DOCSLIB.ORG

What Works in Alcohol Use Disorders? Jason Luty APT 2006, 12:13-22

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
What Works in Alcohol Use Disorders? Jason Luty APT 2006, 12:13-22 What works in alcohol use disorders? Jason Luty APT 2006, 12:13-22. Access the most recent version at DOI: 10.1192/apt.12.1.13 References This article cites 0 articles, 0 of which you can access for free at: http://apt.rcpsych.org/content/12/1/13#BIBL Reprints/ To obtain reprints or permission to reproduce material from this paper, please write permissions to [email protected] You can respond http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/eletter-submit/12/1/13 to this article at Downloaded http://apt.rcpsych.org/ on February 18, 2014 from Published by The Royal College of Psychiatrists To subscribe to Adv. Psychiatr. Treat. go to: http://apt.rcpsych.org/site/subscriptions/ Advances in PsychiatricWhat worksTreatment in alcohol (2006), use vol. disorders? 12, 13–22 What works in alcohol use disorders? Jason Luty Abstract Treatment of alcohol use disorders typically involves a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions. About one-quarter of people with alcohol dependence (‘alcoholics’) who seek treatment remain abstinent over 1 year. Research has consistently shown that less intensive, community treatment (particularly brief interventions) is just as effective as intense, residential treatment. Many psychosocial treatments are probably equally effective. Techniques for medically assisted detoxification are widespread and effective. More recent evidence provides some support for the use of drugs such as acamprosate to prevent relapse in the medium to long term. There has been much recent debate and criticism of Unfortunately there are many uncertainties in the UK alcohol policy (Drummond, 2004; Hall, 2005). evidence base for treatment of alcohol use disorders Over the past 20 years, per capita alcohol consump- – not least of which is the cost-effectiveness of tion in Britain has increased by 31%, leading to large therapy. Many in-patient and residential alcohol increases in the prevalence of alcoholic cirrhosis, services in the UK were downsized following the alcohol-related violence and heavy alcohol use. famous trials by Edwards (see below). Controversies Alcohol misuse causes at least 22 000 premature also remain concerning the benefits of disulfiram deaths each year and costs the taxpayer an estimated and controlled drinking. £20 billion (Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit, 2003). Ideally, trials of alcohol treatment should follow The key features of alcohol dependence and harmful more than 70% of participants for 1 year and confirm use are listed in Box 1. About 5% of the UK alcohol consumption using relatives or other population are dependent on alcohol (Farrell et al, 2001) and 8 million Britons drink more than recommended levels. An excellent and authoritative review of alcohol Box 1 Alcohol dependence and harmful use treatment literature is provided by the Mesa Grande Key features1 of ICD–10 dependence include: project (Miller et al, 2001). Updated on a regular • Compulsion to drink basis, it includes a review of seven multicentre • Problems in controlling drinking studies in the USA and Europe involving over 8000 • Physiological withdrawal symptoms treatment-seeking individuals. In the 2001 review, • Escalating consumption, owing to tolerance overall mortality at 1-year follow-up was about • Preoccupation with alcohol, to the exclusion 1.5%. Clients reported an 87% reduction in alcohol of other pursuits consumption, with abstinence on 80% of days. • Increasing time lost to hangovers Overall, 24% were abstinent for the entire year, • Disregard of evidence that excessive drinking and a similar proportion resumed controlled, is harmful problem-free drinking. These results were validated using confidants (often the client’s spouse). Most Harmful alcohol use relapses occurred within the first 3 months. These • Harmful use is diagnosed if there is evidence results are supported by other studies, including that alcohol is damaging an individual’s a recent review of alcohol treatment from the mental or physical health, but criteria for Scottish Executive (Ludbrook et al, 2005). By dependence are not met contrast, Vaillant (1983) estimated that 2–3% of 1. Full diagnostic criteria appear in ICD–10 alcohol-dependent individuals in the USA abstain (World Health Organization, 1992: pp. 75–76). spontaneously each year in the community. Jason Luty is consultant in addictions psychiatry at the South Essex Partnership NHS Trust (Taylor Centre, Queensway House, Essex Street, Southend on Sea, Essex SS4 1RB, UK. Tel: 01702 440 550/07939 922 712; fax: 01702 440 551; e-mail: [email protected]) and an honorary consultant for Cambridge and Peterborough Partnership NHS Trust. He has published in the addictions field and trained at the Maudsley Hospital, London. He has a PhD in pharmacology following a study of the molecular mechanisms of receptor desensitisation and tolerance. He has no monetary interest in the products cited in this review. