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Download Date 05/10/2021 14:40:48 Arizona's Vernacular Dwellings Item Type text; Master's Report-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Strittmatter, Janet Hubbard Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 14:40:48 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555246 ARIZONA’S VERNACULAR DWELLINGS by . Janet Hubbard Strittmatter A Report Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1998 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This report has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library Brief quotations from this report are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. APPROVAL BY REPORT DIRECTOR 31 Date Professor College of Architecture ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to those who made possible the research and development of this project. There is a special debt of gratitude to Professor Harris Sobin, major advisor and chairman of my report committee, for providing direction and support throughout the development of this project. I wish to thank the other members of my committee for their prompt review of numerous drafts of this report and for their role in what was for me a very productive and exhilarating cooperative endeavor. Professor and architectural historian Abigail Van Slyck, an expert on the subject of vernacular architecture, offered knowledgeable and perceptive insight concerning all aspects of the study. Associate Research Scientist Rocky Brittain provided valuable observations especially with respect to Native American vernacular dwellings and photography. Visual Resources Coordinator Richard Brooks Jeffery provided many thoughtful comments and his recommendations are greatly appreciated. Thanks also to Professor Fred Matter, head of the graduate department of the College of Architecture, for his encouragement and administrative support. Karen Kay DeLay, computer programmer and personal friend, is gratefully acknowledged for her valuable contribution and moral support in the production of this report. Special appreciation is extended to William Collins, historian with the State Historic Preservation Office, Arizona State Parks, who provided administrative support, research assistance, and draft report review. Thanks also to Professor Alice Schlegel, anthropologist, for her valuable insights regarding a study of O'odham vernacular dwellings. Catherine Hubenschmidt, of the Arizona State Museum's photography collection, made available two valuable collections depicting historic O'odham dwellings. An informative windshield survey of Sacaton and environs, on the Gila River Indian Community, was arranged for the author by archaeologists, John C. Ravesloot and Robert B. Neily in April 1998. Finally, personal thanks are offered to my son and daughter, Robert and Catherine, and my good friends for their enthusiastic support. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 ....................................................................................Introduction Chapter 2 ....................................................................................Arizona A s a Cultural and Geographical Region Chapter 3 ...................................................................................Native American Settlement Chapter 4 ...................................................................................Native American Settlement Patterns and Dwellings Chapter 5 .............. i....................................................................Native American Types and Forms Chapter 6 ................................................................................... Hispanic Settlement Chapter 7 ................................................................................... Hispanic Settlement Patterns and Dwellings Chapter 8 ....................................................................................Hispanic Types and Forms Chapter 9 ....................................................................................Euroamerican Settlement Chapter 1 0 ................................................................................. Euroamerican Settlement Patterns and Dwellings Chapter 1 1 ..................................................................................Euroamerican Types and Forms Chapter 1 2 ................................................................................. Preservation Strategies Glossary Bibliography 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Purpose of Report This historic context report is designed (I) to define vernacular architecture and to apply this definition to Arizona’s historic, domestic architecture, (2) to view Arizona’s domestic architecture in an historic setting, (3) to graphically illustrate vernacular dwelling types so that researchers and preservationists can identify them, and (4) to recommend strategies for the preservation of these properties. Interpreting Arizona's historic, vernacular dwellings in an appropriate context gives meaning to these properties and subjects even the most mundane of them to consideration. This is a necessary step in the preservation of these commonplace and frequently overlooked properties. To date there is no standard nation- or state-wide system for identifying vernacular property types. Since the mid-1970s large numbers of simple, mundane buildings have been inventoried through the intensive, statewide survey process promoted by the National Park Service. In general, because the traditional classification system has been based on style, vernacular architecture has been inadequately described or superficially evaluated. The single label "vernacular," treated as if it were itself a style, has been applied to a great number of dwellings regardless of significant differences among them (Wyatt in Wells 1986: 40-42). This study will attempt to provide a vocabulary and accurate description for the great variety of historic, vernacular dwelling types associated with the state of Arizona. 2 Methodology To begin, an extensive literature search was necessary to define vernacular architecture and its expression within Arizona's primary ethnic traditions: (1) the Native American, (2) the Hispanic, and (3) the Euroamerican. In conjunction with the literature search, an 1 evaluation was undertaken of many historic properties in the state which might be typed as vernacular resources. Owing to time limitations, it was necessary to restrict the investigation to the dwelling (namely the place of residence, habitation, or abode) and to devise a research method for dealing with the enormous quantity of examples within this functional type. Representative sampling was the method selected to allow for evaluation of a portion of the state's properties from a reasonable cross-section of communities in Arizona, and, for a comparison, in nearby Sonora, Mexico. An exhaustive survey was not appropriate for this study and statistical modelling methods were not used, primarily because state inventory forms, the primary source of data, frequently precluded positive identification of vernacular dwelling types. Although the approach was intuitive, the representative sampling yielded sufficient data to support the conclusions. Data on hundreds of properties were gathered from three sources: (1) site visits in the field, (2) previous inventory experience, and (3) files at the State Historic Preservation Office (the SHPO) in Phoenix. Research at the SHPO produced the bulk of the data and included survey and inventory reports of historic districts, communities and other state properties. National Register nominations, and individual survey forms to which photographs were attached. A number of communites known to have concentrations of historic dwellings were selected as study areas (see Fig 2.4). These included Ajo, Bacavi, Benson, Bisbee, Chandler, Clifton, Concho, Douglas, Eagar, Flagstaff, Florence, Fredonia, Glendale, Globe, Holbrook, Jerome, Kingman, Mesa, Miami, Naco, Nogales, Oracle, Patagonia, Phoenix, Pine, Safford, Show Low, Snowflake, St. Johns, Superior, Taylor, Tombstone, Tubac, Tucson, Willcox, Williams, and Yuma. Also, in the interest of researching regional examples and as the result of travel to Sonora, Mexico, small areas of the communities of San Ignacio, Imuris, Hermosillo, and Rayon were observed. The Native American reservations evaluated were the Navajo, the Hopi, the Fort Apache and San Carlos Apache, the Gila River Indian Community, the Papago (Tohono O'odham), 2 and San Xavier reservations. With the exception of Bacavi on the Hopi reservation, the SHPO archives yielded very little property survey or inventory work pertaining to the reservations. The investigation
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