DOCSLIB.ORG

Innovative, Low-Cost, Water Purification Method by Leveraging the Synergetic Effect of UV and IR Radiation from the Sun

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Innovative, Low-Cost, Water Purification Method by Leveraging the Synergetic Effect of UV and IR Radiation from the Sun Innovative, Low-Cost, Water Purification Method by Leveraging the Synergetic Effect of UV and IR Radiation from the Sun Sujay M. Swain Montgomery Blair High School, MD Typical source of drinking water About 1 Billion people lack access to safe water (WHO) The water crisis is the #1 problem in the world (World Economic Forum) In developing countries, up to 80% of diseases are water related (The Water Project) I saw first hand during my trip to India how poverty and lack of resources was forcing people, especially kids to drink contaminated water. Contaminated water Purified water My GOAL is to Make clean drinking water accessible to everyone!! Physical (P) Sediments Stones Fish and other organic materials Chemical (C) Heavy metals (Lead, chromium) Human and animal drugs Pesticides Biological (B) Contaminated water with impurities Pathogens (E. Coli, Salmonella, Rotavirus, etc.) Purification Methods Chlorination Ozonation Reverse Activated SODIS Osmosis Carbon Parameters Holistic No No No No No Residue-Free No No Yes Yes Yes Easy to Operation No No Yes? Yes Yes Easy to Maintain No No No Yes Yes Economical No No No Maybe Yes Removes Chemical Yes Yes Yes Yes No Removes Biological Yes Yes Yes? No Yes Time to Purify Quick Quick Quick Quick Long Effective for turbid water Yes Yes Yes Yes No Table 1: Comparison of Purification Methods The proposed solution should addresses all three aspects of purification – Physical, Chemical and Biological in a quick, easy and cost effective manner Water from Swamp Purification used as Contaminated Water Source Contaminated water Purified water The aim is to purify contaminated water from a stagnant water source (swamp area) to clean drinking water Abundance of sugarcane in areas with Local sugarcane juice shortage of clean drinking water. store – bagasse Sugarcane bagasse – For Physical produced in abundance separation Sugar Cane Juice – Chemical separation by converting to activated carbon Filtration using Abundant Sunlight – Biological Purification activated with Solar Disinfection (SODIS) carbon Other materials that may be used – Coconut coir (for Physical separation) Water Coconut shell (for generating bottles treated using activated carbon) SODIS • Water can be disinfected and in this way made drinkable using the rays of the sun • Important points to consider: • Material, color and shape of the bottle • Turbidity of water • Cloudiness • Preventing recontamination SODIS Pros SODIS Cons Very Economical Takes a long time to purify water ( 2-4 days) Easy to Use Does not remove chemical impurities Reasonably Not effective on water with high turbidity Effective Sugarcane bagasse (for filter) with different packing density Filtration through loosely packed bagasse Bagasse Packed Bagasse Filtered water Water from Water filtration (Turbidity – 840 NTU) Swamp Sugarcane bagasse (for filter) with different packing density Filtration through densely packed bagasse Bagasse Filtered water Water from Water filtration (Turbidity – 12 NTU) Packed Bagasse Swamp Designed and fabricated a turbidity meter using a Secchi disk turbidity tube Filled water into the tube while looking into the filled water column from the top until the black-and-white pattern on the disc cannot be seen anymore Height of that water column shows a measure of turbidity (using a calibration table) 900 Designed and 800 fabricated a 700 turbidity 600 meter using a 500 After filtration Secchi disk 400 300 200 100 Measured Turbidity (NTU) Turbidity Measured 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Density of Sugarcane Bagasse Used sugarcane juice that is extracted from sugarcane as a starting material Heated the juice in open flame to obtain solid carbon Treated in an laboratory oven at 650C with CaCl2 and 30% steam to activate (activated carbon) Crushed and packed the activated carbon between two sugarcane bagasse filters for water to flow through Activated Sugarcane juice on Fully burnt juice Carbon from Sugarcane juice carbon open fire juice Water after Physical and Activated Chemical Packed Carbon bagasse Filtration Water after Physical purification Measured three main chemical impurities: Lead concentration Chromium concentration pH Palintest Scanning Lead test strip5 pH strips used analyzer used for measuring lead5 Contaminations As obtained First Filtration Second Filtration Comments (parts/billion) (parts/billion) (parts/billion) Lead > 15 < 15 < 15 Measured with instant lead strip 32 8 3 Measured with Palintest scanning Analyzer Chromium 122 88 53 Absorption at 540nm pH 6.5 (Acidic) 7.0 7.5 (Alkaline) pH Strip (Extrapolated) EPA Limit for lead : 15 ppb Table 2: Chemical testing Results EPA Limit for Chromium : 100 ppb Traditional SODIS (Solar water disinfection) Method Makes use of natural sun light (only UV-A radiation) Not effective on turbid water Modified conventional SODIS method (Enhanced SODIS – e-SODIS) Leveraged “Synergetic Effect” Synergetic effect of UV-A and temperature 