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment (2006), vol. 12. http://apt.rcpsych.org/ 13 Luty confidants. Clients should be breathalysed at follow- procedures that have become the preferred method up interviews. Appropriate outcome measures of treatment for most people dependent on alcohol. include time to first drink, time to relapse (more than Clients can usually complete home detoxification five standard drinks in one day), biochemical in 5–9 days. In ideal circumstances they are visited markers (especially γ-glutamyl transferase and twice daily for the first 3 days and medication is carbohydrate-deficient transferase) and functional supervised by a relative. Clients are breathalysed outcome scales such as the Alcohol Problems and medication withheld if they have consumed Questionnaire. A number of the published trials fail significant amounts of alcohol. to meet these ideals. Another common problem is Hayashida et al (1989) reported a randomised trial an unusually high rate of adherence to medication of in-patient (77) and out-patient (87) detoxification regimens (often exceeding 70%) or conclusions using oxazepam with daily clinic visits. In-patient based on very small samples. detoxification was significantly shorter than out- patient detoxification (6.5 v. 9.2 days). Fewer out-patients completed the procedure (72 v. 95%). Home v. in-patient detoxification There were no serious medical complications in either group. Both groups had improved at Detoxification is is a treatment designed to control 6 months, with no significant differences; nearly both the medical and psychological complications half the participants were completely abstinent. that may occur temporarily after a period of heavy In-patient detoxification cost 9–20 times more than and sustained alcohol use. Clinical procedures for out-patient detoxification. Hayashida et al noted that managing detoxification have been well described the Veterans Administration Medical Centre in in an earlier article in APT (Raistrick, 2000). These Philadelphia had reported the out-patient detoxi- usually involve chlordiazepoxide at diminishing fication of more than 6000 individuals with no doses over 7–10 days, with parenteral thiamine serious adverse consequences. Many of these people supplementation. Ideally the dose of medication had no supportive friends or relatives. Home should be titrated against withdrawal symptoms. detoxification can also be conducted by a nurse or The mean cell volume has been identified as the best general practitioner without recourse to a specialist. predictor of withdrawal complications such as Other trials have shown no difference in outcome hallucinations or fits. These occur in 5–10% of between in-patient and home detoxification (Irvin patients and would indicate in-patient detoxifi- et al, 1999). cation (Metcalf et al, 1995). Unfortunately a history of previous alcohol withdrawal seizures has little predictive value. Treatment intensity In the 1960s in-patient psychotherapy over several weeks was the preferred method of therapy for Research has consistently shown that less intensive alcohol dependence. However, published reports treatments are as effective as the more intensive have consistently failed to find any difference options (Chick et al, 1988). For example, Edwards in outcome between long and short in-patient et al (1977) reported another classic trial of 100 detoxification programmes (Miller & Hester, 1986). alcohol-dependent men randomised to a treatment For example Foster et al (2000) report a study of 64 group and an advice-only group. The treatment alcohol-dependent patients admitted for either 7 or group received a 12-month programme involving 28 days. About 60% relapsed (drank more than the introduction to Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), recommended weekly intake) over the 3-month calcium cyanamide, drugs to cover withdrawal, follow-up period. regular contact with a psychiatrist, advice on Edwards & Guthrie (1967) reported a classic trial abstinence strategies and interpersonal problems, of 40 alcohol-dependent men who were randomly and regular support for the patient’s wife from a assigned to in-patient or ‘intensive’ out-patient social worker. If out-patient management failed, treatment. Treatment duration for both groups was participants were offered in-patient detoxification 7–9 weeks. Participants were followed up each for around 6 weeks. Participants in the advice-only month for 1 year. Social worker support and group were offered just a sympathetic explanation medication were used to provide assistance where that the responsibility for improvement lay with necessary, for example by encouraging
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nottinghamshire Primary Care Alcohol Misuse Guidelines
