW113-.11 gl The Romance of Economics 431 Along the Mandarin Road • By CONSUL HENRY S. WATERMAN • Saigon, French Indo-China .! '• inniati i • -i- morctractractitor. • zninnratL2dmannia.

Since earliest historical times martial disappears into China's Province of peoples, bent on invasion and conquest, Kwangsi. Sixteen hundred miles, con- have flowed forward and backward over tinuous, macadamized, well kept up, over every inch of what is now French Indo- which automobiles can speed at 50 miles China. The names of some of these in- or more per hour, the Mandarin Road is vading peoples have been almost forgot- unique in the Far East. ten—as, for instance, the Khmers, the Not only does the road bisect the whole Thais, and the Chams—but the Mandarin country from north to south, but its lat- Road, over which they moved in succes- eral branches reach out east and west to sive waves, still exists, more important all but the most inaccessible sections. In today than in its historic past. Starting recent years it has been paralleled for at Aranya, on the border between Siam about half of its length by railroads, and Cambodia, it winds through Cam- which tend to relieve it of much of the bodia, Cochin-China, Annam, and, finally, congested traffic which still makes travel Tonkin, where, penetrating the Chinese difficult in certain sections. Work is in Wall, through the "Gate of China," it course of construction or being planned THE MID-PACIFIC

On either side of the Mandarin Road fleets of American tractors and farm implements are replacing primitive coolie labor in the great rice fields of Cambodia and Cochin China. THE MID-PACIFIC 127 to complete these railroads, largely made approximately 10,000 square kilometers of German reparations materials. (about 4,000 square miles, or four-fifths Along its route in Cambodia food can the area of Connecticut) in extent during be had literally for the trouble of pick- high water, which spreads and contracts ing it up. Emerging into Cochin-China, with the rise and fall of the Mekong underpopulated but intensively cultivated, River. The lake literally is filled with the road is encumbered with thousands fish, and it is said that the natives only of automobiles and modern trucks and have to dip in their nets a few times to busses. Bullock carts, droves of live stock, obtain food enough to last them for a every conceivable kind of conveyance, year. Estimates place the fish production also crowd the way until it is almost im- at over 50,000 tons per year. passable. But traffic conditions change At the north end of Tonle Sap the swiftly thereafter. In northern Annam Mandarin Road enters the great rice- and throughout Tonkin one no longer sees producing area, which extends in fan- bullock carts or horse-drawn vehicles, and like shape in a southeasterly direction, only a very few automobiles. Human through Cambodia and Cochin-China, labor is so cheap and plentiful that it until it covers the whole southeastern sec- suffices for all transportation needs. For tion of the country. This delta produces hundreds of miles the road is covered food not only for the inhabitants of with natives clothed in drab brown, the southern Indo-China and a part of those color of their dried-out paddy fields, car- of the north, but has an exportable sur- rying heavy loads, or pulling their mer- plus of about 1,500,000 tons each year. chandise along in carts. Ricksha coolies In this section at all times of the year replace automotive power, their rickshas coolies are at work in the rice fields, and usually crowded with from two to four it no longer occasions surprise to see fleets proud occupants in long black coats and of American tractors on either side of the white trousers, indicative of their superior road in competition with the buffalo-drawn social position. primitive plows. The Mandarian Road scarcely starts Passing around the southern side of from the Siamese railhead at Aranya be- Tonle Sap, a detour at Sisophon goes fore it encounters the economic influence around the northern side, rejoining the of the mighty Mekong River, which does main road shortly before Pnom Penh. as much for the industrial and commercial The detour leads past Angkor, those fa- production of French Indo-China as the mous ruins which represent all that is left road does for its distribution. The Me- of the grand old capital of the Khmers, kong, rising in the distant mountains of once established there in one of the Tibet very near to the headwaters of the greatest empires of southeastern Asia. Yangtze, is not only the cause of the The capital, however, long since has been actual formation of most of Cambodia removed to Pnom Penh, where, under the and Cochin-China, but is responsible also protection of the French, the descendants for most of their wealth. In substance of the ancient Khmers still rule. they comprise a tremendous delta, con- Pnom Penh is the center of Cam- sisting of the entire southern section of bodian trade. Here are found the beauti- Indo-China, slowly being enlarged through ful, native hand-woven silk sarongs and the river's continued deposits of the rich sampots made in the villages around Kom- silt it brings down to its mouths from the pong Cham. The quays along the Me- mountains of China. The Cape of Camau, kong River are loaded with stacks of Cochin-China, actually encroaches 60 native palm sugar for transporation to yards a year upon the ocean. all sections of the kingdom. Pnom Penh A few miles from the Siamese border is the principal market around which the road skirts Tonle Sap, or Great Lake. center Cambodia's great herds of approxi- 128 THE MID-PACIFIC mately 900,000 cattle and 600,000 buffa- one end of town to the other practically loes. Until within very recent years thou- without exposure to the sun. In two sands of head of Cambodian cattle and short, narrow streets, the Rues Lefebvre buffaloes were shipped to the Philippine and Chaigneau; all the trading in rice Islands annually, but Philippine restric- takes place—transactions which influence tive measures have caused that commerce the world price. These streets abut upon to disappear. the rear of the Bank of Indo-China build- From Pnom Penh the road leads south- ing, reputed the largest banking structure ward into the paper-producing district of in the Far East. In front winds the Sai- Kampot, which, through the port of gon River and its branches, with harbor Saigon, exports annually about 4,000 tons facilities capable of handling ships up to of paper, principally to France. Begin- 20,000 gross tons. Here are large ocean ning in 1930, however, the United States liners and freighters which have come in entered this market as a direct purchaser, 45 miles from the sea to load rice, rubber, and for the past two years has imported pepper, forestal and other products to be approximately 500 tons of paper each distributed over Asia, Europe, the Amer- year. Some of the forest products of icas, and Africa. More than 3,000,000 Cambodia also find their way to the tons of shipping bring to these miles of United States, among them teakwood, docks and warehouses 600,000 tons of various gums and lacs, and nux vomica. incoming and 1,500,000 tons of outgoing Cambodia always has had difficulty in cargo every year, thus making Saigon the getting its large rice production from the eighth port in volume of shipping activity district surrounding Battambang, at the in all of France and its possessions. northern end of Tonle Sap, to the port Three miles distant is the large city of of Saigon. It has been possible only dur- Cholon, amalgamated with Saigon on ing the season of high water to convey January 1, 1932, to form the administra- it down the lake, river, and canal system ; tive area Saigon-Cholon, with a combined so the government has proposed a rail- population of 500,000. Cholon is the Chi- road paralleling the Mandarin Road from nese community, settled two or three hun- Saigon, passing through Pnom Penh and dred years ago by the traders of the Battambang, and joining the Siamese rail- Celestial Empire who made their fortunes head at Aranya. The sector most urg- through trading with the less commer- ently needed is that from Pnom Penh to cially minded and more indolent Anna- Battambang, a distance of 171 miles, upon mites. The Chinese, and recently some which construction began in December, French companies, have constructed enor- 1929. Complete railroad connections soon mous rice mills along the waterways, to will exist between Saigon, in Indo-China, receive and disgorge in normal times from and Bangkok, in Siam. one to two million tons of rice annually. The apparently endless vista of paddy The waterways frequently are blocked fields, interspersed with rubber planta- with tremendous barges piled up with this tions, areas planted to tobacco, sugar, wealth-producing product of the colony, betel palms, manioc, and other products. slowly propelled by natives with oars. or, is the outstanding feature of the 60 or occasionally, by an outboard motor from 70 miles through Cochin-China which the Great Lakes region of the United one traverses before reaching Saigon. States. Saigon, the commercial capital of The visitor coming to Cholon from French Indo-China, is one of the beauty China sees the familiar Chinese shops, spots of the Far East, with its avenues, signs, and storekeepers, but also notes the streets, and squares laid out in imitation cleanliness and order maintained by the of Paris. The streets are lined with tall French authorities. All the balconies and shade trees, making it possible to go from entrances are lined with plants in the THE MID-PACIFIC 129

The market for Cambodia's great herds of approximately 900,000 cattle and 600,000 buffalo centers around Pnom Penh. beautiful green and blue clay pottery for and Singapore, planters preferring the which the small factories around Cholon latter port on account of the quick re- are famous. Even in the industrial dis- turns. trict, where scores of Chinese machine High mountain ranges to the west and shops imitate almost every foreign me- a narrow littoral to the east, seldom more chanical product that can be turned out than 50 miles wide, constitute the out- without special process, pleasing attempts standing topographical features of An- are made at civic beautification. nam. This configuration extends prac- After the Mandarin Road leaves Saigon tically all the way, eight or nine hundred and turns eastward to reach Annam, the miles, to the delta region of the Red rice fields become fewer and rubber River in Tonkin. For agricultural food- plantations take their place. Passing Bien- stuffs the inhabitants of Annam depend hoa. for 50 miles the beautifully asphalted almost entirely upon this narrow strip road is shaded by thousands of acres of where rice is cultivated much more inten- rubber trees. This is the heart of the sively than in the richer areas of Cochin- famous "Terres Rouges" or Red Lands China and Cambodia. In the mountainous district, from which the European resi- regions of southern Annam the principal dents, at frequent intervals, retreat to cultures are coffee and tea, both of which Saigon to escape malaria. Almost 12,000 gradually are becoming of greater impor- tons of rubber were produced for export tance in the economic construction of from the Terres Rouges during 1931, of Indo-China. which the United States bought, for the The principal industry of Annam, first time from Indo-China, around 1,000 however, is fishing. Long before Phan tons during the year. The sales of Indo- Thiet is reached, about 60 miles from the Chinese rubber for years past have been southern boundary, the breezes bring divided almost equally between France abundant indication that the center of 130 THE MID-PACIFIC

The apparently endless vista of paddy fields.

"nuoc mam" production is being ap- Hue, the capital of the ancient empire proached. Nuoc mam is to the Annamite of Annam, may be compared with Pei- what soya sauce is to the Chinese, and ping, only on a much smaller scale. There no meal, however simple, is complete is no industry and very little business. without the addition of this condiment. The principal banks of French Indo-China Nuoc mam has been described as an do not even maintain branches there. It "autodigestion of fresh fish and shell fish is, however, a most interesting city, with sea salt"—a particularly excellent stretching along the River of Perfumes, characterization in that it conceals more and illustrates how Annamite civilization than it reveals. It is usually seasoned always has been influenced by the Chi- with chili peppers, and the French medi- nese. Here are found temples and tombs cal authorities accredit to this peculiar and palaces, just as in Peiping, and evi- product so high a nutritive value as to dently copied after them, only on a much maintain that it provides the native popu- smaller and less impressive scale. The lation of approximately 30,000 families palace of the Emperor, with its manda- with both fish and meat. rins and retainers, is reminiscent of the Seventy-five miles westward of Phan imperial palaces in Peiping, and the cus- Thiet the Mandarin Road reaches the toms prevailing in Hue today are those famous Indo-Chinese hill station of Dalat of Peiping of 30 years ago, although at an altitude of about 6,000 feet. Sur- somewhat modified through French influ- rounding Dalat are some of the finest ence. coffee plantations in Indo-China, and from Tonkin is the industrial section of its gardens and dairies come the healthful French Indo-China, and 15 or 20 miles fresh vegetables, Temperature Zone after entering the colony, by way of the fruits, and high-grade milk which are used Mandarin Road from Annam, the large by the Europeans of the country. Dalat city of Nam Dinh is reached. More large has been beautified by the government and industries center here than in any other there are large comfortable hotels to part of Indo-China, and many thousands which the Europeans of the tropical of people are employed in the cotton and region flock during the hot season. silk mills and distilleries. Fifty miles THE MID-PACIFIC 131

This lake, some 4000 square miles in extent during high water, spreads and contracts with the rise and fall of the Mekong River.

north of Nam Dinh, on the Red River, is embroideries in Indo-China are made in Hanoi, the capital of the Union of French this district. Certain localities are devoted Indo-China. to different industries, such as leather Hanoi, like Saigon, is modeled on the working, silversmithing, cabinetmaking, French plan ; endless boulevards laid out and bamboo work. Such output is prac- with government buildings scattered all tically all used at home. Near by is the over the city, each surrounded by its park well-known Village of Paper, where the and attractive landscape designs. In the whole population engages in making paper heart of the city is a little jewel of a from bamboo. Their technique is the lake, containing two old pagodas on islets, most primitive, but is productive of ex- and surrounded by a promenade about 2 cellent results in the thin and very tough miles in length. At one corner is the finished product found throughout Ton- flower market, reminiscent of the flower kin. stands along certain streets of New Or- Haiphong, 70 miles from Hanoi, and leans and San Francisco. Roses, chrysan- the principal port of northern Indo-China, themums, and carnations are in great pro- is second in importance only to Saigon. fusion, and 40 cents will purchase as Its export shipping movements at times many as one person can carry away. surpass even those of Saigon, owing to Commercially, Hanoi is of compara- the anthracite coal found in the near-by tively little importance. As the capital of regions. Here begins the railroad, built Tonkin it is chiefly a government center. by the French about 20 years ago, run- The surrounding district, however, con- ning up into Yunnanfu, the capital of the tains a great many native industries con- Chinese Province of that name. Its con- ducted on a very small scale by the ancient struction is considered one of the world's "family" method. The finest laces and finest railroad feats. Practically all im- 132 THE MID-PACIFIC