20oC When water is heated to 55oC, the required UV-A radiation to Coli Density) Density) Coli purify water drops significantly - (E (Synergetic effect of UV-A and 55oC temperature) (UV Exposure) Proposed a linear curved reflector design to concentrate sunlight (like a solar cooker) on the water target (at the focal point) to expedite heating of water to 55oC Since this water is already treated for physical and chemical purification, it has Linear Curved Reflector designed to concentrate sunlight on water bottle much lower turbidity which makes SODIS very effective Parameters chosen: Solar intensity on earth’s surface of 700 Watt.hr/m2 - a conservative number Using this value, performed optical modeling using LightToolTM to determine the irradiance (both for Infrared and UV) at the water bottle Secondary reflector ( Water Opened up Soda can to make reflector Secondary reflector improves efficiency (by 30%) Goal : 15 Gallons of water to be purified per day. This will be adequate for 4-5 families (~ 3 gallons per family) Design parameters: About 6 hrs. of strong sun light per day Calculated total amount of solar energy that would be delivered (to heat 15 gallons of waters to 55oC) Adjusted the reflector shape and size until results were acceptable Added secondary reflector that increased light concentration by 30% From this, estimated that a solar panel of area 1.4 m2 will be needed. This will be ~ 1.2 meter x 1.2 meter Fabricated a smaller version of the solar concentrator using scrap materials (Soda can + Al foil) to treat 1 liter of water to prove my concept (as building a 1.2 meter x 1.2 meter was not practical) Used the same reflector shape, but adjusted the size (area) to heat 1 liter water to 55oC in 6 hrs Experimented for 6 hrs. on 3 different days Measured water temperature as a function of exposure time Water temperature of 55oC can be obtained after 6 hours of treatment using the proposed concentrator design Stand Water under holding exposure bottle Linear curved reflector Water heated by sunlight using linear solar concentrator. In one hour one can see water vapor on the wall! 700 600 500 1 2 3 400 Control E. Count(CFU) E. Coli 300 4 5 6 200 100 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 UV Exposure Time (Hours) E-coli count with various UV exposures – from 1 hr to 6 hrs Significant reduction in E-Coli count (580 to 9) after 6 hours of UV exposure Physical: Longevity of sugarcane bagasse, effectiveness of filtration (clogging), impact on water taste Chemical: Effectiveness of filtration (clogging) and ability to bind heavy metals Biological: Impact of dust deposition on solar reflector surface (reduced reflection), change in shape due to heat stress, cleanliness of bottles GOAL: 15 gallons of purified water per day (For 5 families) Physical Purification – Free (bagasse) Chemical Purification - $12 (CaCl2 - $6, Activated carbon processing - $6) Biological purification - $6 (Reflector accessories) Maintenance cost = $12 Total Cost – $30 (per year) Total cost per year per family = $6 Based on insights gained from this work, developing a LED based water purification system using UV-A LEDs UV-C LEDs are typically used for purifying water Leveraging synergetic effect, UV-A LEDs may be used, in combination with heat, instead of UV-C Use water to be purified to cool LEDs during operation If the water temperature is not adequate, use additional heating mechanism Flow heated water through the tube and irradiate with UV-A Cross-sectional View Top View Parameters Measured Water Sample Separation Parameters As collected from After Physical After Physical (P) After P, C and Method swamp purification (P) and Chemical (C) Biological (B) Physical Turbidity (NTU) > 840 15 2 2 Chemical Lead (ppb) 32 32 3 3 Chromium 122 122 53 53 (ppb) pH 6.5 6.5 7.5 7.5 Biological E-Coli (#/uL) OK to Drink!! 1. http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-sugar-cane-juice-stall-132224992.html 2. Coconut Shell Activated Carbon, OSMOSIA, Water Technology and Water Filtration Process manual 3. Solar water disinfection, A guide for the application of SODIS, Swiss Federal Institute of Environmental Science and Technology and Dept. of Science and Sanitation in Developing Countries, SANDEC Report No 06/02 4. http://www.palintest.com/en/support/research-insight/lead-drinking-water-testing 5. Wegelin M., Canonica S., Mechsner K., Fleischmann T., Pesaro F., Metzler A. (1994): Solar Water Disinfection: Scope of the Process and Analysis of Radiation Experiments, J Water SRT – Aqua No. 4 6. http://www.itacanet.org/the-sun-as-a-source-of-energy/part-2-solar-energy- reaching-the-earths-surface 1. http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-sugar-cane-juice-stall-132224992.html 2. Coconut Shell Activated Carbon, OSMOSIA, Water Technology and Water Filtration Process manual 3. Solar water disinfection, A guide for the application of SODIS, Swiss Federal Institute of Environmental Science and Technology and Dept. of Science and Sanitation in Developing Countries, SANDEC Report No 06/02 4.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thermal, Morphological and Cytotoxicity Characterization of Hardwood Lignins Isolated by In-Situ Sodium Hydroxide-Sodium Bisulfate Method