    Nottinghamshire Primary Care Alcohol Dependence Guidelines V5.2 Last reviewed: April Review date: August 2021 2022 Title Nottinghamshire Primary Care Alcohol Dependence Guidelines Version 5.2 Lead - Dr Stephen Willott, GP Windmill Practice, Nottingham; Clinical Lead for alcohol misuse, Nottingham Recovery Network and Public Health Department, Nottingham City Council Author / Tanya Behrendt, Senior Pharmacist (Nottingham City Locality), NHS Nottingham and Nottinghamshire CCG Nominated Apollos Clifton-Brown, Operational Manager, Nottingham Recovery Network Dr David Rhinds, Consultant Addictions Psychiatrist, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust Lead Dr Kaanthan Jawahar, ST6 Old Age Psychiatry, Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust Hannah Godden, Mental Health Interface and Efficiencies Pharmacist, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust/ NHS Nottingham and Nottinghamshire CCG Jill Theobald, Interface Efficiencies Pharmacist, NHS Nottingham and Nottinghamshire CCG Approval Date August 2019 Review Date August 2022 Section Contents Page Number i. Summary 2 1. Introduction 4 2. Scope 5 3. Aims of Community Detoxification 5 4. Identifying suitable patients 5 5. Medical risks of community detoxification 6 6. Risk reduction 6 7. Record keeping 7 8. Equipment 7 9. Preparation for home detoxification 7 10. Medication 8 11. Relapse prevention/Follow up 8 12. Reducing alcohol consumption in people with alcohol dependence 9 13. Potentially difficult situations 10 14. References and version control 10 Appendix A Diagnostic Criteria
    [Show full text]
  • Voorblad Cyanamide.Fm
    Cyanamide and calcium cyanamide (CAS No: 420-04-2, 156-62-7) Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits, a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands No. 2000/15OSH/133 The Hague, November 9, 2004 Preferred citation: Health Council of the Netherlands: Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits. Cyanamide and calcium cyanamide; Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands, 2004; 2000/15OSH/133. all rights reserved 1 Introduction The present document contains the assessment of the health hazard of cyanamide and calcium cyanamide by the Committee on Updating of Occupational Exposure Limits, a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands. The first draft of this document was prepared by MA Maclaine Pont, MSc (Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands). In August 2000, literature was searched in the databases Toxline, Medline, and Chemical Abstracts, starting from 1981, 1966, and 1992, respectively, and using the following key words: cyanamide, carbimide, carbodiimide, cyanoamine, cyanogen amide, cyanogen nitride, hydrogen cyanamide, N- cyanoamine, calcium cyanamide, 156-62-7, 420-04-2, and 6860-10-2. Data of unpublished studies were generally not taken into account. Exceptions were made for studies that were summarised and evaluated by the German MAK committee (Gre02). The final literature search was carried out in September 2003. In October 2003, the President of the Health Council released a draft of the document for public review. Comments were received from the following individuals and organisations: A Aalto (Ministery of Social Affairs and Health, Tampere, Finland).
    [Show full text]
  • Drinking Problems and Interventions in Black and Minority Ethnic Communities
    July 2019 Rapid evidence review: Drinking problems and interventions in black and minority ethnic communities Dr Helen Gleeson, Prof Betsy Thom, Mariana Bayley and Tricia McQuarrie, Middlesex University Author details Contact person: Dr Helen Gleeson, Middlesex University Prof Betsy Thom, DARC, Middlesex University Mariana Bayley, Middlesex University Tricia McQuarrie, Middlesex University Contact: Dr Helen Gleeson Dept Mental Health and Social Work, Middlesex University The Borroughs, Hendon London NW4 4BT Email: [email protected] Institutional details Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (DARC) Middlesex University The Burroughs, Hendon London NW4 4BT Acknowledgements We would like to thank the professionals who gave so generously of their time, input and thoughts on the findings raised in this review. This report was funded by Alcohol Change UK. Alcohol Change UK works to significantly reduce serious alcohol harm in the UK. We create evidence-driven change by working towards five key changes: improved knowledge, better policies and regulation, shifted cultural norms, improved drinking behaviours, and more and better support and treatment. Find out more at alcoholchange.org.uk. Opinions and recommendations expressed in this report are those of the authors. Contents Executive summary ........................................................................................................... 1 Introduction and background ............................................................................................ 4 Methods .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol-Free and Low-Strength Drinks
    Alcohol-free and low-strength drinks Understanding their role in reducing alcohol-related harms Scott Corfe Richard Hyde Jake Shepherd Kindly supported by ALCOHOL-FREE AND LOW-STRENGTH DRINKS FIRST PUBLISHED BY The Social Market Foundation, September 2020 11 Tufton Street, London SW1P 3QB Copyright © The Social Market Foundation, 2020 ISBN: 978-1-910683-94-1 The moral right of the authors has been asserted. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book. THE SOCIAL MARKET FOUNDATION The Foundation’s main activity is to commission and publish original papers by independent academics and other experts on key topics in the economic and social fields, with a view to stimulating public discussion on the performance of markets and the social framework within which they operate. The Foundation is a registered charity (1000971) and a company limited by guarantee. It is independent of any political party or group and is funded predominantly through sponsorship of research and public policy debates. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors, and these do not necessarily reflect the views of the Social Market Foundation. CHAIR DIRECTOR Mary Ann Sieghart James Kirkup TRUSTEES Baroness Grender MBE Tom Ebbutt Rt Hon Dame Margaret Hodge MP Peter Readman Melville Rodrigues Trevor Phillips OBE Professor Tim Bale Rt Hon Baroness Morgan of Cotes 1 SOCIAL MARKET FOUNDATION CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Theses Digitisation: This Is a Digitised