The port of Campha, constructed by a company holding large coal mining concessions in Tonkin, Indo-China. port supplies for Yunnan must pass over proaches that of the Lehigh Valley in this railroad. In Haiphong are repre- Pennsylvania. The company has con- sented most of the large import houses structed a port of its own at Campha, at of the colony, and all the banks main- the base of some of the largest open cuts. tain branches there. It is also a manu- One of these open cuts is over half a facturing city of some importance, with mile long and 420 feet deep, with 26 steps cement and glass factories which give em- or working levels. Campha has its load- ployment to over 10,000 persons. ing pier accessible to steamers of 8,000 Among the main economic features of tons loading capacity, the depth of water Tonkin is the large anthracite coal pro- being about 28 feet, and is equipped with ducing region stretching along the shores four electric overhead cranes. The Ton- of the beautiful Buie d'Along, one of the kin district also produces 50,000 tons of scenic wonders of the world, with its zinc blend yearly, as well as tin, tungsten, curious geological characteristic of thou- wolfram, graphite, lead, silver, and other sands of small limestone, sugar-loaf islets metals. rising sheer from great depths of water. And now at last the Mandarin Road, The largest mine has its headquarters in departing from Hanoi on the last 100 the village of Hongay, and employs more miles of its long stretch, reaches Port de than 30,000 Tonkinese coolies and ap- Chine and disappears through the Wall proximately 300 Europeans. The Hongay of China, leaving behind the traveler who Mining Co. has a concession covering for 1,600 miles has enjoyed its rare, 61,700 acres, and its output exceeds asphaltic smoothness, and the romantic 1,500,000 tons per year. It is claimed and ever-changing panorama of economic that the assay value of this coal ap- activity along its way. THE MID-PACIFIC 133

21 bend in the trail affords a view up Maakua Gulch to the cloud-capped summit ridge of the Koolau Mountains.

• _IP.VIN 999999 IC7r 941XINKIPANIMPAMk, l PIL ____t , A i ,,L,1 I i.j,,li1P • •411.1) • • MN • 0 A Nature Trail at Hauula 14 .1 By E. H. BRYAN, JR. I4 .1 I• _MinirclIWATstr•VM1V•slAVIANIfre 4 • • (.\ --4i-'-a7 ,-;:inira 1tro 99

In order to facilitate access to new tree roundings, as well as to lead him to places plantings in part of the Hauula Forest of interest. Few visitors coming to Ha- Reserve, Koolauloa, Oahu, the Board of waii—in fact, all too few residents of Agriculture and Forestry has constructed these islands—find it convenient to hike an excellent horse trail, called the Punaiki up into the native forest. Here is a trail Trail, up onto the foothills behind Hauula. which will not only allow them to trav- One entrance to this trail is at Cooper erse the bold forehill, with its invading Ranch Inn. The trail forms a loop about foreign vegetation and its few native three miles long, with an easy grade all remnants, but will safely take the most the way. The entire distance can be inexperienced hiker up to the edge of the traversed without passing over the same native forest, along knife-edge ridges, trail twice, and the hike can be made very around the head of gulches, and to spots comfortably in about two hours or two from which commanding views may be hours and a half. A fast hiker can make had of flat coastal plain, deep valleys, the round trip in perhaps half that time. and cloud-capped summits. The writer, making this trip one morn- Hiking clothes are not really necessary, ing, was struck with the possibilities of but a pair of comfortable shoes are to the route as a "nature trail." Such trails be recommended, and ladies with new have become very popular in National silk stockings had best remove them be- Parks and other interesting localities on fore starting. There is likely to be no the mainland, their object being to point good drinking water along the route, so out to the hiker the features of his sur- persons addicted to thirst should carry a 134 THE MID - PACIFIC canteen. The following notes, jotted down ries which are made into wreaths at while walking along the trail, may help Christmas time. to call attention to some of the points of To the right of the trail, toward Ma- interest. akua gulch, are thickets of hau, kukui, THE START and hala. Large blue and green "darner" Setting out from Cooper Ranch Inn, dragonflies flit past in search of tiny one traverses the Cooper's fascinating winged prey. Little blue butterflies, in- garden filled with hibiscus bushes, decked troduced on purpose from Mexico to feed with blossoms of many hues. Here there on and help control the spread of lantana, are wire fences covered with passion- enliven the scene. Speaking of lantana flower vines, beneath the spreading shade insects, there were some eight different of husky young avocado trees. At the kinds introduced. One of these, a choco- upper end of the garden is a grove of late-brown gall-fly, makes the spherical "false kamani" trees, with their large gall which you will notice on the stems green and reddish leaves. Here a broken of the plants. Bright, shiny, metallic wire in the fence conveniently lets one green hovering flies (Syrphidae) seem through into the adjoining pasture. One poised in flight. Mynah birds, introduced will notice stunted guava bushes, little many years ago from the Malay region bright-flowered milkweed plants, which to feed on injurious insects, stalk here are the food of the monarch butterfly's and there in the pasture or along the trail. caterpillar, and prostrate sensitive plants, The cooing of doves is heard from up the with their little lavender pompons, sug- valley. gesting bursting stars. UP THE FOREHILL Here one finds the trail, running be- The trail passes through a thicket of side the fence, with an attractive sign- hau trees. Their twisted trunks and board at the corner which says, "Punaiki round, heart-shaped leaves, will identify Trail, round trip 2.95 miles." Another them, as well as their hibiscus-like, cup- sign indicates a trail to the right up shaped flowers, which begin the day a "Maakua Gulch," but that is another trip. bright yellow, later to change to dull Our trail is ahead and to the left, broad, orange, and by evening, scarlet. smooth, and well cut. It zigzags up the At the turn of the trail, and not infre- side of the forehill, through a low scrub quently along the route, one will notice of guava, lantana, and Christmas-berry. outcrops of basalt rock, the product of Even when not in fruit and flower these ancient lava flows. Where freshly broken plants may be easily recognized. The it is blue-gray in color, but quickly guava has smooth, chocolate-brown darkens to shades of reddish brown under branches, the lantana, rough, crinkly, pun- the action of air and moisture. A sign gent leaves, and thorns along the light announces "2.75 miles," but this applies colored twigs, and the Christmas-berry to the end of the return trip. has pinnate leaves with seven leaflets, Pausing for breath at the end of one which are very pungent when crushed. of the switch-backs, one has a fine view When in flower they are even easier to of the ocean-edged flat, from Kahuku Mill and the Mormon Temple, away to recognize : the guava has fragrant white the left, to the beach cottages of Punaluu, flowers with many prominent stamens ; to the right. At any state of the tide one the lantana flower is flat-topped and cannot help noticing the coral reef which brightly colored (orange, pink, and scar- fringes the beach. Opposite the mouth of let) ; and the Christmas-berry, a close rel- every gulch and valley is a break in the ative of the pepper tree, so familiar in reef. The reason for this is that the little Southern California, has clusters of tiny coral animals, whose tiny skeletons have white flowers, and later bright red her- built up the framework of the reef, are THE MID-PACIFIC 135 unable to live in water which is either the guava bushes, and there is moss on partly fresh or filled with silt. The inter- the face of lava outcrops. A sign tells mittent, often torrential, streams from the you that you have come half a mile. gulches are both fresh and murky, thus Now you are in the grove of hala trees, preventing coral growth opposite their with their warty trunks and long slender mouths. Above the white sand beach prop-roots. They stand thickly on both stands a line of trees of kinds familiar to sides of the trail. Beneath are ti bushes, natives on many tropical shores through- with rosettes of large, paddle-shaped, out the Pacific. They include the large- glossy green leaves atop slender, light leaved "false kamani," the hau, the milo, gray stalks. The Hawaiians used these the ironwood, coconut palms, and a low leaves to wrap food which they placed in stand of naupaka-kai, with white half - the ground oven to cook. Beneath the flowers. hala grove also begins a carpet of filmy- Along the next zigzag the hushes of leaved Lindsaya ferns, which continues up guava, lantana, and Christmas-berry be- the ridge under the scrub. A Hawaiian come larger, with grass and sword-ferns olive tree, called pua or olopua, on the beneath. A large hala tree, with its long, right hand side of the trail, with small narrow, spiny-edged leaves, and composite greenish-yellow flowers and olive-shaped fruits, is the first of a large grove, passed fruits, is one of the first really native through on the next switch-back. From plants to be encountered. There are more the leaves of this plant the native Hawai- of these above. ians plaited their lauhala mats and baskets. Yellow-brown dragonflies sail by, and VIEW UP MAAKUA GULCH like as not one will see reddish-brown A sign, at a bend of the trail, calls at- hornets, whose papery nests in the way- tention to a beautiful vista up Maakua side bushes should be carefully avoided. Gulch. On the bare forehill across the gulch, rows of little brown spots mark re- THE TRAII, DivmEs cent tree plantings, set out by the Board At the end of the next zigzag, toward of Agriculture and Forestry, to help re- the sea, the trail divides. Each branch is forest the slopes. One quickly becomes marked "To Papali and Punaiki Gulches," quite adept at recognizing the different for they are opposite ends of the same kinds of trees on these lower slopes. There loop. It is best to start out along the are the rosettes of long, slender hala right hand branch, up the east ridge of leaves ; the silvery foliage of the kukui ; Maakua Gulch, in the morning ; and along the medium green of the guava ; the gray- the other, which traverses the face of the blue green of the hau ; and up toward the forehills to Punaiki Gulch, in the after- head of the gulch, covering its buttress- noon. We took the right-hand route. like lateral ridges, the dark green of the Between the two signs, at the trail fork, rain-forest vegetation, largely lehua. The among the low weeds, grew some "lanceo- spreading, grey-green domes of koa trees late plantain," with flat rosettes of leaves seem to be absent here. and knob-tipped spike. Two other plants, To east and west the crests of half a to be seen soon, if not already encoun- dozen or more ridges stretch makai, like tered, are the "Stachytarpheta" vervain or fingers from the dark knuckles of the oi, which has a slender, asparagus-like Koolau's main ridge. On each will be spike, along which a few deep blue flow- noticed the same general profile : a steep, ers may be in bloom ; and the deeply- broad, triangular, high forehill, rising divided, broad polypodium fern, the under above the coastal plain ; then, mauka, a surfaces of whose fronds are spotted with depressed saddle, with its knife-edge little, round, cushiony, brown spore-cases. ridge, where the region of heavy rains The sword ferns now form a carpet under begins ; mauka of this, gradually rising 136 THE MID-PACIFIC undulations ; and the final steep rise to TREE PLANTINGS the main summit-ridge. It is interesting As we follow along the crest of a knif e- to speculate on the tricks of rainfall and edge ridge, on which are little patches of erosion which have carved these out from low, stiff ferns and moa (Psilotum), we the great rounded dome of long ago. notice newly planted trees on the steep slopes to right and left. Metal tags, at- A FIRST LEHTIA AND ITS LEGEND tached to brightly painted stakes, an- We pass our first lehua tree, with its nounce the names of these plants, and stiff little oval leaves and, perhaps, some state that they were planted in April, attractive bright red blossoms, just be- 1933. Those on the left are "Formosa yond a sign which tells us that we have Koa, Acacia confusa" ; on the right are gone three-quarters of a mile. It is a com- "Naio, Myoporum sandwicensis." Beyond mon superstition in Hawaii that he who these, on the right, are "Iliau, Wilkesia plucks a lehua blossom will be rained on. gymnoxiphium." This latter is an inter- Showers are so common in our mountains esting shrub composite, native to our high that this threat is easily and frequently mountain forests. Pukeawe bushes, with carried out. But to the old Hawaiians the small stiff leaves and little red berries, saying had a deeper meaning. The flower- line the trail. A cool breeze comes up loving Hawaiians always decked them- Papali Gulch on the left. Along the bot- selves with leis of ferns, wawaeiole (club- tom of this gulch is a ribbon of kukui mosses), and blossoms, when they went trees, with here and there patches of ti, into the forests. But those who did this hala, and lehua. Near where the sign says on the way up, in the early morning, "1.00 mile" there are several small lehua might not reach their objective and get trees beside the trail. A low growth of back before the coming of the rain which wiry uluhe or staghorn fern begins was likely to fall later in the day. underfoot. As we stop for breath at the next out- At the point where the trail leaves the ridge and starts around the head of Papali look up the valley, a black carpenter bee Gulch, "Charlie" Judd, the Territorial sails by, pausing to sip nectar from the Forester, has jokingly placed a sign, blossoms of oi, lantana, guava, and bright pointing on up the ridge, which reads, blue morning-glory. Purple-winged ody- "To Kawailoa." Perhaps, if one bravely nerus wasps seek industriously for tiny struggled up the ridge, over the crest of caterpillars among the leaves. In the dis- the mountains, and down an even longer tance is heard the call of doves, and the ridge on the other side, one would eventu- happy notes of a Chinese thrush. A dainty ally reach Kawailoa, which is near little herb, the flat branches of which are Haleiwa; but it would be a long, hard, covered with tiny, scale-like leaves, is a tiresome hike. selaginella, the humble descendant of THE EDGE OF' THE "LOWER FOREST" great plants which grew in dark swamps and helped to form our coal many millions Now we are entering the lower edge of years ago. of the rainforest. Much of the slope is still covered with the invading growth of A fence, with a gate through it, marks guava, lantana, and staghorn fern ; but the boundary of the Hauula Forest Re- here and there we begin to see more and serve. Be sure that you shut the gate and more native trees and plants. We notice and replace the unique wire catch, so that a few amaumau or small tree ferns, and cattle will not be able to get through and further on some larger, hapuu tree ferns. do more damage to what remains of the Although the latter kind may usually be native forest, which long ago came much told by its larger size, the surest way of lower down the slopes. telling these two apart is by their fronds. THE MID-PACIFIC 137

The well-cut trail skirts Papali Gulch, traverses a short knife-edge ridge, and returns makai along the west face of Punaiki Gulch.