    Natural Resources, 2020, 11, 427-438 https://www.scirp.org/journal/nr ISSN Online: 2158-7086 ISSN Print: 2158-706X Thermal, Morphological and Cytotoxicity Characterization of Hardwood Lignins Isolated by In-Situ Sodium Hydroxide-Sodium Bisulfate Method Ahmed Geies1, Mohamed Abdelazim2*, Ahmed Mahmoud Sayed1, Sara Ibrahim2 1Chemistry Department, Faculty of science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt 2Chemical and Biotechnological Laboratories, Sugar Industry Technology Research Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt How to cite this paper: Geies, A., Abdela- Abstract zim, M., Sayed, A.M. and Ibrahim, S. (2020) Thermal, Morphological and Cyto- In the present work, lignin is isolated from three different agro-industrial toxicity Characterization of Hardwood waste, sweet sorghum, rice straw and sugarcane bagasse using in-situ sodium Lignins Isolated by In-Situ Sodium Hy- hydroxide-sodium bisulfate methodology. Characterization was performed droxide-Sodium Bisulfate Method. Natural using fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR), scan electron microscopy Resources, 11, 427-438. https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2020.1110025 (SEM), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The SEM micrographs showed sponge-like structure except for sugarcane bagasse lignin reveals rock-like Received: August 29, 2020 structure. The FTIR indicates the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl and me- Accepted: October 10, 2020 thoxyl groups in the lignin structure. TGA thermograms were relatively same Published: October 13, 2020 and sugarcane bagasse lignin was found the most thermally stable up to Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and 201˚C as compared to both of soda and kraft sugarcane bagasse lignin and its Scientific Research Publishing Inc. maximal temperature degradation rate DTGmax was found at 494˚C while This work is licensed under the Creative 450˚C, 464˚C in addition to thermal stabilities up to 173˚C and 180˚C for Commons Attribution International sweet sorghum and rice straw lignins respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • SUGARCANE BIOENERGY in SOUTHERN AFRICA Economic Potential for Sustainable Scale-Up © IRENA 2019
    SUGARCANE BIOENERGY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Economic potential for sustainable scale-up © IRENA 2019 Unless otherwise stated, material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given of IRENA as the source and copyright holder. Material in this publication that is attributed to third parties may be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions, and appropriate permissions from these third parties may need to be secured before any use of such material. ISBN 978-92-9260-122-5 Citation: IRENA (2019), Sugarcane bioenergy in southern Africa: Economic potential for sustainable scale-up, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. About IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future, and serves as the principal platform for international co-operation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. www.irena.org Acknowledgements Thanks to Kuda Ndhlukula, Executive Director of the SADC Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (SACREE), for pointing out key sugar-producing countries in southern Africa. IRENA is grateful for support provided by the São Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESP. IRENA particularly appreciates the valuable contributions and unfailing enthusiasm of Jeffrey Skeer, who sadly passed away during the completion of this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Deterioration of the Bagasse Storage from the Harvested Sugarcane
    Peng et al. Biotechnol Biofuels (2021) 14:152 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-021-02004-x Biotechnology for Biofuels RESEARCH Open Access Fungal deterioration of the bagasse storage from the harvested sugarcane Na Peng1†, Ziting Yao1†, Ziting Wang1, Jiangfeng Huang1, Muhammad Tahir Khan2, Baoshan Chen1 and Muqing Zhang1* Abstract Background: Sugarcane is an essential crop for sugar and ethanol production. Immediate processing of sugarcane is necessary after harvested because of rapid sucrose losses and deterioration of stalks. This study was conducted to fll the knowledge gap regarding the exploration of fungal communities in harvested deteriorating sugarcane. Experi- ments were performed on simulating production at 30 °C and 40 °C after 0, 12, and 60 h of sugarcane harvesting and powder-processing. Results: Both pH and sucrose content declined signifcantly within 12 h. Fungal taxa were unraveled using ITS ampli- con sequencing. With the increasing temperature, the diversity of the fungal community decreased over time. The fungal community structure signifcantly changed within 12 h of bagasse storage. Before stored, the dominant genus (species) in bagasse was Wickerhamomyces (W. anomalus). Following storage, Kazachstania (K. humilis) and Saccharo- myces (S. cerevisiae) gradually grew, becoming abundant fungi at 30 °C and 40 °C. The bagasse at diferent tempera- tures had a similar pattern after storage for the same intervals, indicating that the temperature was the primary cause for the variation of core features. Moreover, most of the top fungal genera were signifcantly correlated with environ- mental factors (pH and sucrose of sugarcane, storage time, and temperature). In addition, the impact of dominant fungal species isolated from the deteriorating sugarcane on sucrose content and pH in the stored sugarcane juice was verifed.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 BCAP Eligible Materials List As of December 21, 2010 the Eligible