    https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] OQ^T^vUXJlsr X T Y 3VCAIsrAOE3yiE3SrT c d if: ” d .e i .m ke.es by DOUGLAS CAMERON B.Sc. (Hons) M. B. Ch. B. F.R.C. Psych. Leicestershire Community Alcohol Services Drury House, Narborough, Leicestershire. Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Medicine The University of Glasgow April 1990 © Douglas Cameron 1990 D.C./M. D. Thesis Page 1 ProQuest Number: 10983763 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10983763 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018).
    [Show full text]
  • Drinking in the Dark How Alcohol Labelling Fails Consumers
    Drinking in the dark How alcohol labelling fails consumers August 2020 PAGE i Drinking in the dark How alcohol labelling fails consumers Contents Acknowledgements 1 Executive summary 2 1. Introduction 5 2. Methods 10 3. Results 15 3.1. CMOs’ low-risk drinking guidelines 15 3.2. Unit information 19 3.3. Pregnancy warning 22 3.4. Health warnings 25 3.5. Ingredients 25 3.6. Nutritional information and calories 28 3.7. Drink-driving warning 31 3.8. Age (under 18) warning 33 4. Discussion 35 5. Conclusion and recommendations 41 Appendix 43 References 44 Contents ii Drinking in the dark How alcohol labelling fails consumers Acknowledgements Research designed and report written by Alcohol Change UK on behalf of the Alcohol Health Alliance UK (AHA), with significant support from Alcohol Focus Scotland, Balance North East and the Institute of Alcohol Studies, who contributed to the design, fieldwork, data collection and analysis. Alcohol Health Alliance UK The Alcohol Health Alliance UK (AHA) is an alliance of more than 55 non- governmental organisations whose mission is to reduce the harm caused to health by alcohol. Our members include medical royal colleges, charities and treatment providers. AHA members work together to: ► highlight the rising levels of alcohol- related health harm; ► propose evidence-based solutions to reduce this harm; and ► influence decision makers to take positive action to address the harm caused by alcohol. Alcohol Change UK Alcohol Change UK is a leading UK alcohol charity, formed from the merger of Alcohol Concern and Alcohol Research UK. We work for a society that is free from the harm caused by alcohol.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Alcohol Misuse on Veterans and Their Families
    Drink and Drugs News December 2020 – January 2021 ISSN 1755-6236 A FRAGILE PICTURE Commissioning in an age of cuts GOING VIRAL A look back at a tumultuous year FACING UP ADDRESSING THE IMPACT OF ALCOHOL MISUSE ON VETERANS AND THEIR FAMILIES UPFRONT IN THIS ISSUE Drink and Drugs News is published by CJ Wellings Ltd, INSIDE Romney House, School Road, 4 NEWS HAT success; risky drinking Ashford, Kent TN27 0LT t: 0845 299 3429 6 13 LETTERS Let’s stay positive Editor: Claire Brown 13 PARLIAMENT Tackling homelessness e: [email protected] Advertising manager: Ian Ralph 14 REVIEW OF THE YEAR Looking back e: [email protected] over an extraordinary 12 months Reporter: David Gilliver 15 BILL NELLES on a small ray of optimism e: [email protected] Designer: Jez Tucker 16 I AM A... detox manager e: [email protected] 17 BOOK REVIEW The Wild Remedy Subscriptions: e: [email protected] 17 GYPSY COMMUNITY Support from EDP website: 18 CHRISTMAS REHAB Phoenix’s good cheer www.drinkanddrugsnews.com ON THE COVER: Alcohol and veterans Website support by 19 MY WISH for meaningful support wiredupwales.com Printed on environmentally Commissioners friendly paper by the Manson must adapt to Treating school Group Ltd an increasingly Alcohol education children as criminals Cover by: Eden Breitz / Alamy 10 fragile picture for the over-50s is a recipe for disaster CJ Wellings Ltd does not accept responsibility for the accuracy of statements made by contributors or advertisers. The contents of this magazine 8 12 are the copyright of CJ Wellings Ltd, but do not necessarily represent its views, or those of its partner organisations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