The fronds of the amaumau (Sadleria) Papali Gulch there is a little grove of tree ferns are bipinnate, smooth and leath- ohia ai or mountain apple trees. These ery ; dark-green when mature, reddish have large, shiny green leaves, and in when young. The hapuu (Cibotium) tree season they display a showy profusion of fern is thrice-pinnate and more open. bright red blossoms, many seeming to Each frond consists of a fleshy, heavy grow right out of the trunk. Later these stalk, along which are pairs of f rondlets, develop into somewhat tasteless, but quite each of which is somewhat like a frond of refreshing, pink and white, pithy fruits. the amaumau fern, the pairs decreasing On the leaves one is quite likely to see in size toward the tip of the frond. flat, triangular, green torpedo bugs (leaf Again we see trees of the Hawaiian hoppers), which suck sap from this and "olive." More common still are naupaka other lower forest plants. Beneath the bushes, with their white half-flowers and mountain apple trees grows a patch of little dark purple berries. We see first wild ginger. In the stream bed are small one, then several hoawa (Pittosporum) pools of water, in which little sow bugs trees, easily recognized by their rosettes crawl about and water beetles gyrate; and of stiff, thick leaves, which are dark glossy on the surface of which skim tiny flies. green above and pale, some slightly fuzzy, The "1.25 mile" sign stands beside a beneath, and the wrinkled fruits, like tumbled-down shelter framework. olive-brown, wizened peaches, growing DOWN PUNAIKI GULCH singly or in clusters from the stems. A small kolea tree stands beside the trail. As one turns makai from here one gets On the bank above are large ilima bushes, a twin view of the ocean, down two their orange-yellow blossoms all ready to gulches, Papali on the west, Punaiki on be strung into fragrant leis. There also the east. Large kukui trees stretch their are several akoko (Euphorbia) bushes, canopy of silvery, almost powdery green with milky juice and small leaves, which leaves overhead, and sprinkle the ground are reddish when new. with their spherical, dark brown nuts. Al- Where the trail crosses the stream in though the kernels of these nuts make a 138 THE MID-PACIFIC favorite relish when cooked, the uncooked grass and weeds beneath, down past the nuts have too violent a cathartic action to 2-mile post. be safely eaten. Over the right-hand bank sprawls a tangle of ieie vine. This is a WEST ACROSS PAPALI GULCH stiff, rope-like liana, with rosettes of From the sign "Punaiki Gulch," where smooth, narrow, stiff leaves. The aerial the trail turns westward along the face rootlets of this relative of the hala were a of the forehill, one gets another pano- favorite material from which the Hawai- rama of the coastal plain, from Kahuku ians wove baskets and fish traps. There is Mill and Laie Point and islets, to the a single mango tree opposite the sign west, to Punaluu, on the east. There is which calls attention to Punaiki Gulch, a marked contrast between the mountain and more bushes of pukeawe or Hawaiian vegetation which has just been seen, and "heather" line the trail. the coconut palms, ironwoods, and other On the crest of the ridge, across Pu- trees which dot the plain. naiki gulch, rises a bold, interesting We pause a moment in the shade of a escarpment of weathered, naked basalt. tall guava bush, at the turn of the trail, High on a peak to the right stands out and examine a large outcrop of basalt. the wooden tripod which marks the Puu What a history of ancient lava flows, Waiahilahila "trig-station," a survey cracking, and intrusion of liquid material monument. We traverse a short, knif e- into cracks, to form dense "dykes" in the edge ridge (see picture) and find the trail porous surrounding material, this would deeply cut into the west face of the gulch. tell, could we but read its story. A sign, "1.50 miles," announces that half We pass the 2.25 miles signpost, and the distance has been covered. We meet zigzag down into Papali Gulch. From here two more wayside plants, the notorious, a branch trail turns off to the right. wide-spread Hilo grass, with its erect This would take the hiker to the road "straw" with evenly two-forked tip, and leading to Hauula, if he did not wish to miki palalo or coffee senna, a weed rela- return to Cooper Ranch Inn, but it is a tive of the stately shower trees, with longer, although flatter, distance around reddish stems, pinnate leaves, and small to the Inn by this route. There is a hot yellow flowers. little rise in our trail, up the west face The refreshing breeze comes up the of the gulch, but at the top there is a gulch, in our face, as we zigzag down the natural bench on which one can sit in the slope, through another gate in the forest shade of an overhanging outcrop of dark boundary fence, past the 1.75 milepost, purplish-gray basalt. Nearly opposite this and out onto the open forehill overlooking is a large bush of Cassia glauca, the yel- low flowers of which attract numerous Hauula. At one place there is a more or little flies and blue-black wasps. less permanent muddy spring in the trail, In another moment we are back again where, due to some trick of rock forma- at the fork of the trails. If one is in a tion, the water table comes to the surface. hurry to get back to Cooper Ranch Inn, About this puddle are the usual mud- one can follow a short-cut trail from here dauber wasps, seeking material with which directly down the bare, grassy ridge to the to build their nests. Stunted guava and pasture and the grove of false kamani lantana dominate the slope, with Hilo trees. THE MID-PACIFIC 139

Interesting Facts About Canada By G. M. ROBERTSON Formerly manager, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, branch of the Western Union Telegraph Co. A talk before the Pan-Pacific Club of Honolulu, Monday, May 8, 1933

• troariditiVectios • rist•a ■1Mart■ aaaaa The coat of arms of Canada.

Canada is one of the self-governing the British Crown has sent to us. The dominions of the British Commonwealth present governor-general is Lord Bess- of Nations, the largest and most pop- borough, and a finer man is not to be ulous. We are a nation ourselves, a mem- found anywhere. ber of the League of Nations, and meet I have here the official Yearbook for with the other nations' representatives at 1932, issued by the Department of Trade their conferences. We are a young coun- and Commerce at Ottawa. The figures I try with a population of 10,000,000, a quote are from that book. You will know large number of whom are French people. they are official. In fact, in the Province of Quebec the Canada was first settled by white people French form more than three-fourths of in the early 1600's. In 1608 there were the population. We have set a wonderful the explorations of Sam Champlain ; example to the world of two nationalities, then in the 1700's the conquest by the each with its own language and customs, British, but not till 1795 did the Spaniards growing up together and working in give up the Pacific Coast. unison and harmony for general good. Canada has been called the country of We make our tariff, and tariff that applies magnificent distances, and I think you against Great Britain as well as the will agree that applies unusually well to United States. our land for the reason that it is 3,700 The only connection Canada has with miles from east to west, and much wider the British crown is through the governor- than the United States. Canada is as general, who is appointed for a term of large as the United States, including five years at a salary of $75,000 a year. Alaska, and almost as large as all Europe. Canada keeps him and maintains his estab- The boundary line between Canada and lishment at Ottawa. He has unlimited the United States is partly on land and powers of veto, I understand, but in my partly on water. It extends through the young life I have never heard of a case middle of the Great Lakes, with the ex- where the governor-general asserted any- ception of Lake Michigan-1,600 miles thing in the shape of a veto. And we have of boundary line on land and 1,400 on been very fortunate indeed in the men water, with nothing in the shape of a fort 140 THE MID -PACIFIC or a fortification. And I can only express They own and operate chains of hotels, the hope that long may it continue to lines of steamships, commercial telegraphs and express systems. be so (applause). Canada has been called "Canada, the Canada's three largest industries are Spellbinder" on account of her natural agriculture, forestry and mining, with resources and infinite riches of raw ma- agriculture leading. It amounts to more terials. It is also called "Nature's Play- than half as much again as the other two ground" on account of her scenery, combined. For centuries the standard of mountains, lakes, and rivers. We have living in China and India has remained more lakes and rivers than any other stationary, but now it is moving ahead country on the globe. very rapidly, all on account of scientific Canada is one of the first five trading progress. If the black, brown, red, and nations of the world. Of course, we are yellow races ever get where they can a small nation ourselves ; the greater part afford wheat bread instead of rice as food, of the business is export. We claim the there will be a great market for Canadian 20th century is Canada's, as was the 19th wheat. century the United States'. In the first Newsprint and paper exports are a decade of this century the population of good second to wheat. Canada supplies Canada increased 34%, greater than any all the newsprint used in the United States and Canada. country in the world in this present cen- tury. The population in the United Now here is something that probably States increased 35% each decade up to may be news to some of you. Canada is 1860, and this is the only example near the second largest producer of gold in the Canada's increase in population. In the world. And our production in gold and second decade of this century Canada and petroleum shows a steady increase, not- Australia tied in their increase in popu- withstanding the depression. The depres- lation. Sixty years ago only 3% of her sion has not been felt in Canada as much population was west of Ontario ; now it as elsewhere. No banks have suspended. is 30%. In the last 60 years the popula- There has not even been a run on any tion has increased four times as rapidly bank. Our banking system is superior to as the population of the world. We ex- that of the United States. I give as pect Canada to continue this rate of in- authority Professor Merton K. Cameron, crease due to the import of her industry of the University of Hawaii, who gave and commerce, on account of natural re- an address here not so very long ago on sources, abundant raw materials, abun- the monetary system of the present day. dant water power, and facilities for water Canada has 16 banks, all with branches. commerce—big ocean ships go 1,000 The United States has over 3,000. miles up to Montreal, and medium draft In regard to minerals, Canada produces ships go to the western end of Lake all the asbestos in the world, and 95% Superior, half way across the continent, of the nickel, is second in the production to Port Arthur and Fort William. Busi- of gold and cobalt, third in silver, and ness men know how much cheaper it is fourth in lead, copper and zinc. to carry goods by water than by rail. Water power is Canada's one great In addition to an ideal climate for the natural resource. Water power is unlike workingman, we have fine agricultural other resources. It is not depleted with lands, a good banking system, stable gov- use, but may be used over and over again, ernment, and extensive railway systems. as is the case in the River St. Lawrence, Our railway mileage per head of popula- between Lake Ontario and Montreal. tion is greater than any other country in There are many rapids, and all make use the world. Our railway systems are the of water for power. The average cost for Canadian Pacific and Canadian National. electric current for household use in the THE MID-PACIFIC 141

-,,,Montreal ships more grain than any other port in the world. eastern United States is tents per kilo- grees in a very few hours. This has the watt ; in Canada it is 2 cents. In Ottawa effect of melting the snow, and gives an it is only 1 cent ; and 'it is provided at early spring. cheaper rates for large users—factories, Saskatchewan is called God's Garden ; mills, etc. The rate in eastern United Manitoba, the most wonderful prairie ; States of 6 cents shows the difference Ontario, the land of lovely lakes; Quebec, that hydro power makes in cost of pro- the province of charm; New Brunswick, duction of current. Electricity is rapidly the living land ; Nova Scotia, delightful supplanting steam power for factories, province; and Prince Edward Island. the mills, quarries, and mines. It is pliable happy isle. with no danger of fire, no smoke, and it In the northwest prairies there is soil doesn't vitiate the air. which never needs fertilizing, and needs Canada is divided into nine provinces no irrigation. The winters are very cold, and two territories. Commencing from with much snow piled up. In the spring the west, which is nearest to us here (if melting snow saturates the ground to a I were at home, I should enumerate from depth of 8 to 10 feet ; the crops are the east), there is British Columbia, planted when the surface has dried ; the rivers and mountains ; lovely Alberta, early summer rains keep the ground with mountains, foothills, and prairie. watered, and the growth is rapid, crops The boundary line between Alberta and being harvested in many of the southern British Columbia is the peak of the Rocky parts of the prairie country before the Mountains, so Alberta gets half of these end of July, which means no danger from great mountains, with foothills and frost. prairie lands as well. The foothills make In Ontario and Quebec the northern very favorable places in which to live. parts are adapted for pulp and paper pro- They have the chinook winds oftentimes duction. They contain large tracts of in the middle of winter—chinooks from forest, mainly spruce, from which news- the southwest Pacific—and if the ther- print is made. Water and power are mometer is zero it will rise 50 to 55 de- necessary for their production and they 142 THE MID-PACIFIC