    BCAP Eligible Materials List as of December 21, 2010 The eligible material list below provides guidance on types of renewable biomass that may qualify for BCAP matching payments. An eligible material on this list does not indicate qualification for matching payment; qualification for matching payment is based generally on “how” and “when” the material is collected or harvested. This list is not intended to be comprehensive. Other energy crops not listed as ineligible may be eligible materials. Please consult your local FSA office for details. In order to qualify for a matching payment, an eligible material must be collected or harvested directly from the land, in accordance with an approved conservation, forest stewardship or equivalent plan, before transport and delivery to the biomass conversion facility, its campus, or affiliated facilities. Eligible materials do not qualify for matching payment if they are “collected or harvested” after transport and delivery to a biomass conversion facility, its campus, or affiliated facilities, by separating from a higher value material in order to be used for heat, power, bio‐based products or advanced biofuels. Eligible materials do not qualify for matching payments if they are determined by FSA to have an existing market in that distinct region. Woody eligible materials collected or harvested directly from the land are eligible for matching payment only if they are collected or harvested (1) as byproducts of preventative treatments that are removed to reduce hazardous fuels; (2) reduce or contain
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF (Inglês)
    Brazilian Journal of Chemical ISSN 0104-6632 Printed in Brazil Engineering www.abeq.org.br/bjche Vol. 32, No. 01, pp. 23 - 33, January - March, 2015 dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-6632.20150321s00003146 EVALUATION OF COMPOSITION, CHARACTERIZATION AND ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF PRETREATED SUGAR CANE BAGASSE A. A. Guilherme1*, P. V. F. Dantas1, E. S. Santos1, F. A. N. Fernandes2 and G. R. Macedo1 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Av. Senador Salgado Filho 3.000, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, Bloco 16, Unidade II, 59.078-970, Natal - RN, Brazil. Phone: + (55) 84 3215 3769, Fax: + (55) 84 3215 3770 E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, UFC, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60455-760, Fortaleza - CE, Brazil. (Submitted: December 2, 2013 ; Revised: March 28, 2014 ; Accepted: March 31, 2014) Abstract - Glucose production from sugarcane bagasse was investigated. Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated by four different methods: combined acid and alkaline, combined hydrothermal and alkaline, alkaline, and peroxide pretreatment. The raw material and the solid fraction of the pretreated bagasse were characterized according to the composition, SEM, X-ray and FTIR analysis. Glucose production after enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated bagasse was also evaluated. All these results were used to develop relationships between these parameters to understand better and improve this process. The results showed that the alkaline pretreatment, using sodium hydroxide, was able to reduce the amount of lignin in the sugarcane bagasse, leading to a better performance in glucose production after the pretreatment process and enzymatic hydrolysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Erosion Control Products from Sugarcane Bagasse Irina Dinu Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected]
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2006 Erosion control products from sugarcane bagasse Irina Dinu Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Dinu, Irina, "Erosion control products from sugarcane bagasse" (2006). LSU Master's Theses. 126. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/126 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EROSION CONTROL PRODUCTS FROM SUGARCANE BAGASSE A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Science in The Interdepartmental Program in Engineering Science by Irina Dinu B.S., Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania, 2000 December, 2006 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my major professor Dr. Michael Saska for his supervision and guidance throughout this research. Special thanks are expressed to the members of my committee: Dr. Ioan Negulescu, Dr. Peter Rein and Dr. Cristina Sabliov for their advice and support. Also, I would like to extend my thanks to all Audubon Sugar Institute personnel, especially to Lenn Goudeau, Julie King and Michael Robert for the technical support, and to Joy Yoshina for her help and friendship.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethanol from Sugar Beets: a Process and Economic Analysis