    Downloaded from jnnp.bmj.com on 4 September 2008 The alcohol withdrawal syndrome A McKeon, M A Frye and Norman Delanty J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2008;79;854-862; originally published online 6 Nov 2007; doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.128322 Updated information and services can be found at: http://jnnp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/79/8/854 These include: References This article cites 115 articles, 38 of which can be accessed free at: http://jnnp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/79/8/854#BIBL Rapid responses You can respond to this article at: http://jnnp.bmj.com/cgi/eletter-submit/79/8/854 Email alerting Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article - sign up in the box at service the top right corner of the article Notes To order reprints of this article go to: http://journals.bmj.com/cgi/reprintform To subscribe to Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry go to: http://journals.bmj.com/subscriptions/ Downloaded from jnnp.bmj.com on 4 September 2008 Review The alcohol withdrawal syndrome A McKeon,1 M A Frye,2 Norman Delanty1 1 Department of Neurology and ABSTRACT every 26 hospital bed days being attributable to Clinical Neurosciences, The alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a common some degree of alcohol misuse.5 Despite this Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, and management problem in hospital practice for neurologists, Royal College of Surgeons in substantial problem, a survey of NHS general Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; psychiatrists and general physicians alike. Although some hospitals conducted in 2000 and 2003 indicated 2 Department of Psychiatry, patients have mild symptoms and may even be managed that only 12.8% had a dedicated alcohol worker.6 In Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, in the outpatient setting, others have more severe addition, few guidelines exist promoting the USA symptoms or a history of adverse outcomes that requires initiation of clear and uniform AWS treatment 7–9 Correspondence to: close inpatient supervision and benzodiazepine therapy.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacological Treatments Protocols of Alcohol and Drugs Abuse
    Pharmacological Treatments Protocols of Alcohol and Drugs Abuse 1 Purpose of the protocols: Use and abuse of drugs and alcohol is becoming common and can have serious and harmful consequences on individuals, families, and society. Care with a tailored treatment program and follow-up options can be crucial to success. Treatment should include both medical and mental health services as needed in managing withdrawal symptoms, prevent relapse, and treat co- occurring conditions. Follow-up care may include community- or family-based recovery support systems. These protocols have been developed to guide medical practitioners and nurses in the use of the most effective available treatments of alcohol and drug abuse in the in-patient and out- patient settings and serve as a framework for clinical decisions and supporting best practices. Targeted end users: • Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine Consultants, Specialists and Residents • Nurses • Psychiatry clinical pharmacists • Pharmacists 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Chapter (1) Alcohol 4 3.1 Introduction 4 3.2 Intoxication 4 3.3 Withdrawal 7 2. Chapter (2) Benzodiazepines 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Intoxication 21 2.3 Withdrawal 22 3. Chapter (3) Opioids 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Intoxication 28 3.3 Withdrawal 29 4. Chapter (4) Psychostimulants 38 2.1 Introduction 38 2.2 Intoxication 39 2.3 Withdrawal 40 5. Chapter (5) Cannabis 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Intoxication 41 3.3 Withdrawal 43 6. References 46 3 CHAPTER 1 ALCOHOL INTRODUCTION Alcohol is a Central Nervous System (CNS) depressant. Its’ psychoactive properties contribute to changes in mood, cognition and behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Outpatient and Inpatient Detoxification
    An Overview of Outpatient and Inpatient Detoxification Motoi Hayashida, M.D., Sc.D. lcohol detoxification can be defined as a period facility, where they reside for the duration of of medical treatment, usually including counsel- treatment, which may range from 5 to 14 days. A ing, during which a person is helped to overcome The process of detoxification in either setting initially physical and psychological dependence on alcohol (Chang involves the assessment and treatment of acute with- and Kosten 1997). The immediate objectives of alcohol drawal symptoms, which may range from mild (e.g., detoxification are to help the patient achieve a substance- tremor and insomnia) to severe (e.g., autonomic free state, relieve the immediate symptoms of withdrawal, hyperactivity, seizures, and delirium) (Swift 1997). and treat any comorbid medical or psychiatric conditions. Medications often are provided to help reduce a patient’s These objectives help prepare the patient for entry into withdrawal symptoms. Benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam long-term treatment or rehabilitation, the ultimate goal of detoxification (Swift 1997). The objectives of long- and chlordiazepoxide) are the most commonly used term treatment or rehabilitation include the long-term drugs for this purpose, and their efficacy is well estab- maintenance of the alcohol-free state and the incor- lished (Swift 1997). Benzodiazepines not only reduce poration of psychological, family, and social interven- alcohol withdrawal symptoms but also prevent alcohol tions to help ensure its persistence (Swift 1997). withdrawal seizures, which occur in an estimated 1 to Alcohol detoxification can be completed safely and 4 percent of withdrawal patients (Schuckit 1995).