Lake Louise, about 40 miles from Banff, at an elevation of over 5000 feet, is a jewel set in some of the grandest and most majestic scenery in the Canadian Rockies. THE MID-PACIFIC 143 have those, too. The country is rich in Edward Island captured a number of minerals. Iron ores, smelted at Pitts- black foxes and bred them in captivity. burg, is transported from Lake Superior They breed very rapidly. Prince Edward to Pittsburg, a thousand miles away. Island now contains more black fox Montreal, facing on the River St. Law- ranches than any other place, but fur rence, ships more grain than any one port farming has spread all over Canada. in the world, and the grain shipped from Now, I have not mentioned the deep Montreal is in addition to the grain St. Lawrence waterways system, which is shipped from Vancouver and Hudson's very important and held up just at pres- Bay. A railway has been built to Fort ent on account of the depression. The Churchill on Hudson's Bay, and for three idea is to deepen the St. Lawrence so or four months the steamers come in and that large ocean steamers can come to load ; then they go out, north of Labra- lake ports. That is sure to go ahead. All dor, whence it is a short distance to Great details are settled. All the project needs Britain. is an improvement in the financial situa- The western part of Canada is com- tion. paratively new. Winnipeg, sixty years Have you heard of what we call the ago, had a population of 200; now it has "Chicago Water Steal?" Chicago has its 350,000. Forty years ago Vancouver sewage canal which empties into the Mis- consisted of log cabins ; now it has a sissippi River. That has lowered the Great population of 250,000. These cities are Lakes three or four feet. The other modern and beautiful, with no old slums. American cities on the Great Lakes took Take Winnipeg, for example. Many of the matter to the courts. They received the main streets are 130 feet wide, planted the decision that it was illegal for Chicago with trees along the center and sides. to take this water. I am afraid that Chi- Canada's salt-water fisheries are an- cago is still taking the water. This propo- other important industry. Four-fifth of sition includes diversion of the waters of the fishing area of the North Atlantic is the Albany river into the Great Lakes, in Canadian waters. The fisheries of the and that will fill the Lakes up again to Pacific Coast are also valuable as well as their former level. A canal will be dug the fresh-water fisheries in the Great through which the waters would flow Lakes. An important factor of food fish thirty miles to Lake Nipegon, and from is their quality, which increases in pro- there it is only 40 miles through the portion to the purity and coldness of the Nipegon river to Lake Superior. That water from which they are taken. Canada will enable Chicago to have all the water exports about everything in the shape of it wants, and will raise the level of the fish from frozen smelts and canned sar- Lakes 3 or 4 feet. The building of this dines to canned whale meat. The biggest item is canned salmon. Besides canned waterway will mean plenty of water fish, there is trade in fresh fish. Fresh power, very valuable to the United States, lobsters are shipped, principally to New where it is more needed than in Canada. England States and to New York. We look forward to seeing this put Black fox farming is a new industry through as soon as financial conditions in the last few years. A man on Prince improve. 144 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 145

The University of Nanking is the nucleus of one of the cities within the city of Nanking.

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Peiping, May 12, 1933.—How the Today Sun Fo is one of the fifteen direc- whirligig of time speeds round. I have tors of the national Pan-Pacific Associa- just spent an hour with Sun Fo in his tion of China and will probably head the palace in Nanking. It was our first real Pan-Pacific chapter in Nanking. meeting in twenty odd years and strange Nanking is the city of provoking dis- to say the topic of conversation was taken tances. It has no center and spreads all up where we left it off in Honolulu near over the landscape for miles. There is a a quarter of a century ago. Then the late populous city on the banks of the Yang- W. A. Brown and Frank Damon, my tse, then miles of sparsely populated area, two early backers and enthusiasts in the and then another city about Nanking Pan-Pacific movement, arranged a little University. In fact every here and there supper for me with the son of Sun Yat- in Nanking you find a city. In days of sen, and we began then the conversation old the city wall surrounded an area that was completed today here in Nan- large enough to plant in crops that would king, the capital of the Chinese Republic, keep the people of Nanking from being over which Sun Fo has been president starved out by a siege. It costs money and over which he still rules as head of to travel in Nanking. the executive yuan. When I first visited Nanking in 1921 Sun Fo remembered the little gather- with the Congressional party brought to ing and still speaks reverently of his two the Orient by the Pan-Pacific Union, the sponsors in Hawaii, Brown and Damon. few automobiles in Shanghai were put on 146 THE MID-PACIFIC

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0 ";3 THE MID-PACIFIC 147 a train of flat cars and shipped to Nan- who is at the Nanking University doing king for the two days' use of the Con- some really wonderful agricultural work gressmen. Today Shanghai is one of the for China. It looks as though someone most auto-becursed cities of the world. on the Presbyterian Board has liver com- The Klaxons seek to make more noise plaint and mistakes it for religion—that than can the yelling, cursing ricksha men sometimes happens. and the result is a draw, while even in My missionary roommate on the Blue Canton the automobile is driving the Express has just told me the true story ricksha out of business. The old Canton of how Pearl got into trouble. She was of mired roadways is now a city of mag- invited in New York to a small gathering nificent asphalt boulevards, much used by of women, under pledge that no press my friend Julean Arnold in his illustrated representatives would be present, and she lecture on "Progressive China." But even was to give her innermost thoughts to a at that not more than three or four calls few fellow women in perfect confidence. can be made in Nanking during the day. When she arrived at the big women's club Official China gets to work at 10 a.m. and there were a score of press photographers retires again early in the afternoon. You and an audience of 1,200 women. Pearl call on Sun Fo and if he has gone to his had been worked and refused to go on, office that is another four miles, and if but at last she gave way and read her con- you wish to visit the American Consul fidential paper, and what the press reports that is another four—and so it goes. The did to it was a caution. Then it was that old walls, still standing, are 22 miles Mrs. Buck was persuaded to permit Har- around ; that is, the city is five to six per's Magazine to publish her paper in miles across and settled in spots. full, and it has been read throughout Nanking is not a Christian city—a few China. You see it everywhere and several thousand Protestants, a few hundred of the newspapers in China have repub- Catholics, a few thousand Buddhists, a lished it in full. few hundred Mohammedans, and the rest Pearl Lossing Buck was born in China without religion of any kind—a fair field of missionary folks and lived among the for the missionary. A few hundred mis- Chinese. She knows them ; that is she sionaries in Nanking would make the city knows the Chinese of her district and a delightful resort, for the missionaries writes of them as Thomas Nelson Page in China (not the business families) are would write of Virginia or Booth Tark- the entertainers of the foreigner. Wher- ington of Indiana. There are more than ever I have been in the interior where a score of languages spoken in China and only flea-infested taverns were to be as many races or tribes with their own found, missionaries have rescued me and differing customs. Mrs. Buck's statements taken me to their homes. I am for the are Bible to some Chinese, who know, missionary. and an anathema to others. I called on my old friend, Lossing I wish I could repeat all that Sun Fo Buck, at the Nanking University but he told me, but that is not done. I think, was on furlough with his wife, Pearl, though, had not Premier Inukai been the authoress of "Good Earth." Pearl assassinated by the inspired military youth Lossing Buck is loved in Nanking. Her of Japan that he would have succeeded missionary friends seem to feel, however, in bringing about friendly relations with that she should have resigned from the China and the Manchurian invasion would Presbyterian Church before publishing never have occurred. The Japanese and her article in Harper's. They earnestly Chinese people of the civic ranks are both hope that no religious sour ball among a kindly, generous and moral people. the Presbyterian Board will go on a There need never be any difference be- heresy-hunting trip to get her husband, tween them ; there should be none. 148 THE MID-PACIFIC

The chief difference between the but he will be there in the morning for Japanese and the Chinese is that the one his dollar for doing nothing for your is over-efficient and aggressive, and the service. other inefficient and yielding. We have Changeless China is seen what over-efficiency has done in changing, but it is America, finally providing a discontented along lines she desires. She wishes large army of 11,000,000 idle, and we see what industries brought to the country, but they inefficiency is doing for China. She will must be entirely under Chinese control. have to wake up or go under. Foreign domination while bringing mod- We are on the Blue Express, still in use ern methods to China, has not endeared after 20 years of war and peace. She is her to the foreigner. Returned Australian battered but entire. There may be a merchants have erected and conducted the dozen Chinese train boys aboard, but not greatest department stores in the Orient. one to examine your sleeping car tickets The returned Chinese have just organized and direct you to your stateroom. On the an overseas association and are working contrary you must go through the train out a plan for saving China for Chinese. yourself and read the names put up on It may work out. We had better think it each stateroom door and finally if you do over for in the whirligig of time we may not object to having your name misspelled find that every country will find a way you will find it and get your luggage in to become self-sustaining--and so must as best you can. No train boy will help, we.

In former days sufficient food could be raised within the walls of Nanking to enable the inhabi- tants to withstand a protracted siege. = BULLETIN OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

An unofficial organization, the agent of no government, but with the good will of all in bringing the peoples of the Pacific together into better understanding and cooperative effort for the advancement of the interests common to the Pacific area.

CONTENTS New Series No. 162, August, 1933

Aims and Objects of the Pan-Pacific Union 2

Pan-Pacific Work in Harbin 3 The Pan-Pacific Association of the Philippines - - - - 5

At the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo - - 6

Fijian Trading in the Pacific 9

World Faces New Methods 10 Brazil Offers Great Trade Possibilities 12

At the Pan-Pacific Club of Honolulu 13

State Clubs of Hawaii 16

OFFICERS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

HONORARY PRESIDENTS Franklin D. Roosevelt President of the United States J. A. Lyons Prime Minister, Australia The Prime Minister_ New Zealand Chiang Kai Shek President of China Dr. A. C. D. de Graeff Governor-General of Netherlands East Indies The Prime Minister Canada Prince I. Tokugawa President, House of Peers, Japan His Majesty, Prajadhipok King of Siam A. L. Rodriguez President of Mexico Don Carlos Ibanez. _President of Chile M. Pasquier Governor-General of Indo-China HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Frank W. Murphy Governor General of the Philippines John W. Troy Governor of Alaska OFFICERS IN HONOLULU President—Hon. Wallace R. Farrington Former Governor of Hawaii Director—Alexander Hume Ford Honolulu HONOLULU Published monthly by the Pan-Pacific Union 1933 AIMS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

From year to year the scope of the work before the Pan-Pacific Union has broadened, until today it assumes some of the aspects of a friendly unofficial Pan-Pacific League of Nations, a destiny that both the late Franklin K. Lane and Henry Cabot Lodge predicted for it. The Pan-Pacific Union has conducted a number of successful conferences ; scientific, educational, journalistic, commercial, fisheries, and, most vital of all, that on the conservation of food and food products in the Pacific area, for the Pacific regions from now on must insure the world against the horrors of food shortage and its inevitable conclusion. The real serious human action of the Pan-Pacific Union begins. It is following up the work of the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference by the establish- ment of a Pan-Pacific Research Institution where primarily the study and work will be along the lines necessary in solving the problems of food production and conservation in the Pacific Area—land and sea. Added to this will be the study of race and population problems that so vitally affect our vast area of the Pacific, the home of more than half of the peoples who inhabit this planet. The thoughts and actions of these peoples and races toward each other as they are today, and as they should be, for the welfare of all, will be a most important problem before the Union, as well as the problem of feeding in the future those teeming swarms of races, that must be well fed to preserve a peaceful attitude toward each other. The Pan-Pacific Union is an organization in no way the agency of any Pacific Government, yet having the good will of all, with the Presidents and Premiers of Pacific lands as its honorary heads. Affiliated and working with the Pan-Pacific Union are Chambers of Commerce, educational, scientific and other bodies. It is supported in part by government and private appropriations and subscriptions. Its central office is in Honolulu, because of its location at the ocean's crossroads. Its management is under an international board. The following are the chief aims and objects of the Pan-Pacific Union : 1. To bring together from time to time, in friendly conference, leaders in all lines of thought and action in the Pacific area, that they may become better acquainted ; to assist in pointing them toward cooperative effort for the advance- ment of those interests that are common to all the peoples. 2. To bring together ethical leaders from every Pacific land who will meet for the study of problems of fair dealings and ways to advance international justice in the Pacific area, that misunderstanding may be cleared. 3. To bring together from time to time scientific and other leaders from Pacific lands who will present the great vital Pan-Pacific scientific problems, including those of race and population, that must be confronted, and, if possible, solved by the present generation of Pacific peoples and those to follow. 4. To follow out the recommendations of the scientific and other leaders in the encouragement of all scientific research work of value to Pacific peoples ; in the establishment of a Research Institution where such need seems to exist, or in aiding in the establishment of such institutions. 5. To secure and collate accurate information concerning the material resources of Pacific lands ; to study the ideas and opinions that mould public opinion among the peoples of the several Pacific races, and to bring men together who can under- standingly discuss these in a spirit of fairness that they may point out a true course of justice in dealing with them internationally. 6. To bring together in round-table discussion in every Pacific land those of all races resident therein who desire to bring about better understanding and coopera- tive effort among the peoples and races of the Pacific for their common advance- ment, material and spiritual. 7. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly commercial contact and relationship. To aid and assist those in all Pacific com- munities to better understand each other, and, through them, spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of interracial cooperation. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 3 Pan-Pacific Work in Harbin By ALEXANDER HUME FORD Director, Pan-Pacific Union