    Ethanol from Sugar Beets: A Process and Economic Analysis A Major Qualifying Project Submitted to the faculty of WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Science Emily Bowen Sean C. Kennedy Kelsey Miranda Submitted April 29th 2010 Report submitted to: Professor William M. Clark Worcester Polytechnic Institute This report represents the work of three WPI undergraduate students submitted to the faculty as evidence of completion of a degree requirement. WPI routinely publishes these reports on its website without editorial or peer review. i Acknowledgements Our team would first like to thank Professor William Clark for advising and supporting our project. We greatly appreciate the guidance, support, and help he provided us with throughout the project. We also want to thank the scientists and engineers at the USDA who provided us with the SuperPro Designer file and report from their project “Modeling the Process and Costs of Fuel Ethanol Production by the Corn Dry-Grind Process”. This information allowed us to thoroughly explore the benefits and disadvantages of using sugar beets as opposed to corn in the production of bioethanol. We would like to thank the extractor vendor Braunschweigische Maschinenbauanstalt AG (BMA) for providing us with an approximate extractor cost with which we were able to compare data gained through our software. Finally, we want to thank Worcester Polytechnic Institute for providing us with the resources and software we needed to complete our project and for providing us with the opportunity to participate in such a worthwhile and rewarding project. ii Abstract The aim of this project was to design a process for producing bioethanol from sugar beets as a possible feedstock replacement for corn.
    [Show full text]
  • 3 Bagasse Caribbean Art and the Debris of the Sugar Plantation
    3 Bagasse Caribbean Art and the Debris of the Sugar Plantation Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert The recent emergence of bagasse—the fibrous mass left after sugarcane is crushed—as an important source of biofuel may seem to those who have experienced the realities of plantation life like the ultimate cosmic irony. Its newly assessed value—one producer of bagasse pellets argues that “sym- bol of what once was waste, now could be farming gold” (“ Harvesting” 2014)—promises to increase sugar producers’ profits while pushing into deeper oblivion the plight of the workers worldwide who continue to pro- duce sugar cane in deplorable conditions and ruined environments. Its newly acquired status as a “renewable” and carbon-neutral source of energy also obscures the damage that cane production continues to inflict on the land and the workers that produce it. The concomitant deforestation, soil erosion and use of poisonous chemical fertilizers and pesticides on land and water continue to degrade the environment of those fated to live and work amid its waste. It obscures, moreover, the role of sugarcane cultivation as the most salient form of power and environmental violence through which empires manifested their hegemony over colonized territories throughout the Caribbean and beyond.1 In the discussion that follows, I explore the legacy of the environmental violence of the sugar plantation through the analysis of the work of a group of contemporary Caribbean artists whose focus is the ruins and debris of the plantation and who often use bagasse as either artistic material or symbol of colonial ruination. I argue—through the analysis of recent work by Ate- lier Morales (Cuba), Hervé Beuze (Martinique), María Magdalena Campos- Pons (Cuba), and Charles Campbell (Jamaica)—that artistic representation in the Caribbean addresses the landscape of the plantation as inseparable from the history of colonialism and empire in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Production of Fermentable Sugars from Energy Cane Bagasse Saeed Oladi Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2016 Production of Fermentable Sugars from Energy Cane Bagasse Saeed Oladi Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Engineering Science and Materials Commons Recommended Citation Oladi, Saeed, "Production of Fermentable Sugars from Energy Cane Bagasse" (2016). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 4230. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/4230 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. PRODUCTION OF FERMENTABLE SUGARS FROM ENERGY CANE BAGASSE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Interdepartmental Program in Engineering Science by Saeed Oladi M.S., Isfahan University of Technology, 2006 May 2017 To my beloved parents Without whom I would not have come so far. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Giovanna Aita for offering me the great opportunity to be part of her research team, for her guidance, advice, and support throughout my research. Her constant encouragement and faith in me are greatly appreciated. I would also like to thank Dr. Henrique Cheng, Dr. Steven Hall, Dr. Chandra Theegala, and Dr. Dorin Boldor for serving on my graduate advisory committee. Their timely and valuable guidance on my project are highly appreciated.