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment for Cocaine Addiction
    (19) TZZ¥_Z_T (11) EP 3 170 499 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 24.05.2017 Bulletin 2017/21 A61K 31/27 (2006.01) A61K 31/16 (2006.01) A61P 25/00 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 16204193.3 (22) Date of filing: 31.08.2011 (84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventors: AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB • LEDERMAN, Seth GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO New York, NY 10022 (US) PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR • HARRIS, Herbert New York, NY 10022 (US) (30) Priority: 01.09.2010 US 379095 P (74) Representative: Bassil, Nicholas Charles et al (62) Document number(s) of the earlier application(s) in Kilburn & Strode LLP accordance with Art. 76 EPC: 20 Red Lion Street 11832859.0 / 2 611 440 London WC1R 4PJ (GB) (71) Applicant: Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Remarks: New York, NY 10022 (US) This application was filed on 14.12.2016 as a divisional application to the application mentioned under INID code 62. (54) TREATMENT FOR COCAINE ADDICTION (57) A novel pharmaceutical composition is provided therapeutic dose application or a single dose of a com- for the control of stimulant effects, in particular treatment bined therapeutically effective composition of disulfiram of cocaine addiction, or further to treatment of both co- and selegiline compounds or pharmaceutically accepta- caine and alcohol dependency, including simultaneous ble non-toxic salt thereof. EP 3 170 499 A1 Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR) 1 EP 3 170 499 A1 2 Description and MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), better
    [Show full text]
  • Alcoholic Liver Disease Your Role Is Essential in Preventing, Detecting, and Co-Managing Alcoholic Liver Disease in Inpatient and Ambulatory Settings
    Preventing drinking relapse in patients with alcoholic liver disease Your role is essential in preventing, detecting, and co-managing alcoholic liver disease in inpatient and ambulatory settings Gerald Scott Winder, MD lcohol use disorder (AUD) is a mosaic of psychiatric and Assistant Professor medical symptoms. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in its acute Department of Psychiatry University of Michigan Health System and chronic forms is a common clinical consequence of long- Ann Arbor, Michigan A standing AUD. Patients with ALD require specialized care from pro- Jessica Mellinger, MD, MSc fessionals in addiction, gastroenterology, and psychiatry. However, Clinical Lecturer medical specialists treating ALD might not regularly consider medi- Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Health System cations to treat AUD because of their limited experience with the Ann Arbor, Michigan drugs or the lack of studies in patients with significant liver disease.1 Robert J. Fontana, MD Similarly, psychiatrists might be reticent to prescribe medications for Professor of Medicine AUD, fearing that liver disease will be made worse or that they will Division of Gastroenterology cause other medical complications. As a result, patients with ALD Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Health System might not receive care that could help treat their AUD (Box, page 24). Ann Arbor, Michigan Given the high worldwide prevalence and morbidity of ALD,2 gen- Disclosures eral and subspecialized psychiatrists routinely evaluate patients with Dr. Winder and Dr. Mellinger report no financial AUD in and out of the hospital. This article aims to equip a psychia- relationships with any company whose products are mentioned in this article or with manufacturers of trist with: competing products.
    [Show full text]