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Hospitalists and Alcohol Withdrawal: Yes, Give Benzodiazepines but Is That the Whole Story?

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Hospitalists and Alcohol Withdrawal: Yes, Give Benzodiazepines but Is That the Whole Story? EDITORIALS Hospitalists and Alcohol Withdrawal: Yes, Give Benzodiazepines but Is That the Whole Story? Kathleen M. Finn, MD* and Jeff Greenwald, MD Clinician Educator Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. With 17 million Americans reporting heavy drinking (DTs) and Wernicke’s encephalopathy.10 This is based (5 or more drinks on 5 different occasions in the last on studies done in the 1950s, where researchers month) and 1.7 million hospital discharges in 2006 observed patients as they withdrew from alcohol and containing at least 1 alcohol-related diagnosis, it took notes.11,12 would be hard to imagine a hospitalist who does not The goal in treatment of alcohol withdrawal is to encounter patients with alcohol abuse.1,2 Estimates minimize symptoms and prevent seizures and DTs from studies looking at the number of risky drinkers which, prior to benzodiazepines, had a mortality rate among medical inpatients vary widely—2% to 60%— of 5% to 20%. Before the US Food and Drug Adminis- with more detailed studies suggesting 17% to 25% tration (FDA) approval of the first benzodiazepine in prevalence.3–6 Yet despite the large numbers and great 1960 (chlordiazepoxide), physicians treated alcohol costs to the healthcare system, the inpatient treatment withdrawal with ethanol, antipsychotics, or paralde- of alcohol withdrawal syndrome remains the ‘‘ugly hyde.12 (That is why there is a ‘‘P’’ in the mnemonic stepsister’’ to more exciting topics, such as acute myo- ‘‘MUDPILES’’ for anion gap acidosis.) The first study cardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and proce- to show a real benefit from benzodiazepine was pub- dures.7,8 We hospitalists typically leave the clinical lished in 1969, when 537 men in a veterans detoxifica- studies, research, and interest on substance abuse to tion unit were randomized to chlordiazepoxide (Lib- addiction specialists and psychiatrists, perhaps due to rium), chlorpromazine (Thorazine), antihistamine, our discomfort with these patients, negative attitudes, thiamine, or placebo.12 The primary outcome of DTs or belief that there is nothing new in the treatment of and seizures occurred in 10% to 16% of the patients, alcohol withdrawal syndrome since Dr Leo Henryk except for the chlordiazepoxide group where only 2% 7,9 Sternbach discovered benzodiazepines in 1957. developed seizures and DTs (there was no P value cal- Many of us just admit the alcoholic patient, check the culated). Further studies published in the 1970s and alcohol-pathway in our order entry system, and stop early 1980s were too small to demonstrate a benefit. A thinking about it. 1997 meta-analysis of all these studies, including the But in this day of evidence-based medicine and prac- 1969 article,12 confirmed benzodiazepines statistically tice, what is the evidence behind the treatment of reduced seizures and DTs.13 Which benzodiazepine to alcohol withdrawal, especially in relation to inpatient use, however, is less clear. Long-acting benzodiazepines medicine? Shouldn’t we hospitalists be thinking about with liver clearance (eg, chlordiazepoxide or diazepam) this question? Hospitalists tend to see 2 types of inpa- versus short-acting with renal clearance (eg, oxazepam tients with alcohol withdrawal: those solely admitted or lorazepam) is debated. While there are many strong for withdrawal, and those admitted with active medi- opinions among clinicians, the same meta-analysis did cal issues who then experience alcohol withdrawal. Is not find any difference between them, and a small there a difference? 2009 study found no difference between a short-acting The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental and long-acting benzodiazepine.13,14 Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) defines early How much benzodiazepine to give and how fre- alcohol withdrawal as the first 48 hours where there quently to dose it was looked at in 2 classic stud- is central nervous system (CNS) stimulation, adrener- ies.15,16 Both studies demonstrated that symptom-trig- gic hyperactivity, and the risk of seizures. Late with- gered dosing of benzodiazepines, based on the Clinical drawal, after 48 hours, includes delirium tremens Institute Withdrawal Assessment (CIWA) scale, per- formed equally well in terms of clinical outcomes, with less medication required as compared with fixed- *Address for correspondence and reprint requests: Kathleen M. Finn, MD, Clinician Educator Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 dose regimens. Based on these articles, many hospitals Staniford St, Suite 503B, Boston, MA 02114; Tel.: 617-643-4053; created alcohol pathways using solely symptom-trig- E-mail: Kfi[email protected] gered dosing. Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. The CIWA scale is one of multiple rating scales in the assessment of alcohol withdrawal.17,18 The Received: July 1, 2011; Accepted: July 4, 2011 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine DOI 10.1002/jhm.966 CIWA-Ar is a modified scale that was designed and Published online in Wiley Online Library (Wileyonlinelibrary.com). validated for clinical use in inpatient detoxification An Official Publication of the Society of Hospital Medicine Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol 6 | No 8 | October 2011 435 Finn and Greenwald | Hospitalists and Alcohol Withdrawal centers, and excluded any active medical illness. It has part, due to illness. Jeager et al. did a pre-comparison gained popularity, though initial time for staff training and post-comparison of the implementation of a PRN and time for administration are limitations to its use- CIWA protocol by chart review.23 They found a fulness. Interestingly, vital signs, which many institu- reduction in delirium in patients treated with PRN tions use in their alcohol withdrawal pathways, were dosing, but no different in total benzodiazepine given. not strongly predictive in the CIWA study of severe Because it was chart review, the authors acknowledge withdrawal, seizures, or DTs.17 that defining delirium tremens was less reliable, and Finally, what about treatment when the patient does controlling for comorbidities was difficult. The diffi- develop seizures or DTs? The evidence on how best to cult part of delirium in inpatients with alcohol abuse treat alcohol withdrawal seizures comes from a 1999 is that the delirium is not always just from DTs. article which demonstrated a benefit of using loraze- Two recent studies raised alarm about using a PRN pam for recurrent seizures.19,20 Unfortunately, the CIWA pathway on patients.28,29 A 2008 study found treatment for DTs is less clear. A 2004 meta-analysis that 52% of patients were inappropriately put on a on the treatment of delirium tremens found benzodia- CIWA sliding scale when they either could not com- zepines better than chlorpromazine (Thorazine), but municate or had not been recently drinking, or benzodiazepines versus, or in addition to, newer anti- both.29 (The CIWA scale requires the person be able psychotics have not been tested. The amount of ben- to answer symptom questions and is not applicable to zodiazepine to give in DTs is only a Grade C (ie, non-drinkers.) In 2005, during the implementation of expert opinion) recommendation: ‘‘dose for light an alcohol pathway at San Francisco General Hospi- somnolence.’’21 tal, an increase in mortality was noted with a PRN All of these studies, however, come back to the ba- CIWA scale on inpatients.28 sic question: Do they apply to the inpatients that hos- One of the conundrums for physicians is that pitalists care for? A key factor to consider: All of the whereas alcohol withdrawal has morbidity and mortal- above-mentioned studies, including the derivation and ity risks, benzodiazepine treatment itself has its own validation of the CIWA scale, were done in outpatient risks. Over sedation, respiratory depression, aspiration centers or inpatient detoxification centers. Patients pneumonia, deconditioning from prolonged sedation, with active medical illness or comorbidities were paradoxical agitation and disinhibition are the conse- excluded. This data may be relevant for the patients quences of the dosing difficulties in alcohol with- admitted solely for alcohol withdrawal, but what drawal. Case reports on ‘‘astronomical’’ doses required about the 60 year old with diabetes, coronary artery to treat withdrawal (eg, 1600 mg of lorazepam in a disease, and chronic obstructive lung disease admitted day) raise questions of benzodiazepine resistance.30 for pneumonia who starts to withdraw; or the 72- Hence, multiple studies have been done to find alterna- year-old woman who breaks her hip and begins to tives for benzodiazepines. Our European counterparts withdraw on post-op day 2? lead the way in looking at: carbemazepine, gabapentin, There are 6 relatively recent studies that evaluate gamma-hydroxybuterate, corticotropin-releasing hor- PRN (as needed) dosing of benzodiazepines on general mone, baclofen, pregabalin, and phenobarbital. Again, medical inpatients.22–27 While ideally these articles the key issue for hospitalists: Are these benzodiazepine should apply to a hospitalist’s patients, 2 of the stud- alternatives or additives applicable to our patients? ies excluded anyone with acute medical illness.24,27 These studies are done on outpatients with no concur- From the remaining 4, what do we learn? Weaver and rent medical illnesses. Yet, logic would suggest that it colleagues did a randomized study on general medical is the vulnerable hospitalized patients who might bene- patients and found less lorazepam was given with fit the most from reducing the benzodiazepine amount PRN versus fixed dosing.26 Unfortunately, the study using other agents. was not blinded and there were statistically significant In this issue of the Journal of Hospital Medicine, protocol errors. Comorbidity data was not given, leav- Lyon et al. provide a glimpse into possible ways to ing us to wonder to which inpatients this applies. reduce the total benzodiazepine dose for general medi- Repper-DeLisi et al. did a retrospective chart review, cal inpatients.31 They randomized inpatients with- after implementing an alcohol pathway (not based on drawing from alcohol to baclofen or placebo.
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