    [Show full text]
  • Bagasse Combustion in Sugar Mills
    1.8 Bagasse Combustion In Sugar Mills 1.8.1 Process Description1-5 Bagasse is the matted cellulose fiber residue from sugar cane that has been processed in a sugar mill. Previously, bagasse was burned as a means of solid waste disposal. However, as the cost of fuel oil, natural gas, and electricity has increased, bagasse has come to be regarded as a fuel rather than refuse. Bagasse is a fuel of varying composition, consistency, and heating value. These characteristics depend on the climate, type of soil upon which the cane is grown, variety of cane, harvesting method, amount of cane washing, and the efficiency of the milling plant. In general, bagasse has a heating value between 3,000 and 4,000 British thermal units per pound (Btu/lb) on a wet, as-fired basis. Most bagasse has a moisture content between 45 and 55 percent by weight. The U. S. sugar cane industry is located in the tropical and subtropical regions of Florida, Texas, Louisiana, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Except for Hawaii, where sugar cane production takes place year round, sugar mills operate seasonally from 2 to 5 months per year. Sugar cane is a large grass with a bamboo-like stalk that grows 8 to 15 feet tall. Only the stalk contains sufficient sucrose for processing into sugar. All other parts of the sugar cane (i. e., leaves, top growth, and roots) are termed "trash". The objective of harvesting is to deliver the sugar cane to the mill with a minimum of trash or other extraneous material. The cane is normally burned in the field to remove a major portion of the trash and to control insects and rodents.
    [Show full text]
  • Everything You Need to Know About Bagasse Cups
    Everything you need to know about Bagasse cups. What is Bagasse? Bagasse is the fibrous matter that remains after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice. The most important use of bagasse for everyday consumers is as a source of pulp for paper. It can be used as an alternative to wood in the production of paper products. What is the difference between paper and Bagasse? The basic difference between Bagasse and paper is the materials in which they are made from. Tree Free bagasse is made from sugarcane fibres that are collected after the sugar is harvested from the cane. On the other hand, paper is made from pulping wood from trees. Bagasse is a more sustainable and eco-friendly option because of sugarcane’s nature. What is the difference between Tree Free Global products and other eco-products? Tree Free Global uses bagasse as a base element to produce world leading coffee cups and lids. All Tree Free products are 100% compostable and made from only selected high-quality sugarcane. The products are sustainable and critically have significantly better performance than paper tree products. Additionally, these products reduce the amount of pollution exerted into the air, so they are also eco-friendlier than many other disposables. How long does Tree Free Bagasse cups take to fully biodegrade in the compost? Bagasse or sugarcane is fully compostable and breaks down best in commercial compost facilities. In commercial composting conditions, bagasse will compost in approximately 45-60 days. Composting may take longer in a home composting bin in, so we recommend disposing of it in a commercial compost facility.
    [Show full text]
  • Sugar Beets Cultivation of Sugar Cane
    NATURAL Sweet by Nature From the Field to the Table has been an important food ingredient for thousands of years. But, there is more to sugar’s story than you may think, including Math, Science, History and Geography. TABLE OF CONTENTS n One Sweet History n Where Does Sugar Come From? Map it Out n Sugar - Captured Sunshine n A Closer Look At Sugar n From the Field to the Table n It’s Sweet To The Environment n Sugar - More Than Just Sweet Taste! n A Sweet Part Of A Healthy Diet! www.sugar.org ONE Sweet HISTORY… n Spanish they call it “azucar.” “Sucre” is Sugar is one of the world’s the French word for it, while Germans say oldest documented I“zucker.” It’s called many things in many commodities, and at one places, but as long as it’s been around, and it’s time it was so valuable that been a while, Americans have always called it people locked it up in what “sugar.” was called a sugar safe. SUGAR’S OLD AND ILLUSTRIOUS TIMELINE: In the beginning, sugar Christopher Columbus 8000 B.C. cane was valued for 1493 is credited with the sweet syrup it produced. As people introducing sugar cane to migrated to different parts of the world, the New World, but that the good news spread, and eventually, was old news in places sugar cane plants were found in like Southeast Asia where Southeast Asia, India, and Polynesia. sugar had already been making life sweeter for A new form of sugar over 8,000 years.
    [Show full text]