HARBIN, June 12, 1933.—It is broad between eternal jazz and death, I much daylight now in Harbin at 3 :30 A. M., prefer death, even by torture, if that does which gives good five hours of work be- not include the sound of the saxophone. fore the business day begins. My thermos It is May and the season of swimming of coffee is by my bedside, and when in the Sungari is beginning. The hundred dawn comes I can get to work. It is river steamers tied up at the banks are possible to get good coffee in Harbin, real showing signs of getting upstream and coffee served with clotted fresh cream. will soon be on their way to Harborovsk, It is possible to get almost any kind of a thousand miles downstream, and per- good food in Harbin, and there is no haps another thousand miles up the Amur difficulty paying for it. Twenty cents to Blagovyeshchensk and beyond. gold gets you a banquet, and at the best Harbin does seem to be well policed. restaurant ; the only trouble is that a Rus- The Japanese, Russian, and Chinese po- sian meal is so rich and bountiful that lice of Harbin are now haughtily dressed it is difficult to eat more than one a day. in what seems very like the Japanese Yesterday at noon I had my tureen of military uniform, but they cannot be borsch; it was chicken borsch, with an everywhere and no one knows where the entire half a chicken in the tureen. This bandits will congregate—they only know was followed by half a pheasant with that they will congregate and kidnap, even salad on the side, and a rich dessert, all in the city, and they are doing that now for the Harbin dollar, which is worth a very actively in the foreign settlement of fraction less than twenty cents gold. If Shanghai. you wish beer with your meals, that is It is only fair to tell the truth. The . six cents extra for a large stein or even Russian police will fight ; the Chinese a bottle, and it is not two per cent beer— police will not. The Russian alone of the on the contrary. foreigners does not enjoy extraterritori- It may not be safe to leave the main ality protection. If a Russian policeman' street at night, but who wishes to ? At kills a bandit in the course of his duty seven P. M. a great loudspeaker at one of he is tried by a Chinese court and sen- the cross streets of Kitoisky begins a tenced to two years' penal servitude, be- musical concert, and the entire Russian cause he is a Russian. Here is where the population of the Priestan (or river) sec- Japanese authorities could aid, for they tion of Harbin turns out. For a mile up have but to say the word. Of course, the and down Kitoisky, or China street, there Russian policeman, "White," soaks the is a solid nightly parade—all Russian. It "Red" when he can arrest him—human is interesting; it is fascinating. nature is the same in all of us. The Chi- Russian Harbin at least is a Paradise. nese police is apt to run from the bandit There is not a saxophone, and jazz not because he is a peace lover, and further being considered music is never heard he does not aim to work for the glory of (until midnight anyway), for the Rus- the Japanese officers, and he is Chinese. sians are a music-loving people. Think of The Russian policeman, if assured of pro- being able to get away from the sound tection in discharge of his duty, could of the saxophone and the noise of jazz— quickly clean up Harbin and vicinity, it is worth traveling thousands of miles freeing it from any fear of bandits. and even living in momentary dread of There are a few hundred Russian police, death by bandits to accomplish it. As without protection, and thousands of Chi- 4 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN nese police who have the protection of The first meeting of the Pan-Pacific their courts and can get away with any- group in Harbin was held at the Y.M.C.A. thing. It is only fair to the Japanese to Hall on Friday, May 26, greetings being state that since they took charge of Har- received both from the Pan-Pacific Asso- bin the practice has been stopped of the ciations of China and Japan. The Direc- secret police arresting Russians and ex- tor of the Pan-Pacific Union acted as host torting money from them through black- to a hundred guests of many nationalities, mail. including representatives of several of the On Sunday the life of the town is on consulates. the Sungari. There are sailing races and The Director outlined the work accom- a thousand rowboats on the river, which plished by the Hands Around the Pacific flows swiftly. The Russians build tiny movement in Honolulu 25 years ago, shacks on the levee and are all boatmen. when racial conditions in that city were It costs two cents gold to be rowed across very much akin to those in Harbin today. the river, which is a mile wide, but even He pointed out that a quarter of a cen- small boys, eager to earn, negotiate it tury ago the leaders of the many races many times a day, and by some miracle in Hawaii never met each other and did accidents seldom, if ever, happen. Across not know each other by sight, but within the river is an ancient swamp area, cut up a few years after the organization of the by small rivers and inlets, each teeming Pan-Pacific Club and its weekly get- with fish. The small boy is at home here together lunches the leaders of peoples of with his fishing line, and even in the all races began to enter into regular team- month of May he takes his plunge and work, and soon all were working together swims. But then many Russian boys and as a harmonious whole, having now their men sleep outdoors now, their bare limbs own clubhouse, the largest in the city. exposed and no covering but a shirt— The Director pointed out the work of they seem to be immune to the cold. the Pan-Pacific Union in calling confer- ences of Pacific people and stated that the Alas, and unfortunately, however, the time had come when it might be well to Japanese are not preventing licensed assemble a number of these conferences opium joints from springing up in Har- in the Orient. It was interesting to listen bin. I understand no Japanese are per- to the comments of those present repre- mitted to enter them, but it is hell on the senting different nationalities ; even the lower class. Russians and Chinese—they British warmed up. may be seen thrown out and lying hud- In Harbin today there is a group of dled on the sidewalks. The old bandit, English-speaking men of all races, in- Chang Tso-lin, it is said, did not permit opium smoking in his domain, and it is cluding Japanese, who would gladly put hoped that world opinion and her common their shoulders to the wheel and take the sense will cause the Japanese to put a lead in making Harbin a great and good stop to opium debauchery in Manchuria. city. If the Japanese permit this they Harbin is divided into three or four will have a wonderful center, from which areas. There is Priestan, here by the good reports will issue, not from the river, with a Russian and Chinese section. Japanese themselves, but from the actual Across the railway is Novgosod, the for- peoples of all races in the city. The peo- eign city ; then on the outskirts, Madrigal, ple of Harbin wish a decent city, and it where Russian families of moderate is in the power of the Japanese to let means make their homes. In Novgosod them strive toward that achievement. A and Madrigal English is spoken and representative man feared that under so- taught in the schools, but in Priestan only called Chinese rule the foreigners and Russian. Russians might be told to pay their taxes PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 5 and that the Chinese municipal council might do for Asia and the Orient what would spend the money as they wished it Honolulu did for the Pacific area. spent and make what improvements they It is natural that Manchuria and Har- felt should be made, or that they wished bin should have warm places in my heart, made—a sort of Tammany rule. for thirty odd years ago I saw Harbin Many Harbinites, however, believe that and Dairen born and named, while I was if the Japanese will aid in a movement of living in Port Arthur cabling orders to the leaders of all races for a greater and Philadelphia for the first American rails better Harbin, results can quickly be and locomotives for the railway from brought about and heralded to the world. Port Arthur to Harbin, and in April, All at the meeting, however, agreed that 1899, I set out from the southern termi- now is not the time to organize any Pan- nus on the first locomotive to turn wheels Pacific discussion group, that once a northward to Harbin. It was months be- month they would get together, listen to fore it got there over the completed rail- a lecture on some Pacific land, look at way, but when completed, it was with the movie film of that country and ad- American rails, cross ties, locomotives journ, but the request was made that a and equipment and I was in at the birth. committee be appointed to report when My life has been closely connected with the time is opportune for the official or- the development of Manchuria. I wonder ganization of a Pan-Pacific group. A if history will repeat itself, and once more committee was therefore appointed with I may be of service in this land. a Chinese at its head, a Japanese, a Ca- Thirty-four years ago in Vladivostok nadian, an American and a Russian. Such and in Port Arthur it cost us a dollar a a committee can make history for Harbin, glass to get good coffee. We had to teach and with proper aid put Harbin on the map as a model interracial city with equal and train our own boy to make it, and opportunity for all. I would like nothing the raw bean was two dollars gold a better than to live in Harbin for a while pound—but that coffee was worth it. I to work with such a committee, for Har- think then the real cream cost almost its bin has all the racial elements in flux that weight in gold; today the Russians deliver Honolulu had 25 years ago, when the rich milk to your door for twelve Harbin Pan-Pacific Club first began its meetings cents a quart bottle, less than two and a of men of all races in Hawaii. Harbin half cents gold a quart—think of it !

The Pan-Pacific Association of the Philippines

The first steps have been taken to- The States Steamship Company will ward the organization of the Pan-Pacific give a luncheon to the board of directors Association of the Philippines. The or- and advisers of the association and other ganizers are members of the legislature friends on Wednesday, August 2, on and prominent Filipinos outside the gov- board the S. S. General Pershing. ernment in cooperation with foreign The association is an outcome of the business men in Manila. Governor Gen- visit of the Filipino legislative trade mis- eral Frank Murphy has been chosen sion to Japan and China and will be honorary president. Senate President affiliated with the Pan-Pacific Union with Manuel L. Quezon and Speaker Quintin headquarters in Hawaii, the director of Paredes will act as honorary vice-presi- which, Alexander Hume Ford, is now in dents. Manila. 6 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN At the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo

Luncheon Meeting without might have been fairly attractive. Friday, April 14, 1933 That old Moscow which now constitutes Chairman: Viscount T. Inouye. only a memory of the past could prob- Speakers: His Excellency Constantin ably arouse a certain interest among Youreneff, U. S. S. R. Ambassador to those visiting foreigners who looked for Japan ; Roger Alton Pfaff, leader of a the romantic. Its very curved lanes and Good-Will Tour to America. streets, its different markets where crime As the first speaker I will call upon found a safe shelter in the corners, its His Excellency Constantin Youreneff, ill-looking houses and its slowly moving who arrived in Japan two weeks ago to crowd, could probably interest those for- take up his post as Ambassador of the eigners, but this picturesque sight of dirt United Socialist Soviet Republics to could never attract us. Japan. Before he was ambassador to One task of the first Five-Year Plan Persia and then to Austria. I feel par- and now of the Second, is the reconstruc- ticularly thankful to him that he has tion of old cities and the building of new honored us with his presence this after- ones. I take it for granted that it is well noon and given us an opportunity of lis- known to you that several new cities have tening to him. sprung up in the U.S.S.R. during the last His Excellency Constantin Youreneff four years. They were built in the most (U.S.S.R. Ambassador to Japan) spoke modern architectural style and with the in Russian and was translated. most modern sanitation. But if the ap- pearance of a new city in a place which I beg you to excuse me for making was not long ago only a plot of waste land my speech in Russian and for not dwell- may astound one, still more striking is the ing on the Pacific problem. Instead I looks of a city having sharply changed shall give a short account of the capital its face. Old and dilapidated houses have of the U.S.S.R. — Moscow. Much has been torn down and replaced by new large been written during the last few years buildings ; new streets have been opened about life in Moscow. Some have been and new gardens and city parks laid out. unbiased articles written with a thor- ough knowledge of facts, and some were It is a well-recognized fact that most articles compiled by men who had never of the constructive works being carried before been in Moscow and had there- out at this time of world crisis are tak- fore no opportunity of seeing the old ing place in the cities of the U.S.S.R. Moscow and to understand its life, and and particularly in Moscow, and it is in- finally there have been descriptions of teresting to note that the most world- those who already beforehand were in- famous architects are helping in some way clined to note and to detect only the bad or other in the reconstruction of Mos- in our life. cow. To this work are being attracted There is no doubt that the appearance of all those who may be regarded as the Moscow has changed much in the course best specialists in the field of architecture. of years, in comparison with the past. If But while doing away with the old rub- you open an old encyclopedia or year- bish the Moscow Soviet proceeds very book you will find in every one the same carefully with antique monuments. The description of Moscow's beauty. They all Kremlin and the most ancient convents say that Moscow is famous for its several are renovated. All objects of antiquity hundreds of churches and for its Kremlin. that have value are guarded by the Of course, the sight of Moscow from Soviets. But Moscow has also changed PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 7 internally. In the yearbooks, which I good relations among the peoples of the mentioned before, used to be notes on the Pacific Ocean as it has already manifested chorus of gypsies, well known through all in the past. the European restaurants for their loose Chairman: manners. True legends were told of Mos- In welcoming the new Russian Ambas- cow feasting and night revels. Now the sador I cannot refrain from adding a citizens of Moscow may listen to the word. The Soviet-Japan relations estab- chorus of gypsies in the beautiful state lished by his predecessor will become still Gypsies theater, and although there is no more close and still more amicable through prohibition in the Soviet Union, hardly the valuable services of the new ambas- one drunkard will be seen in the capital sador. It is our sincere wish that they of the U.S.S.R. The new Moscow pre- will contribute to the peace of the Far sents an appearance of culture and prog- East and also to the peace of the world. ress, in contrast to the old one of feasting, Now I have pleasure in calling upon slavery and inertia. Mr. Pfaff and the young men engaged Some foreigners report about the lack with him on the Japan Good Will tour to of transport facilities in Moscow, about America. Mr. Pfaff selected these young the long waits for taxicabs, etc. But Mos- men after a very severe examination, from cow is perfectly aware of its shortcomings among about 15,000 students of various and is endeavoring to remove them. In universities. They were chosen for their the course of this year the first section knowledge of English, their experience in of the Moscow metropolitan railway will public speaking, and their personality and be opened for the public. tact, all characteristics most essential for The izwoshik, or the coachmen, with the the success of such a mission. Their trip famous Russian vodka or brandy and I am happy to know was most successful. samovar are features of the past. There They traveled 25,000 miles, through 30 is little that is exotic left in Moscow now, states and 50 large cities, attended 250 and therefore there is much more space, engagements, spoke before 250,000 peo- green, cleanliness, and many more cul- ple, and broadcast to three million peo- tural establishments, game grounds, rest ple. The American newspapers devoted places, scientific organizations, factories 10,000 inches of space to them. Now I and mills. Moscow is now a center of will call upon Mr. Pfaff. culture, science and art. Roger Alton Pfaff—I would like first to I have given only an account of Mos- thank the Pan-Pacific Club cordially for cow, but the same is true of many other their indorsement of our tour, and the cities like Novosibirsk, Harkoff, Baku, many other institutions and organizations Stalingrad. for their support, without which we could In conclusion I must tell you of the not have been successful. I would also very good impressions which I have re- like to say that for a good will tour which ceived from the aspect of the central has as its purpose the promotion of under- streets of Tokyo, where the new has in standing, there must be good will among no way obscured the really valuable an- the members of that tour. So many such tiquity of the city but has rather stressed tours end in misunderstanding and its characteristic features. wrangling among the members themselves. Finally, allow me to thank you for the But throughout the six months we have honor you have done me today, and to been successful because of the coopera- express my confidence that this Club, tion and good will among the members of which I understand meets regularly under our party. the guidance of its highly esteemed honor- May I tell you a French story. It is ary president and president, will in future the story of an old Frenchman who had show the same energy in the promotion of made a considerable sum of money in his 8 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN profession, and he turned it over to his ing today, both in America and Japan. only son. But the son wished to do better They both feel there is still feeling to- than his father. He fell in love with a wards the other, but when you travel girl far above him in social standing, and among the people of those two nations with the aid of his father was able to you do not find that ill-feeling at all. negotiate the marriage with her. The There are millions of people in America father gave the son a large sum of money, who have very little idea of Japan, and turned his business over to him and es- there are many in Japan who know little tablished him in the world. Then the of America. There is no unified public father went to live with the son and the opinion in the United States towards the daughter-in-law. But the daughter-in-law Pacific. There are sensational newspapers did not like the man, because he was get- that give certain opinions, but there is no ting rather old, and wanted, to get rid of unified public opinion. There are so many him. A son was born, and things went groups in that country, and each group on for some years until finally the daugh- has different ideas towards life and inter- ter-in-law urged her husband to tell the national problems. father he must go as he was getting a We find in America that there is no nuisance. The old father said : "But it is "pro" feeling toward anyone. I think that winter—will you turn me out now into word "pro" a very bad one and gives a the cold ?" The son, however, insisted, wrong impression. For instance I have and told his little boy to get a blanket been always friendly to Japan, but I and give it to the old man. The boy fetched would hate anyone to say I was pro- a blanket, but cut it in two, and gave his Japanese, because when you are pro-any- grandfather one half. When the father thing it means you exclude other coun- asked why the boy had done that, and tries and other ideals. Instead of pro- what he wanted to do with the other half, feeling there should be friendly feeling he replied that he would save the other among peoples. half for his own father so that when he In the Pacific today there are four great became old and helpless he would have countries—America, Japan, China and some blanket. Russia. When I speak of America I in- That story impressed me a great deal clude Canada, the United States and Mex- because it illustrates that the impressions ico. We have perhaps not given the right of the younger folk remain with them in hand to Russia, China and Japan in the later life. Today I am more and more past. Before the World War Russia was convinced that it is not so much this idea a European nation, so to speak—she be- of good will among members of clubs and came a European power after the time of organizations that matters as the creating Peter the Great—but now Russia is turn- of good feeling among Mary and John. ing her eyes to the Pacific coast, and it You must teach the understanding of is there that the future of the world will other people if you expect to gain under- be worked out. Here there is an oppor- standing in the future. tunity for these four great world centers, each with a different culture and organi- In the Pacific today there is a great zation and administration, to work out a opportunity to promote this idea of good new civilization based on peace and under- will, and with the population around this standing. When we can rewrite our his- ocean there is the prospect of great tory and use the channels of commerce development. We have unique trading re- and industry to make for the better un- lations in the Pacific, not the same as derstanding among people, there will be in Europe. There is much misunderstand- peace among the nations of the Pacific. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 9 Fijian Trading in the Pacific

The Colony of Fiji consists of a group ropean firms, who handle anything from of about 250 islands (about 80 of which a motor car to a candle. are inhabited), situated in the Southern The retail section of the European Pacific Ocean. Suva, the capital and seat houses is generally kept apart from the of government, is situated on the island wholesale and shipping for accounting of Viti Levu, the largest in the group, purposes. The salesman from over seas and is 1,743 miles distant from Sydney calls on the department buyers, one man (Australia), 1,140 from Auckland (New (invariably a European) being in charge Zealand), and 5,213 miles from Van- of a number of departments. Most of couver. It is the center of the import the buying is done from London or and export trade of the colony and it is through London, and is done direct. there that the more important firms are whether it be from England, U.S.A. or located. Japan. An agent is maintained, as a In Fiji there is no clear distinction rule, in London, where one or two firms between a merchant firm and a retail have their own offices. The tendency business. In fact, all the larger com- is to buy Britain's goods and not so mercial houses have retail departments, much Australian, though Australia is in some cases as comprehensive as small much nearer, as prices from England are department stores. At the same time they competitive, and there is no great dif- sell to other stores in town and up- ference in the freight rates ; moreover, country, and this wide selling is entirely better quality is obtainable from Great due to Fiji not being a market large Britain. Some Australian products and enough to enable a firm of any size to manufactures are quite good, but there confine itself either to retail business or is the feeling here that they are merely to wholesale marketing alone. The a copy of the original and not as good. population of Fiji numbers 183,000, and Payment for purchases made overseas is consists of Europeans (5,000), Fijians effected through the firms' agents in (92,000), Indians (75,000), Chinese London, or through the usual banking (1,500), and other races, chiefly Poly- channels by sixty or ninety days' drafts nesian (9,500). The Chinese, though drawn on Suva. Firms exporting copra, few in number, constitute an important trocas shell and other Fiji products to element in the trade economy of the the English market arrange at times to country in that they control the greater meet their commitments for purchases of part of the retail storekeeping outside of British goods from the proceeds of such the wholesale-retail houses. The recent produce, which is shipped to the United introduction of Chinese and Indian re- Kingdom. The British Empire has a tailers has been due to the development preferential tariff, as opposed to that on of business and growing competition. foreign products. On most articles, This new phase of business in Fiji is also where the rate is an ad valorem one, it largely due to commercial travelers, who is 15 per cent, and where the rates are formerly called only on European specific it is 50 per cent. houses, showing themselves ready to Business is done chiefly on price. In- deal with the Indian and Chinese stores, dians are very keen buyers and endeavor whether the orders were small or big. to bargain, which the average European In the majority of cases they are gen- store is disinclined to do. Fijians buy erally small ; the range of articles they readily when their pocket permits. It is handle is not so wide as that of the Eu- usually possible to buy more cheaply at 10 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

Indian and Chinese than at European commodities and articles imported are stores, as the former are ready to cut high, and the profits made by stores and prices to get business. The stores make merchants are perhaps higher than any- no endeavor to mould the buying of the where else in this part of the world. public, but just cater to its tastes and Cheap goods have, of recent years, been requirements. In this respect, people in coming to Fiji in increasing quantities, Fiji are rather conservative. Appearance but the preferential tariff militates counts for more than brand, except in against them. In canvas shoes these such things as tobacco and cigarettes. lines are exceptionally strong, and so, Little attention is given to attractive or too, in textiles, chinaware and porce- any show windows ; the display is inside. lain. There are no Japanese merchants The local salesmen are mostly European, and this business is chiefly done by Eu- though Indians are also employed. ropean firms, the Chinese, at present, The tendency among firms in Fiji is refusing to handle Japanese goods. to buy smaller quantities at one time, There is very little in the way of Ameri- following a conservative policy, and can merchandise or products coming stocks in Suva are lower than they have into the colony, this being largely due ever been. The reasons are that there is to the high value of the American dol- less trade, that prices for raw products lar. (Since this letter was written there have fallen considerably in recent years, has been a heavy fall in the United and that exchange with the United States dollar.) Kingdom is high, though the difference There are only two banks in Fiji, of 25 per cent has now been reduced to namely, one Australian (The Bank of 10 per cent between Fiji currency and New South Wales) and the other New pound sterling. Hence, merchants are Zealand (Bank of New Zealand). One contracting their buying, though the would think that, with the larger volume business is there. Fiji is one of the few of Fiji's trade being with Great Britain, countries in the world where the depres- there should be scope for a British bank, sion has been felt least of all, with little or, rather, the branch of one in London. unemployment. Retail prices for most —Fiji Times-Herald.

World Faces New Methods By J. DAVID LARSON Trade Counsellor, Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce

In our busy daily life, we are apt to for- Aviation was not developed until thirty get that the "old order changeth." We years ago. Thirty days ago a man flew live by wonders which were not thought from New York to Los Angeles in less of fifty years ago. than twelve hours. Last year, scheduled In 1903 there were less than 10,000 planes flew 51,000,000 miles and carried automobiles in the world. In 1933 there 600,000 passengers in the United States. were several millions registered. Radio, which is considered a human The motion picture was invented as a necessity, is an invention of the last dec- plaything. The "talkie" did not talk ef- ade. We now listen to programs pre- fectively until 1928, and there are now sented hundreds of miles away, the waves 62,000 motion picture show theaters in in the air carrying the message to us. the world, and more than 150,000,000 Electricity has replaced the coal oil people are entertained each day through lamp. This unseen energy now runs the this device. streetcars and boils our eggs. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 11

Hundreds of other mechanical devices must recognize new methods, new goods, which we daily take as a matter of fact, new ideas and changed demand. were unknown in the days of our grand- There is hope for youth in the tend- fathers. encies of the last century. The best book There has been change in the practice has not yet been written ; the best song of medicine. Human life has been pro- has not been sung, nor the best poem pre- longed by years through the application sented, nor has the best water faucet of new discoveries. been made. Every decade will bring im- There has been a change in the char- provements. acter of foods we eat. There has been a revolution in In 1853 it required 67 per cent of the thought in government, with changes average individual income to buy food. world-wide. Russia, Italy, Germany, the In 1930 it required only 33 per cent of Balkans, Spain, are trying experiments, income to supply food necessities. and even conservative old England has had labor government for some years. Some one once said that a silk purse In our own government, during the could not be made out of a sow's ear. last ninety days, innovations have been This was a mistake. Imitation silk has introduced which have been surprising. been made from the ears of a hog, and The president has been given power from all kinds of waste. The chemist is and authority unknown in this genera- daily producing change. tion. The new national industrial recov- A kind of glass is made of sawdust. ery act makes government a police power Canec is made out of sugar-cane waste. in business—quite different from any- Cellophane is made from discarded ma- thing before experienced in normal times. terials, and now keeps the breakfast The purpose back of the act is to give foods fresh and the new shirts clean. labor as well as industry a better chance. In thousands of ways the chemist is Five - cents - per - hour wages in the finding new uses for earth materials, and "sweat shops" are to be eliminated. The changing living habits and expectations. forgotten man and woman is to be The business man who does not recog- emancipated. nize change in the daily affairs in his Government now attempts to tell busi- institution is already marking "failure" ness what the minimum wages shall be, on his front door. He cannot do busi- and the hours per week men and women ness today on the same plan that he did shall work. This is in line with new five years ago. thinking, . and many adjustments will His buying, advertising and his sales have to take place in industry. Some Washington observers believe policies must meet with changed con- that the present innovations are only a ditions. start toward many radical adjustments It does not require a commercial in industry and labor. prophet to predict the failure of certain At any rate, the inevitable change is stores in any city. The evidence of fail- taking place,. and the successful business ure to recognize change is shown in ad- man is giving careful thought and appli- vertising, display windows, and in the cation to every new move.—Honolulu stock carried. Business, to be successful, Star-Bulletin. 12 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

Brazil Offers Great Trade Possibilities

Brazil was visioned as an enormous Following the exhibition in Japan, market for Japanese-finished products Dr. Finocchi will organize a fair in Sao and a vast source of raw materials last Paulo in March and April next year, at week when the first concrete and prac- which he plans to display Japanese ar- tical step to develop trade between the ticles. This may be regarded as a sample two countries to an extent heretofore fair of a semiofficial character and one unthought of, was taken. This was the having the full support of the Brazilian outcome of the visit to this country of a government. party of Brazilian business men and offi- "Brazil," Dr. Finocchi explained, "has cials headed by Dr. Lino Finocchi and been buying novelties, lacquer ware and Mr. Silvino da Silva. other miscellaneous products from Jap- Brazil was pictured as a wonderful an, but there is an excellent market for market for Japanese products and a rich machinery, electrical equipment, cello- source for raw materials needed by Jap- phane, silk and cotton textiles and other an's industries by Dr. Finocchi and Mr. manufactures of this class. Accordingly, Silva. They told The Japan Times yes- there is room for considerable expansion terday how a shipload of cotton is al- in Japan's trade with Brazil. This mar- ready on its• way to Japan to replace In- ket is at present being monopolized by dian and Egyptian cotton. Brazil, they the United States, Great Britain and declared, is able to supply a type of cot- Germany. There is no reason why Japan ton better than the Egyptian variety and should not cut into this rich field, espe- just as cheaply. It is an important cot- cially as Brazil does not believe in dis- ton-producing country and during the criminatory measures. Reciprocity is World War doubled its normal supply. our motto." The present mission, the men ex- Japan's trade with Brazil at present plained, is a preliminary commercial totals about 140,000 pounds sterling a mission, the purpose of which is to show year, of which exports total 115,923 Japan what Brazil is able and will be pounds and imports 34,749 pounds. able to produce. An exhibition will be American exports to Brazil amount to held here shortly, but of the products to about 13,000,000 pounds a year, while be displayed Brazil is at present ready her imports from Brazil total 26,000,000 to export only a few. The other articles pounds. require development. They are, however, already under cultivation in their natural While these figures show that Japan's state. Among the items Brazil is already trade is infinitesimal compared with that prepared to export, besides coffee, are of the United States, none the less there cotton, tobacco, skins, hides, hardwood, has been a considerable increase in re- Brazil nuts, guarana (gorona), cocoa, cent years, even in the face of the de- vegetable waxes and oils, piassaba, and pression. Dr. Finocchi showed how, al- Tonta beans. though in 1926 Japan's imports amount- "Quite a few of these products," the ed to only 15,000 pounds, they increased Brazilian visitors explained, "are being to 34,000 pounds in 1930 despite the cultivated by Japanese colonists, so it world-wide depression. Exports to Bra- will be quite possible that in purchasing zil, however, decreased from 200,000 these items Japan will be buying prod- pounds in 1928 to 115,000 pounds in ucts grown by their own nationals." 1930. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 13

The Brazilian visitors were high in velopment of trade is being pushed prac- praise of their new government. The tically and not theoretically. idea of doing something practical be- How vast the possibilities in Brazil are tween Brazil and Japan was the result, may be realized, the visitors pointed out, they said, of the progressive spirit by stating that the country is larger than among the men in the new government. either Europe or the United States. With The principle is not so much to obtain a population of 40,000,000, it has an material gain immediately, but to place area, they explained, for 400,000,000. hitherto theoretical notices into practical The population, moreover, has been in- use. It is not a matter of how many yen creasing continuously.—Japan Times and of trade is being done, but that the de- Mail, July 18, 1933.

At the Pan-Pacific Club of Honolulu

Luncheon Meeting, meeting and she will give a few words on the organization of this Forum. Monday, May 29, 1933 Miss Mathews: I am glad to tell you of Chairman: Stanley Larsen, Punahou the origin and hope for the future of our School. Senior High School Forum, and to be- Speakers: Miss Sarah Mathews, of speak your interest in it. Roosevelt Junior High School faculty, on About a year ago Professor Harold "Senior High School Forum on Pacific Rugg, of Columbia University, came Affairs" ; Miss Mae' Taylor, Roosevelt through Honolulu on his way to the Junior High School, "Why an Under- Orient to gather material for future pub- standing of Pacific Problems Is Neces- lications of his ; to know more about the sary"; Hon Sun Leong, McKinley High contributions the Orient might make to School, "Our Contribution to the Success the Occident. Social science teachers and of Hawaii's Racial Laboratory." people interested in history and allied Chairman: Last Tuesday at the Mc- subjects met Professor Rugg and he sug- Kinley Auditorium was held a meeting gested we do something in Honolulu of all the seniors of the high schools of about having a course in our high schools the different schools of the islands. We which dealt with the Pacific in trade rela- called it the "High School Association tions among nations. A committee was of Pacific Affairs," and, due to the mini- appointed under the auspices of the Insti- mum time we had to prepare this meeting, tute of Pacific Relations, of which Presi- we depended on some outside speakers dent Shepard of Punahou was chairman. for aid. For next year we hope to get A subcommittee was established—the started early on familiarizing ourselves head of which was Mr. Miles Cary, of with Pacific affairs. We hope for more McKinley. We had several meetings of of discussion at that time. This year the committee, which was composed of there were more speeches on different teachers in all the public schools, also aspects of Pacific problems. Punahou and Mid-Pacific Institute (pri- We could not bring all the speakers vate schools) and we talked this matter with us today, but we have two with us, over. Mr. Alvin Church of Kamehameha Miss Mae Taylor, of Roosevelt Junior Schools worked out a very detailed pro- High School, and Hon Sun Leong, of gram of what he called the history of the McKinley High School. Miss Sarah Pacific Rim, parts of which he used this Mathews, of the Roosevelt faculty, has year in his classes, in his course at Kame- been doing much toward stimulating this hameha. It was a very splendid program. 14 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

The public schools tried a course in every walk of life, environment, and dis- international relations, following Mr. trict of our territory, but also have prac-, Church's outline to some extent, and at tically the same viewpoint on all matters.' the last meeting of this committee it was Now this paper has nothing to do with suggested that as a climax to our year's the Forum. It is simply an introduction study of international relations, we have to some other paper. If we had asked for the seniors of our schools in the city get a paper on the "Forum," we might have together, partly to meet each other and had a great deal more of the students' also to get them to feel a unity that might point of view. be very helpful in working toward any one object. But, in the future, when you see any- thing about the Forum in the papers— This year we called the meeting the about the last week in June—you will "Forum of Pacific Affairs." I do not realize it is an attempt on the part of the know whether it will always confine itself students to gather up all the discussions to this, but we thought this a good way and materials they have studied in their to start. As Stanley Larsen told you, we work on international relations and an hope for a real forum next year. The attempt to make it a vital part of their life Junior Institute of Pacific Relations, at and understanding in the community in the University, has very kindly promised which they are going to live. to sponsor this next year and help with Chairman: the Round Table Discussions, so teachers Mae Taylor will now speak are not being called upon as much as this on "Why an Understanding of Pacific Problems Is Necessary." year and it will be a student activity, which is just what we want. Miss Taylor: In the last 25 years the It is, then, the result of a suggestion of importance of the Pacific region has been Professor Rugg that we do something to growing and we in Hawaii are in the very study our Pacific area and make a text- center of it. This in itself should make book or have a course in our secondary us take an interest in the problems and schools to that end. events of the Pacific. We should then follow up this interest. And if the inter- I would like to read something one of est is there, understanding will come. It our students wrote in connection with is a complicated matter involving racial this. He was writing on another subject, characteristics, prejudices and customs, but brought this in as an introduction : economic and religious conditions, all of "If by any chance you were at the Senior which are difficult in comparison and Forum, held at McKinley Auditorium make a study of this area complex, but May 23, 1933, you would probably have fascinating. been as much impressed as I was at the The fact that we live in this area, which number of seniors there are in the high is so important, should make us take an schools of this city." (1,300, and they interest, for Hawaii is as much concerned were not all there, as St. Louis College's in the development of the Pacific as program was too full this year to take any China, Japan, the Philippines and the part in it.) "When you stop to think of it West Coast of the Americas. Some of us you will realize what an asset this group may make Hawaii the locale for our life should be, when released from school to work. We should have an understanding go about their affairs of life. Every one of the fundamentals of this region if not of them, in some way or another, has been of the details, and of their significance. taught to be somewhat of a leader. He Some will want to take the place of those also knows the difference between right now making history here. It is natural and wrong. Another advantage of this that the students who live here should be group is that they come not only from the ones to step into these places. But, if PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 15

they expect to do this, they must know toms. It requires real effort to overcome not only all that is written in the news- national feeling and loyalty. Hawaii has papers and periodicals, but make it the a wonderful opportunity to demonstrate biggest part of their life to know not how races can live together in harmony ; only the history of our country, but the how they can understand one another. tendencies around us. And it lies with us to succeed. During the last decade, excluding the Numerous methods for doing this have trouble in Manchuria, there has been a been offered and tried, but the high school growing tendency to peace on the part of students should find still others to further the Pacific peoples. If we intend to keep still greater harmony of the races here. this friendly attitude, we should apply Our methods must be intensely practical ourselves with earnestness to this matter. if we intend to aid in the success of this We should understand fully and approach racial program in Hawaii. We must be- carefully the problems that confront the come informed. We can do this best by Pacific area. studying with open minds. But knowl- edge itself is not sufficient. We must We shall find when we are older the carry out a program of racial friendship. things we talk about now no longer hold Many parents cannot speak English their interest, but in order to prepare for the future we should lay a foundation and cannot understand or appreciate our efforts. It is well today to make many now of knowledge. Certainly the topics attempts at giving understanding between near home will be of most interest to you. I think with study and consistent applica- parents as to errors that exist. We can use our language newspapers as mediums tion of intelligence we will be a factor in modern society. for disseminating information. They pre- sent ample opportunity to speak directly Chairman: Hon Sun Leong, of Mc- to those who do not understand English. Kinley High, will now talk on "Our Con- The school program of Hawaii tends to tribution to the Success of Hawaii's unite students in real harmony, by the Racial Laboratory," in like manner. use of exhibits, and exchange discussion Mr. Leong: Hawaii can well be termed groups may make contributions. The stu- a racial laboratory. Nowhere else can we dent exchanges offer such opportunity, find a racial situation as unique as here. think, that Hawaii is actually a function- Our problem is for all races to live in ing laboratory of developing racial friend- peace and harmony. There are barriers ships. No doubt there are many other which prevent us from achieving perfect methods to be discovered. That in itself unity—our traditions and customs are presents an opportunity for us to find different, our political and economic back- new ways for thinking and acting here in ground, and our morals and social cus- the Territory. 16 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN State Clubs of Hawaii (An editorial in the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, August 5, 1933.)

An idea evolved some years ago by the soon show a marked increase in obitu- ever-busy brain of Alexander Hume aries ! The idea is sound, however, and Ford, promoter extraordinary of con- only awaits development. If there be structive community projects and gener- those who are tired of life, here is their alissimo of the Pan-Pacific Union, was chance ! Let them undertake to fill out that of the organization of state clubs. the fifty! The telephone book was searched from Among state clubs now known to be ac- end to end and every person who had tive are those of Colorado, Kansas, New what appeared to be a mainland name Jersey, Ohio (as represented by the Ober- was called up and his state ascertained. lin alumni group), Pennsylvania and By and by a list was ready, with the Washington. Perhaps there are others, names gathered under the headings of only temporarily quiescent. their native states, from Alabama to The values of state clubs are readily Wyoming. apparent. Aside from the pleasure of The plan envisaged the forming of a meeting with those who share in a knowl- club for every state of the union, assum- edge of the geography and topography ing that there are people here from every of one's state, know its traditions, cus- one of the states. Birth in a state made toms and manners of speech, and per- one eligible for membership in the club sonally illustrate the qualities that give of that state. There were to be state the people of each state a certain identity, societies also, of which both native sons there are larger reaches of benefit. A and those born elsewhere, but to whom state club will help to keep some part of the state had become home, could be American history vivid. It will help to members. There were to be sectional establish, enrich and extend American combinations of the clubs and societies, ideals. It will be an added bit of that the West, South, New England. training in intelligent concerted group These various groups were to have action which is a part of education and various activities, as luncheons, the enter- everywhere a marked community need. tainment of distinguished visitors, the ob- The Star-Bulletin will gladly aid the servance of Admission Day and such like, formation of state clubs. all with the purpose of promoting social Former residents of any state who may fellowship and friendly understanding. wish to organize such a club are invited If the plan did not come to full flow- to send to this paper such suggestions as ering—with fifty petals—it was doubtless they may have for a get-together meet- because there are limits to the energies of ing. We will be glad to give the sugges- even the most dynamic. Keeping even tions publicity and thus help to bring to- one club of any sort actively alive usually gether people who from their acquain- calls for successive cases of nervous pros- tances and contacts "back in the states" tration, and to keep fifty going would may form very pleasant friendships here. ADVERTISING SECTION 1

THE MID-PACIFIC

The Royal Hawaiian and the Moana-Seaside Hotels at Waikiki

The Territorial Hotel Company, Ltd., The Matson - Lassco - Oceanic Steam- own and operate the Royal Hawaiian ship Company maintains a regular, fast, Hotel, Moana-Seaside Hotel and Bunga- reliable passenger and freight service between Honolulu and San Francisco, lows, and the Waialae Golf Club. The Los Angeles, South Seas, New Zealand Royal Hawaiian has been voted the and Australia. Castle & Cooke, Ltd., are world's finest hotel by sixteen World local agents for the line, whose comfort, Cruise Steamers. Rates upon applica- service and cuisine are noted among tion. Cable address Royalhotel. world travelers.

Famous Hass Tree Lanai The von Hamm-Young Co., Ltd., Im- porters, Machinery Merchants, and lead- and Bunga- The Halekulani Hotel ing automobile dealers, have their offices lows, 2199 Kalia Road, "on the Beach at and store in the Alexander Young Waikiki." Includes Jack London's Lanai Building, at the corner of King and and House Without a Key. Rates from Bishop streets, and their magnificent automobile salesroom and garage just $5.00 per day to $140.00 per month and in the rear, facing on Alakea Street. up. American plan. Clifford Kimball, Here one may find almost anything. owner and manager. Phone No. 6141.

ADVT. 2 THE MID-PACIFIC

the beginning it has made a special point of helping the builder of small homes, a feature which has developed until to- day its Small Home Service, consisting of assistance and advice of architect, drafting room, interior decorator, plumb- ing expert and building material spec- ialists, extends also to home owners who

A Home Developed by Lewers & Cooke, Ltd. wish to redecorate or remodel their homes. At the present time the Lewers Since 1852, Lewers & Cooke, Ltd., has & Cooke, Ltd. organization includes de- been the headquarters for building ma- partments of plumbing, paint, interior terials of all varieties and has been in- decorating, tools, hardware, and electric timately connected with the growth of appliances, as well as lumber and all Honolulu's prosperous community. From other building materials.

OAHU RAILWAY AND LAND COMPANY

Leaving Honolulu daily at 9:15 A. M. given you three hours for luncheon and our modern gasoline motor cars take sightseeing at this most beautiful spot. you on a beautiful trip around the lee- ward side of Oahu to Haleiwa. You arrive at Honolulu at 5 :27 P. M. The train leaves Haleiwa, returning to No single trip could offer more, and Honolulu at 2:52 P. M., after having the round trip fare is only $2.45. SEE OAHU BY RAIL &DVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 3

The Home Building in Honolulu of the American Factors, Ltd., Plantation Agents and Wholesale Merchants

Tasseled sugar cane almost ready for the cutting and crushing at the mills. ADVT. 4 THE MID-PACIFIC

Home of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd. Anyone who has ever visited the Ha- Ltd.; Baldwin Packers, Ltd. ; The Mat- waiian Islands can testify to the useful- son Navigation Co. at Port Allen, Ka- ness of the "A & B Steamer Calendars" hului, Seattle and Portland ; and the fol- which are to be seen on the walls of prac- lowing-named and well-known insurance tically every office and home in Hawaii. companies : Union Insurance Society of The issuing of and the free distribution Canton, Ltd. ; The Home Insurance of these calendars is a distinct public Company, New York ; Springfield Fire service rendered for some 3o years by & Marine Insurance Co. ; New Zealand Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., who are Insurance Company, Limited ; The Com- staunch supporters of all movements monwealth Insurance Company ; Newark that work for the good of Hawaii. Fire Insurance Company ; American Al- The beautiful new office building pic- liance Insurance Association ; Queensland tured above was erected recently as a Insurance Co., Ltd. ; Globe Indemnity monument to the memory of H. P. Bald- Company of New York ; Switzerland win and S. Alexander, the founders of the General Insurance Co., Ltd. ; St. Paul firm and pioneers in the sugar business. Fire and Marine Ins. Co. Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are agents The officers of Alexander & Baldwin, for some of the largest sugar plantations Ltd., are : W. M. Alexander, Chairman on the Islands ; namely, Hawaiian Com- Board of Directors ; J. Waterhouse, mercial & Sugar Co., Ltd.; Hawaiian President ; H. A. Baldwin, Vice-Presi- Sugar Co.; Kahuku Plantation Company ; dent ; C. R. Hemenway, Vice-President ; Maui Agricultural Company, Ltd.; Mc- J. P. Cooke, Treasurer ; D. L. Oleson, Bryde Sugar Company, Ltd. ; Laie Plan- Secretary ; J. F. Morgan, Asst. Treas- tation; and also Kauai Pineapple Co., urer; J. W. Speyer, Asst. Treasurer. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 5 CASTLE & COOKE BREMEN., MALOLO BERLIN OK MANHATTAN Wherever you travel . . . whichever route you prefer . . . Castle & Cooke's Travel Bureau will arrange your reserva- tions or accommodations and relieve you of all annoying detail. Information, rates, or suggestions are offered with- out obligation and you are invited to use the travel files and service of the bureau. Castle & Cooke Travel Bureau, Merchant St., at Bishop. Branches in Royal Hawaiian and Moana Hotels.

C. BREWER AND COMPANY, LIMITED

C. Brewer and Company, Limited, Honolulu, with a capital stock of $8,000,000, was established in z826. It represents the following Sugar Plantations: Hilo Sugar Company, Onomea Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Company, Wailuku Sugar Company, Pepeekeo Sugar Company, Waimanalo Sugar Company, Hakalau Plantation Company, Honolulu Plantation Company, Hawaiian Agricultural Company, Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company, Paauhau Sugar Planta- tion Company, Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company, as well as the Baldwin Locomotive Works, Kapapala Ranch, and all kinds of insurance.

ADVT. 6 THE M D-PACIFIC

The Honolulu Construction & Draying Co., Ltd., Bishop and Halekauwila Sts., Phone 4981, dealers in crushed stone, cement, cement pipe, brick, stone tile, and explosives, have the largest and best equipped draying and storage company ih the Islands, and are prepared to handle anything from the smallest package to pieces weighing up to forty tons.

The Hawaiian Electric Co., Ltd., with The Pacific Engineering Company, a power station generating capacity of Ltd., construction engineers and general 32,000 K.W., furnishes lighting and contractors, is splendidly equipped to power service to Honolulu and to the handle all types of building construc- entire island of Oahu. It also maintains tion, and execute building projects in its cold storage and ice-making plant, minimum time and to the utmost satis- supplying the city with ice for home faction of the owner. The main offices consumption. The firm acts as electrical are in the Yokohama Specie Bank contractors, cold storage, warehousemen Building, with its mill and factory at and deals in all kinds of electrical sup- South Street. Many of the leading busi- plies, completely wiring and equipping ness buildings in Honolulu have been buildings and private residences. Its constructed under the direction of the splendid new offices facing the civic Pacific Engineering Company. center are now completed and form one of the architectural ornaments to the city. The Universal Motor Co., Ltd., with spacious new buildings at 444 S. Bere- The City Transfer Company, at Pier 11, tania street, Phone 2397, is agent for has its motor trucks meet all incoming the Ford car. All spare parts are kept steamers and it gathers baggage from in stock and statements of cost of re- every part of the city for delivery to pairs and replacements are given in ad- the outgoing steamers. This company vance so that you know just what the receives, and puts in storage until needed, amount will be. The Ford is in a class excess baggage of visitors to Honolulu by itself. The most economical and and finds many ways to serve its patrons. least expensive motor car in the world. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 7 Honolulu as Advertised

The Liberty House, Hawaii's pioneer dry goods store, established in 185o; it has grown apace with the times until today it is an institution of service rivaling the most progressive mainland establishments in the matter of its merchandising policies and business efficiency.

The Waterhouse Co., Ltd., in the The Honolulu Dairymen's Associa- Alexander Young Building, on Bishop tion supplies the pure milk used for street, make office equipment their spe- children and adults in Honolulu. It cialty, being the sole distributor for the also supplies the city with ice cream National Cash Register Co., the Bur- for desserts. Its main office is in the roughs Adding Machine, the Art Metal Purity Inn at Beretania and Keeaumoku Construction Co., the York Safe and streets. The milk of the Honolulu Lock Company and the Underwood Dairymen's Association is pure, it is Typewriter Co. They carry in stock rich, and it is pasteurized. The Asso- all kinds of steel desks and other equip- ciation has had the experience of more ment for the office, so that one might than a generation, and it has called at a day's notice furnish his office, safe upon science in perfecting its plant and against fire and all kinds of insects. its methods of handling milk and de- livering it in sealed bottles to its cus- The Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 125 tomers. Merchant Street, prints in its job depart- Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended ment the Mid-Pacific Magazine, and that to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and speaks for itself. The Honolulu Star- Renny Co., Ltd., 20 South Queen Street. Bulletin, Ltd., conducts a complete com- Men of almost every Pacific race are mercial printing plant, where all the de- employed by this firm, and the men of tails of printing manufacture are per- each race seem fitted for some particular formed. It issues Hawaii's leading even- part of the work, so that quick and effi- ing newspaper and publishes many elab- cient is the loading and unloading of orate editions of books. vessels in Honolulu. ADVT. 8 THE MID-PACIFIC

Twice a week the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company dispatches its pala- tial steamers, "Waialeale" and "Hualalai," to Hilo, leaving Honolulu at 4 P.M. on Tuesdays and Fridays, arriving at Hilo at 8 A.M. the next morning. From Hono- lulu, the Inter-Island Company dispatches almost daily excellent passenger vessels to the island of Maui and twice a week to the island of Kauai. There is no finer cruise in all the world than a visit to all of the Hawaiian Islands on the steamers of the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Interior View of Bishop Trust Co. Company. The head offices in Honolulu are on Fort at Merchant Street, where The Bishop Trust Co., Limited, larg- est Trust Company in Hawaii, is located every information is available, or books at the corner of Bishop and King Streets. on the different islands are sent on re- It offers Honolulu residents as well as quest. Tours of all the islands are ar- mainland visitors the most complete ranged. trust service obtainable in the islands Connected with the Inter-Island Steam today. The Company owns the Guardian Navigation Company is the world-famous Trust Co., Pacific Trust, Waterhouse Volcano House overlooking the everlast- Trust, and the Bishop Insurance Agency, ing house of fire, as the crater of Hale- and is thus able to offer an all-inclusive service embracing the following : Trusts, maumau is justly named. A night's ride Wills, Real Estate, Property Manage- from Honolulu and an hour by auto- ment, Home Rental Service, Stocks and mobile, and you are at the Volcano Bonds and the Largest Safe Deposit House in the Hawaii National Park on Vaults in Hawaii. the Island of Hawaii, the only truly his- toric caravansary of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu Paper Company, Honolulu's There are other excellent hotels on the Island of Hawaii, the largest of the leading book, stationery and novelty group, including the recently constructed store, is located on the ground floor of Kona Inn, located at Kailua on the Kona the Young Hotel Building in the heart of Coast—the most primitive and historic Honolulu's business district. The com- district in Hawaii. pany maintains the finest stock of books, bridge supplies, glassware, pewter and novelties to be found in Hawaii. They The Bank of Hawaii, Limited, incor- are also agents for Royal Typewriters, porated in 1897, has reflected the solid, substantial growth of the islands since Calculators and Steel Office Equipment the period of annexation to the United and Furniture. States. Over this period its resources have grown to be the largest of any The Haleakala Ranch Company, with financial institution in the islands. In head offices at Makawao, on the Island 1899 a savings department was added of Maui, is as its name indicates, a to its other banking facilities. Its home cattle ranch on the slopes of the great business office is at the corner of Bishop mountain of Haleakala, rising 10,000 and King streets, and it maintains feet above the sea. This ranch breeds branches on the islands of Hawaii, pure Hereford cattle and is looking to Kauai, Maui, and Oahu, enabling it to a future when it will supply fine bred give to the public an extremely efficient cattle to the markets and breeders in Banking Service. Hawaii.

ADVT. Carruthers Peak, near All. Kosciusko, in the Blue Mountains of Mistralia.